Chronic alcohol use results in accelerated liver injury, leading to alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, due to the complex nature of this disease process, a central, druggable mechanism has remained elusive. microRNAs are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. A single miRNA has the ability to regulate hundreds of pathways simultaneously, defining cellular fate and function. microRNA-122 (miR-122), the most abundant miRNA in hepatocytes, has a demonstrated role as an tumor suppressor, regulator of hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatic differentiation. In this dissertation I demonstrate the role of miR-122 on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) pathogenesis over four parts. In chapter II, I will demonstrate chronic alcoholic patients, free of neoplastic changes, have a reduction of miR-122 and that this miRNA regulates HIF-1α, a determinant of ALD pathogenesis. In chapter III, using hepatocytetropic adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) vector, I demonstrate that miR-122 inhibition mimics ALD pathogenesis, and furthermore, using hepatocyte-specific HIF-1α-null (HIF1hepKO) mice that this phenomenon is HIF-1α dependent. Given this finding, in chapter IV, I demonstrate that ectopic expression of miR-122 in vivo can reverse alcoholinduced liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation by directly targeting HIF-1α. Finally, in chapter V, I present evidence that alcohol-induced dysregulation of grainyhead-like proteins 1 and 2 (GRHL2), mediate the inhibition of miR-122 at the transcriptional level. These findings dissect a novel mechanistic regulatory axis of miR-122 and indicate a potential opportunity for restoration of miR-122 as a therapy in early ALD.

Recent breakthroughs in creating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) provide alternative means to obtain embryonic stem (ES) cell-like cells without destroying embryos by introducing four reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4/c-Myc or Nanog/Lin28) into somatic cells. However, the molecular basis of reprogramming is largely unknown. To address this question, we employed microRNAs, small molecules, and conducted genome-wide RNAi screen, to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of reprogramming. First we showed that depleting miR-21 and miR-29a enhances reprogramming in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We also showed that p53 and ERK1/2 pathways are regulated by miR-21 and miR-29a and function in reprogramming. Second, we showed that computational chemical biology combined with genomic analysis can be used to identify small molecules regulating reprogramming. We discovered that the NSAID Nabumetone and the anti-cancer drug OHTM could replace Sox2 during reprogramming. Nabumetone could also replace c-Myc or Sox2 without compromising self-renewal and pluripotency of derived iPS cells. To identify the cell-fate determinants during reprogramming, we integrated a genome-wide RNAi screen with transcriptome analysis to dissect the molecular requirements in reprogramming. We found that extensive interactions of embryonic stem cell core circuitry regulators are established in mature iPS cells, including Utf1, Nr6a1, Tdgf1, Gsc, Fgf10, T, Chrd, Dppa3, Fgf17, Eomes, Foxa2. Remarkably, genes with non-differential change play the most critical roles in the transitions of reprogramming. Functional validation showed that some genes act as essential or barrier roles to reprogramming. We also identified several genes required for maintaining ES cell properties. Altogether, our results demonstrate the significance of miRNA function in regulating multiple signaling networks involved in reprogramming. And our work further advanced the reprogramming field by identifying several new key modulators.

Yes / Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play essential roles in the control of skin development, postnatal tissue remodelling and tumorigenesis. To explore whether some of the effects of BMP signalling are mediated by microRNAs, we performed genome-wide microRNA (miRNA) screening in primary mouse keratinocytes after BMP4 treatment. Microarray analysis revealed substantial BMP4-dependent changes in the expression of distinct miRNAs, including miR-21. Real-time PCR confirmed that BMP4 dramatically inhibits miR-21 expression in the keratinocytes. Consistently, significantly increased levels of miR-21 were observed in transgenic mice overexpressing the BMP antagonist noggin under control of the K14 promoter (K14-noggin). By in situ hybridization, miR-21 expression was observed in the epidermis and hair follicle epithelium in normal mouse skin. In K14-noggin skin, miR-21 was prominently expressed in the epidermis, as well as in the peripheral portion of trichofolliculoma-like hair follicle-derived tumours that contain proliferating and poorly differentiated cells. By transfecting keratinocytes with a miR-21 mimic, we identified the existence of two groups of the BMP target genes, which are differentially regulated by miR-21. These included selected BMP-dependent tumour-suppressor genes (Pten, Pdcd4, Timp3 and Tpm1) negatively regulated by miR-21, as well as miR-21-independent Id1, Id2, Id3 and Msx2 that predominantly mediate the effects of BMPs on cell differentiation. In primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, miR-21 prevented the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on cell proliferation and migration. Thus, our study establishes a novel mechanism for the regulation of BMP-induced effects in the skin and suggests miRNAs are important modulators of the effects of growth factor signalling pathways on skin development and tumorigenesis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de pequenas moléculas não codificadoras de proteínas que regulam a expressão gênica durante a etapa de tradução. Esta regulação é feita pelo pareamento de bases com o mRNA-alvo (RNA mensageiro), resultando na supressão da tradução ou na clivagem do mRNA. A depender se os miRNAs têm como alvo genes supressores de tumor ou oncogenes, eles podem atuar como supressores tumorais ou oncogenes. A imunoistoquímica triplo negativa, no câncer de mama, é, comumente, utilizada como substituto clínico para identificação dos tumores basaloides, que se caracterizam pela expressão de genes epiteliais basais, sendo associados a menores taxas de sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global. O câncer de mama triplo negativo faz com que seja necessária a descoberta de marcadores moleculares que possam servir de alvos terapêuticos ou, pelo menos, que sirvam como marcadores preditivos da resposta aos quimioterápicos. OBJETIVO: avaliar a expressão de microRNAs, por PCR em tempo real, no carcinoma mamário ductal invasivo (CDI) triplo negativo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados materiais em parafina de tumor de 31 pacientes com as seguintes características: carcinoma invasivo de mama, receptores de estrogênio e de progesterona negativos e HER 2 negativo, bem como tecido mamário histologicamente normal. Foram utilizados kit para extração de RNA de amostras fixadas e parafinadas - miRNeasy FFPE; kit para síntese de cDNA - miScript II RT; kit miScript SYBR Green PCR e miScript miRNA PCR Arrays para análise de 84 sequências de miRNA de câncer humano. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, como idade, paridade, amamentação, status menopausal; variáveis histológicas, como tamanho do tumor, status linfonodal, invasão linfática; características imunoistoquímicas, como expressão de Ki-67, EFGR e CK 5/6. O seguimento das pacientes buscou verificar a ocorrência e o tempo de aparecimento de recidiva loco regional, metástase à distância e óbito. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o software miScript miRNA PCR Array Data Analysis, que utiliza o método de quantificação relativa DeltaCt. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa dos 31 casos de CDI triplo negativo com os 18 casos de parênquima mamário normal definiu microRNAs hiperexpressos, sendo eles: miR-96-5p (fold-regulation(FR) = 9,68, p = 0,000008), miR-21-5p (FR = 4,47, p = 0,00), miR-7-5p (FR = 5,8, p = 0,00137) , miR-182-5p (FR= 7,92, p = 0,000001), miR-210-3p (FR = 11,83, p = 0,000048), miR-18a-5p (FR = 9,51, p = 0,000034), miR-155-5p (FR= 4,40 , p = 0,00019) e miR-93-5p (FR= 4,15, p = 0,000023). Aponta, ainda, microRNAs com hipoexpressão, a saber: miR-204-5p (FR = -10,26, p = 0), miR-205-5p (FR= -4,07, p = 0,019822), miR-125b-5p (FR= -4,29, p=0) e let 7c-5p (FR= -4,91, p=0). CONCLUSÃO: a expressão de microRNAs no carcinoma ductal invasivo triplo negativo permite diferenciá-lo do tecido normal / INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding protein molecules that regulate gene expression during the translation stage. This adjustment is made by base pairing with the mRNA (messenger RNA) target resulting in suppression of translation or cleavage of the mRNA. Depending on whether miRNAs target tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, they can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The triple negative immunohistochemistry in breast cancer is commonly used as a substitute for clinical identification of basaloid tumors, which are characterized by the expression of basal epithelial genes and are associated with lower rates of disease-free survival and overall survival. The triple negative breast cancer makes necessary the discovery of molecular markers that may serve as therapeutic targets or at least as predictive markers of response to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the expression of microRNAs by RT-PCR in triple negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). METHODS: Paraffin embedded tumor material from 31 patients with the following characteristics were evaluated: invasive breast carcinoma, negative estrogen and progesterone receptor, negative HER 2, and histologically normal breast tissue. Were used: Kit for RNA extraction from fixed and paraffin embedded samples - miRNeasy FFPE; cDNA synthesis kit - miScript II RT; miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit and miScript miRNA PCR Arrays for analysis of 84 miRNA sequences of human cancer. Clinical data such as age, parity, breastfeeding, menopausal status; histological variables such as tumor size, lymph node status, lymphatic invasion; immunohistochemical characteristics, such as expression of Ki-67, EFGR and CK 5/6 were evaluated. The follow-up of patients aimed to verify the occurrence and time of appearance of loco regional recurrence, distant metastasis and death. For statistical analysis the miScript miRNA PCR Array Data Analysis software, which uses the method of relative quantification DeltaCt, was used. RESULTS: A comparative analysis of 31 cases of triple negative IDC with 18 cases of normal breast parenchyma defined microRNAs overexpressed, as follows: miR-96-5p (fold-regulation (FR) = 9.68, p = 0.000008), miR -21-5p (FR = 4.47, p = 0.00), 5p, miR-7 (FR = 5.8, p = 0.00137), miR-182-5p (FR = 7.92, p = 0.000001), miR-210-3p (FR = 11.83, p = 0.000048), miR-18a-5p (FR = 9.51, p = 0.000034), miR-155-5p (FR = 4.40, p = 0.00019) and miR-93-5p (FR = 4.15, p = 0.000023). Furthermore, microRNAs with reduced expression, as follows: miR-204-5p (FR = -10.26, p = 0), miR-205-5p (FR = -4.07, p = 0.019822), miR -125b-5p (FR = -4.29, p = 0) and Let-7c 5p (FR = -4.91, p = 0). CONCLUSION: the expression of microRNAs in triple negative invasive ductal carcinoma allows to differentiate it from normal tissue

INTRODUÇÃO: Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de pequenas moléculas não codificadoras de proteínas que regulam a expressão gênica durante a etapa de tradução. Esta regulação é feita pelo pareamento de bases com o mRNA-alvo (RNA mensageiro), resultando na supressão da tradução ou na clivagem do mRNA. A depender se os miRNAs têm como alvo genes supressores de tumor ou oncogenes, eles podem atuar como supressores tumorais ou oncogenes. A imunoistoquímica triplo negativa, no câncer de mama, é, comumente, utilizada como substituto clínico para identificação dos tumores basaloides, que se caracterizam pela expressão de genes epiteliais basais, sendo associados a menores taxas de sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global. O câncer de mama triplo negativo faz com que seja necessária a descoberta de marcadores moleculares que possam servir de alvos terapêuticos ou, pelo menos, que sirvam como marcadores preditivos da resposta aos quimioterápicos. OBJETIVO: avaliar a expressão de microRNAs, por PCR em tempo real, no carcinoma mamário ductal invasivo (CDI) triplo negativo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados materiais em parafina de tumor de 31 pacientes com as seguintes características: carcinoma invasivo de mama, receptores de estrogênio e de progesterona negativos e HER 2 negativo, bem como tecido mamário histologicamente normal. Foram utilizados kit para extração de RNA de amostras fixadas e parafinadas - miRNeasy FFPE; kit para síntese de cDNA - miScript II RT; kit miScript SYBR Green PCR e miScript miRNA PCR Arrays para análise de 84 sequências de miRNA de câncer humano. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, como idade, paridade, amamentação, status menopausal; variáveis histológicas, como tamanho do tumor, status linfonodal, invasão linfática; características imunoistoquímicas, como expressão de Ki-67, EFGR e CK 5/6. O seguimento das pacientes buscou verificar a ocorrência e o tempo de aparecimento de recidiva loco regional, metástase à distância e óbito. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o software miScript miRNA PCR Array Data Analysis, que utiliza o método de quantificação relativa DeltaCt. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa dos 31 casos de CDI triplo negativo com os 18 casos de parênquima mamário normal definiu microRNAs hiperexpressos, sendo eles: miR-96-5p (fold-regulation(FR) = 9,68, p = 0,000008), miR-21-5p (FR = 4,47, p = 0,00), miR-7-5p (FR = 5,8, p = 0,00137) , miR-182-5p (FR= 7,92, p = 0,000001), miR-210-3p (FR = 11,83, p = 0,000048), miR-18a-5p (FR = 9,51, p = 0,000034), miR-155-5p (FR= 4,40 , p = 0,00019) e miR-93-5p (FR= 4,15, p = 0,000023). Aponta, ainda, microRNAs com hipoexpressão, a saber: miR-204-5p (FR = -10,26, p = 0), miR-205-5p (FR= -4,07, p = 0,019822), miR-125b-5p (FR= -4,29, p=0) e let 7c-5p (FR= -4,91, p=0). CONCLUSÃO: a expressão de microRNAs no carcinoma ductal invasivo triplo negativo permite diferenciá-lo do tecido normal / INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding protein molecules that regulate gene expression during the translation stage. This adjustment is made by base pairing with the mRNA (messenger RNA) target resulting in suppression of translation or cleavage of the mRNA. Depending on whether miRNAs target tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, they can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The triple negative immunohistochemistry in breast cancer is commonly used as a substitute for clinical identification of basaloid tumors, which are characterized by the expression of basal epithelial genes and are associated with lower rates of disease-free survival and overall survival. The triple negative breast cancer makes necessary the discovery of molecular markers that may serve as therapeutic targets or at least as predictive markers of response to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the expression of microRNAs by RT-PCR in triple negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). METHODS: Paraffin embedded tumor material from 31 patients with the following characteristics were evaluated: invasive breast carcinoma, negative estrogen and progesterone receptor, negative HER 2, and histologically normal breast tissue. Were used: Kit for RNA extraction from fixed and paraffin embedded samples - miRNeasy FFPE; cDNA synthesis kit - miScript II RT; miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit and miScript miRNA PCR Arrays for analysis of 84 miRNA sequences of human cancer. Clinical data such as age, parity, breastfeeding, menopausal status; histological variables such as tumor size, lymph node status, lymphatic invasion; immunohistochemical characteristics, such as expression of Ki-67, EFGR and CK 5/6 were evaluated. The follow-up of patients aimed to verify the occurrence and time of appearance of loco regional recurrence, distant metastasis and death. For statistical analysis the miScript miRNA PCR Array Data Analysis software, which uses the method of relative quantification DeltaCt, was used. RESULTS: A comparative analysis of 31 cases of triple negative IDC with 18 cases of normal breast parenchyma defined microRNAs overexpressed, as follows: miR-96-5p (fold-regulation (FR) = 9.68, p = 0.000008), miR -21-5p (FR = 4.47, p = 0.00), 5p, miR-7 (FR = 5.8, p = 0.00137), miR-182-5p (FR = 7.92, p = 0.000001), miR-210-3p (FR = 11.83, p = 0.000048), miR-18a-5p (FR = 9.51, p = 0.000034), miR-155-5p (FR = 4.40, p = 0.00019) and miR-93-5p (FR = 4.15, p = 0.000023). Furthermore, microRNAs with reduced expression, as follows: miR-204-5p (FR = -10.26, p = 0), miR-205-5p (FR = -4.07, p = 0.019822), miR -125b-5p (FR = -4.29, p = 0) and Let-7c 5p (FR = -4.91, p = 0). CONCLUSION: the expression of microRNAs in triple negative invasive ductal carcinoma allows to differentiate it from normal tissue

Background: Recent evidence suggests that the prostate cancer (PCa)-specific up-regulation of certain genes such as AMACR, EZH2, PSGR, PSMA and TRPM8 could be associated with an aberrant expression of non-coding microRNAs (miRNA). Methods: In silico analyses were used to search for miRNAs being putative regulators of PCa-associated genes. The expression of nine selected miRNAs (hsa-miR-101, -138, -186, -224, -26a, -26b, -374a, -410, -660) as well as of the aforementioned PCa-associated genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR using 50 malignant (Tu) and matched non-malignant (Tf) tissue samples from prostatectomy specimens as well as 30 samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Then, correlations between paired miRNA and target gene expression levels were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of exogenously administered miR-26a on selected target genes was determined by quantitative PCR and Western Blot in various PCa cell lines. A luciferase reporter assay was used for target validation. Results: The expression of all selected miRNAs was decreased in PCa tissue samples compared to either control group (Tu vs Tf: -1.35 to -5.61-fold; Tu vs BPH: -1.17 to -5.49-fold). The down-regulation of most miRNAs inversely correlated with an up-regulation of their putative target genes with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from -0.107 to -0.551. MiR-186 showed a significantly diminished expression in patients with non-organ confined PCa and initial metastases. Furthermore, over-expression of miR-26a reduced the mRNA and protein expression of its potential target gene AMACR in vitro. Using the luciferase reporter assay AMACR was validated as new target for miR-26a. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the expression of specific miRNAs is decreased in PCa and inversely correlates with the up-regulation of their putative target genes. Consequently, miRNAs could contribute to oncogenesis and progression of PCa via an altered miRNA-target gene-interaction.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent an important layer of immune-regulation indispensible for curtailing exuberant inflammatory responses and maintaining self-tolerance. Treg cells have translational potential for autoimmunity, inflammation, transplantation and cancer. Therefore, delineating the molecular underpinnings underlying the development, suppressor function and stability of Tregs is particularly warranted. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 is a critical arbiter of helper T cell fate, promoting the follicular helper (Tfh) lineage while repressing Th1, Th2 and Th17 differentiation. Bcl6-deficient mice develop a spontaneous and severe Th2-type inflammatory disease including myocarditis and pulmonary vasculitis, suggesting a potential role for Bcl6 in Treg cell function. Bcl6-deficient Treg cells are competent in controlling Th1 responses, but fail to control Th2 inflammation in an airway allergen model. Importantly, mice with Bcl6 deleted specifically in the Treg lineage develop severe myocarditis, thus highlighting a critical role for Bcl6 in Treg-mediated control of Th2 inflammation. Bcl6-deficient Tregs display an intrinsic increase in Th2 genes and microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression. MiR-21 is a novel Bcl6 gene target in T cells and ectopic expression of miR-21 directs Th2 differentiation in non-polarized T cells. MiR-21 is up-regulated in mouse models of airway inflammation and also in human patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and asthma. Thus, miR-21 is a clinically relevant biomarker for Th2-type pathologies. Our results define a key function for Bcl6 in repressing Gata3 function and miR-21 expression in Tregs, and provide greater understanding of the control of Th2 inflammatory responses by Treg cells.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) prolong sepsis by promoting immunosuppression. We reported that sepsis MDSC development requires long non-coding RNA Hotairm1 interactions with S100A9. Using a mouse model that simulates the immunobiology of sepsis, we find that histone demethylase KDM6A promotes Hotairm1 transcription by demethylating transcription repression H3K27me3 histone mark. We show that chemical targeting of KDM6A by GSK-J4 represses Hotairm1 transcription, which coincides with decreases in transcription activation H3K4me3 histone mark and transcription factor PU.1 binding to the Hotairm1 promoter. We further show that immunosuppressive IL-10 cytokine promotes KDM6A binding at the Hotairm1 promoter. IL-10 knockdown repletes H3K27me3 and reduces Hotairm1 transcription. GSK-J4 treatment also relocalizes nuclear S100A9 protein to the cytosol. To support translation to human sepsis, we demonstrate that inhibiting H3K27me3 demethylation by KDM6A ex vivo in MDSCs from patients with protracted sepsis decreases Hotairm1 transcription. These findings suggest that epigenetic targeting of MDSCs in human sepsis might resolve post-sepsis immunosuppression and improve sepsis survival.

L'encéphalomyélite myalgique (EM) est une maladie chronique complexe et hétérogène dont l'étiologie et la physiopathologie restent mal comprises. Cette maladie comporte une multitude de symptômes et se caractérise par une fatigue constante inexpliquée, non soulagée par le repos et un malaise post-effort (MPE), qui se traduit par une aggravation des symptômes à la suite d’une activité physique ou cognitive minimale. Bien que le MPE soit le symptôme caractéristique de l'EM, plusieurs symptômes peuvent varier au fil du temps selon les personnes affectées en termes de fréquence et d'intensité. Environ 60 % des personnes atteintes d'EM souffrent d’une dysautonomie, plus fréquemment d’une intolérance orthostatique (IO) et, souvent, d’un syndrome de tachycardie orthostatique posturale (STOP). L’IO et le STOP sont déclenchés par un changement de position de couché à debout et sont aggravés par le MPE. Les patients gravement atteints par l’EM sont confinés à la maison et souvent cloués au lit. L'EM est une maladie qui affecte globalement des millions de personnes, incluant plus de 500,000 Canadiens. Cependant, le nombre de personnes souffrant de cette maladie pourrait en fait être une sous-représentation de la réalité car environ 84 à 91 % d’entre elles ne sont toujours pas diagnostiquées. Le diagnostic de l’EM est difficile en raison du manque de biomarqueurs validés et du chevauchement dans les symptômes avec d'autres maladies telles que la fibromyalgie (FM). La FM est une autre maladie chronique dont l'étiologie demeure inconnue avec une prévalence d'environ 2 à 3 % de la population et présente plusieurs symptômes en commun avec l'EM, tels que la fatigue, les problèmes de sommeil et les troubles cognitifs. Alors que l'EM est davantage caractérisée par la MPE, la FM est associée aux douleurs chroniques, à un faible seuil de douleur et à une sensibilité musculaire. Avec des preuves à l’appui et compte tenu de la nature hétérogène de l’EM, il est reconnu que la pathogénèse de cette maladie est le résultat d’une combinaison de facteurs. D’abord, il y a les prédispositions génétiques, car souvent plusieurs membres de la famille sont atteints. Ensuite, il y a les expositions environnementales telles que les toxines, les moisissures, l’exposition aux métaux lourds (mercure, arsenic, etc.). De plus, les infections par des agents pathogènes viraux (H1N1, EBV, etc.) ou bactériens (Borrelia burgdorferi), ainsi que des stress majeurs peuvent jouer un rôle comme agent déclencheur dans la maladie. Les microARN (miARN) sont une classe de petits ARN non codants qui possèdent la capacité de réguler l'expression de plusieurs gènes et ont donc un impact considérable sur les fonctions physiologiques. Il est important de noter que l’expression de nombreux miARN est modulée par les facteurs génétiques, épigénétiques et environnementaux. Nous proposons que les miARN jouent un rôle dans la pathogenèse de l'EM en modulant plusieurs voies physiologiques dont la réponse au stress. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'examiner le rôle des miARN dans la physiopathologie de l'EM et leur contribution dans la variabilité et à la gravité des symptômes. Dans le premier article, nous avions pour objectif d’identifier les miARN impliqués dans l’EM. Ceci nous a conduit à découvrir 11 miARN circulants qui sont dérégulés et associés au MPE déclenché par l'application d'une provocation standardisée. Basé sur les changements d’expression de ces miARN après un stress appliqué provoquant un MPE chez les participants EM, nous avons pu créer un algorithme capable de différentier avec succès les individus EM des témoins sains. De plus, en utilisant le regroupement k-means, nous avons identifié quatre sous-groupes distincts de patients atteints d'EM présentant des profils de miARN et une gravité de la maladie différents. Parmi les 11 miARN identifiés, l'expression dérégulé de hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p et hsa-miR-374b-5p avait été précédemment associée à la FM dans la population norvégienne. L'objectif du deuxième article était d'évaluer les niveaux d'expression des 11 miARN associés à l'EM chez les patients atteints de FM ainsi que chez ceux présentant un diagnostic comorbide d'EM et de FM (EM+FM). Nous avons observé des signatures d'expression différentielles des 11 miARN entre les individus EM, FM et EM+FM. Ces résultats nous ont permis de développer un modèle de prédiction basé sur une approche d’apprentissage automatique, capable de différentier les maladies EM et FM. L'un des miARN identifiés dans notre panel diagnostic d’EM, hsa-miR-150-5p, est prédit de réguler l'expression du gène SLC6A2 codant pour le transporteur de norépinephrine (NET). L’inactivation du transporteur NET a été mise en évidence par la découverte de mutations inactivatrices associées à une forme familiale rare de STOP ce qui n’est pas le cas pour la majorité des personnes atteintes de STOP. Néanmoins, chez ces personnes le niveau de la protéine NET et son expression sont souvent réduites. L'objectif du troisième manuscrit était d'étudier l'implication de miR-150-5p dans le STOP et IO survenant chez les personnes souffrant d'EM, EM+FM et STOP sans EM ni FM. Dans cette étude, nous avons confirmé une élévation du taux plasmatique de norépinephrine chez les participants atteints de STOP (avec et sans EM), suggérant une réduction de la protéine NET. Parmi les patients atteints d'EM avec STOP/IO et les patients STOP uniquement (sans EM), nous avons déterminé un mécanisme double par lequel le STOP est déclenché, centré sur deux profils distincts impliquant des taux plasmatiques faibles et élevés de miR-150-5p. Nous avons réalisé des expériences in vitro permettant de moduler les niveaux d’expression du miR-150-5p dans la lignée cellulaire SH-SY5Y, et mis en évidence une augmentation de l'expression du gène SLC6A2 suggérant un mécanisme indirect impliquant une réduction significative dans les niveaux de protéine EZH2, un puissant répresseur transcriptionnel de SLC6A2 et une autre cible confirmée de miR-150-5p. Dans cette thèse, nous avons identifié un panel diagnostic constitué de 11 miARN circulants qui, grâce à une combinaison d'un test d'effort, peuvent aider au diagnostic des individus atteints d'EM et révéler de nouvelles informations sur la physiopathologie de l'EM. De plus, ce panel de miARN peut être utilisé pour différentier les conditions de EM, FM et EM+FM, ce qui est vital pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie de chaque maladie. Finalement, nous proposons un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l'altération de miR-150-5p peut déclencher le STOP/IO chez les individus atteints d'EM, EM+FM ainsi que chez ceux souffrant de STOP sans EM. Le diagnostic précis des individus à l'aide des miARNs en tant que biomarqueurs aidera à déterminer des mesures préventives, à établir des traitements efficaces et à identifier des cibles thérapeutiques pour la maladie EM par une manipulation directe ou indirecte de l'expression des miARN. / Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is a complex chronic heterogeneous illness whose etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. This disease has a multitude of symptoms, and it is characterised by unexplained constant fatigue unrelieved by rest and post-exertional malaise (PEM), which is reported as a worsening of symptoms following a minimal physical or cognitive activity. While PEM is the hallmark symptom of ME, some symptoms can vary overtime among affected individuals in frequency and intensity. About 60% of people with ME experience autonomic dysfunctions often refereed as dysautonomia and can result in orthostatic intolerance (OI) and in some cases in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). Both OI and POTS are triggered by a change of position from supine to standing and are worsened by PEM. Severely affected patients are housebound and often bedridden. ME is common in all populations and it is known to affect over 500,000 Canadians. However, the number of people suffering from this disease may be in fact an underrepresentation of the reality because about 84-91% remain undiagnosed. Diagnosis is challenging due to a lack of validated biomarkers and overlap in symptoms with other diseases such as Fibromyalgia (FM). FM is another chronic illness with unknown etiology with a prevalence of about 2-3% of the population and has several common symptoms with ME such as fatigue, sleep problems and cognitive impairment. While ME is more characterised by PEM, FM is associated with more chronic pain, low pain threshold and muscle tenderness. With supporting evidence and the heterogeneous nature of ME, it is evident that the pathophysiology of this disease includes a combination of factors. First of all, there are predisposing genetic factors since it is common to observe several affected family members. Then, there are environmental exposures such as toxins, mold, exposure to heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, etc.). In addition, viral pathogen infections (H1N1, EBV, etc.) or bacterial infections (Borrelia burgdorferi) as well as major stress can play a role as a triggering agent in the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class small non-coding RNAs that possess the ability to regulate the expression of several genes and therefore greatly impact physiological functions. Of note, the expression of many miRNAs is modulated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. We propose that miRNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of ME by modulating several physiological pathways particularly in response to stress. The general objective of this thesis was to examine the role of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of ME and their contribution to symptom variability, and severity. In firstly paper, we aimed to determine the miRNAs involved in ME disease. We have identified using microarray technology and confirmed by qPCR a panel of 11 circulating miRNAs that are deregulated and associated with PEM in response triggered by the application of a standardized provocation maneuver. Based on the changes of those miRNAs due to the applied stress test that provokes PEM in ME participants, we were able to create an algorithm capable of successfully differentiate ME individuals from healthy controls (HC). In addition, using k-means clustering, we have identified four distinct subgroups of ME patients with different miRNA profiles and severity of the disease. Among the selected 11 miRNAs, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-374b-5p downregulated expression was previously associated with FM in the Norwegian population. The objective of the second paper was to investigate the expression levels of the 11 associated miRNAs with ME in FM patients as well as those with a comorbid diagnosis of ME and FM (ME+FM). We observed differential expression signatures of the 11 miRNAs between ME, FM and ME+FM individuals. These results prompted us to develop a prediction model based on machine learning approach, which can differentiate ME and FM illnesses. One of the miRNAs identified in our ME diagnostic panel, hsa-miR-150-5p is predicted to regulate the expression of SLC6A2 gene encoding norepinephrine transporter (NET). Inactivation of NET transporter by mutations was discovered in rare familial form of POTS which is not the case for most people with POTS. Nevertheless, in these people the level of the NET protein and its expression are often reduced. The objective of the third manuscript was to investigate the implication of miR-150-5p in POTS and OI occurring in people suffering of ME, ME+FM and POTS without ME or FM. In this study, we confirmed an elevation of plasma norepinephrine in participants with POTS (with and without ME), suggesting a reduction in NET protein. Among ME patients with POTS/OI, and POTS-only patients (without ME), we determined a dual mechanism by which POTS is triggered centered on two distinct profiles involving low and high plasma miR-150-5p levels. We performed in vitro experiments and with modulation of miR-150-5p expression levels in SH-SY5Y cells line, we observe an increase in SLC6A2 expression, suggesting an indirect mechanism involving a significant reduction in levels of EZH2 protein, a powerful transcriptional repressor of SLC6A2 and another confirmed target of miR-150-5p. In this thesis, we have identified a panel of circulating miRNAs, which in combination to a stress test, can aid in the accurate diagnosis of ME individuals and reveal new insights into the ME pathophysiology. In addition, this panel of miRNAs at baseline can be used to differentiate ME from FM or when it co-exists with the ME (ME+FM), which is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of each illness. And finally, we propose a first mechanism by which alteration of miR-150-5p can trigger POTS/OI in individuals with ME, ME+FM as well as in those suffering of POTS without ME. The accurate diagnosis of individuals with the help of miRNAs as biomarkers will help to establish preventive measures, effective treatments, and therapeutic targets for ME disease by a direct or indirect manipulation of miRNA expression.