A Chamomilla recutita L. é uma das plantas medicinais mais cultivadas no Brasil e no mundo. Os extratos da C. recutita são de interesse para as indústrias farmacêuticas e cosméticas, visto que estes apresentam atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e adstringente. A ação terapêutica do extrato pode ser mais pronunciada que a ação terapêutica de um de seus ativos isolados. No entanto, a incorporação de um extrato em uma formulação pode ser difícil devido à baixa estabilidade dos extratos, bem como à possibilidade de gerarem instabilidade das formulações. Microencapsulando o extrato com um carreador é possível aumentar estabilidade do extrato quanto evitar instabilidade na formulação. Além disso, a microencapsulação é capaz de fornecer outras vantagens, como uma liberação controlada. Dois processos foram estudados como alternativas para a microencapsulação do óleo essencial e do extrato hidroalcoólico da C. recutita usando quitosana como carreador: o spray drying e o spray freeze drying. Planejamentos fatorais foram utilizados para determinar os fatores que mais influenciaram no diâmetro médio das micropartículas, eficiência de encapsulação e teor dos marcadores e rendimento do processo. A apigenina e a apigenina-7-glicosídeo foram usadas como marcadores do extrato hidroalcoólico e o óxido de bisabolol A foi usado como marcador do óleo essencial. Os processos de spray drying e spray freeze drying dos dois extratos foram otimizados e as micropartículas resultantes foram caracterizadas com relação ao diâmetro médio, rendimento do processo, teor e eficiência de encapsulação dos marcadores, atividade antioxidante in vitro, densidade, índice de Carr, fator de Hausner, umidade, morfologia, perfil de liberação n vitro e estabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de spray drying apresentou os melhores resultados para eficiência de encapsulação, com valores de aproximadamente 98%, 95% e 80% para apigenina, apigenina-7-glicosídeo e óxido de bisabolol A, respectivamente. As eficiências de encapsulação obtidas no processo de spray freeze drying foram de aproximadamente 59%, 58% e 38% para os mesmos marcadores, respectivamente. As micropartículas produzidas por spray freeze drying apresentaram formato irregular e poroso, enquanto as produzidas por spray drying apresentaram formato esférico e superfícies mais lisas, sem poros ou fissuras. Ao contrário do que ocorreu com o extrato hidroalcoólico, a perda do marcador do óleo foi elevada no processo de spray drying, com teor final de 35%. Os teores dos marcadores ficaram acima de 80% para o processo de spray freeze drying do óleo e acima de 90% para o extrato hidroalcoólico. As micropartículas produzidas por spray drying do extrato hidroalcoólico e do óleo e por spray freeze drying do extrato hidroalcoólico e do óleo apresentaram diâmetro médio de 5,1 ?m, 5,0 ?m, 31,0 ?m e 96,4 ?m, respectivamente. Ensaios de liberação in vitro mostraram que as micropartículas foram capazes de sustentar a liberação dos respectivos marcadores. Os estudos de permeação in vitro das micropartículas produzidas por spray drying do extrato hidroalcoólico também mostraram que estas foram capazes de sustentar a liberação. A microencapsulação proporcionou em todos os casos um aumento considerável da estabilidade. As micropartículas produzidas por spray drying do extrato hidroalcoólico apresentaram teores de marcadores no mínimo 50% maiores que o extrato puro após 90 dias. O spray freeze drying se mostrou como a melhor alternativa para produção de micropartículas de quitosana contendo o óleo essencial de C. recutita, enquanto o processo de spray drying se mostrou como uma ótima alternativa para microencapsulação do extrato hidroalcoólico da C. recutita. / Chamomilla recutita L. is one of the most cultivated medicinal plants in Brazil and around the world. Its extracts are important to both the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries due to its therapeutic applications, such as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent. The therapeutic effects of an extract may be more pronounced than those of an isolated active compound. However, the incorporation of an extract in a formulation is difficult due to the low stability of extracts and the potential instabilities they may cause in formulations. Microencapsulating an extract in a carrier is a potential way of increasing the stability of an extract and avoiding instabilities in a formulation. Compound microencapsulation also brings other advantages, such as controlled release rates. Two processes were studied as alternatives to microencapsulating C. recutita essential oil and C. recutita hydroalcoholic extract using chitosan as a carrier: spray drying and spray freeze drying. Factorial designs were used to determine which process factors most influence the mean diameter, encapsulation efficiency and content of the chemical markers, and process yield. Apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside were used as chemical markers for the hydroalcoholic extract and bisabolol oxide A was used as the chemical marker for the essential oil. The spray drying and spray freeze drying processes for both the oil and hydroalcoholic extract were optimized and the resulting microparticles were further characterized to determine mean diameter, process yield, marker encapsulation efficiency and content, in vitro antioxidant activity, density, Carr index, Hausner factor, water content, morphology, in vitro release profiles and stability. The results showed spray drying had the best encapsulation efficiency results, with about 98%, 95% e 80% of the apigenin, apigenin-7-glucoside and bisabolol oxide A content, respectively, inside the microparticles. The encapsulation efficiencies obtained in the spray freeze drying process were about 59%, 58% e 38% for the same chemical markers, respectively. Microparticles produced by spray freeze drying were irregular and porous, whereas microparticles produced by spray drying were spherical and fairly smooth, without porous or cracks. Contrary to what happened with the hydroalcoholic extract, oil marker content was low for spray dried microparticles, with final content at 35%. Chemical markers contents were above 80% for the oil and above 90% for the hydroalcoholic extract in spray freeze dried microparticles. Spray dried microparticles containing extract and oil and spray freeze dried microparticles containing extract and oil had mean diameter of 5.1 ?m, 5.0 ?m, 31.0 ?m and 96.4 ?m, respectively. In vitro release profiles showed all microparticles were able to sustain their respective marker release rates. In vitro permeation studies of spray dried microparticles containing hydroalcooholic extract also showed sustained release rates for the corresponding markers. Microencapsulation also provided considerable increase in C. recutita hydroalcoholic extract stability and C. recutita essential oil stability. After 90 days spray dried microparticles containing hydroalcoholic extract presented marker content 50% higher than the pure hydroalcoholic extract. Spray freeze drying was the best alternative to produce chitosan microparticles containing C. recutita essential oil, while spray drying was shown to be an excellent way to microencapsulate C. recutita hydroalcoholic extract in chitosan.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar a eficácia de micro e nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas contendo óleo de café verde, cera de abelha e alfa-tocoferol. O óleo de café verde (OCV) foi quantificado por cromatografia gasosa, apresentando em sua composição ácido palmítico (28,74%), ácido linoléico (42,77%), ácido oleico (12,51%), ácido esteárico (10,62%), ácido araquídico (3,57%) entre outros ácidos graxos (1,79%), estes valores foram próximos àqueles descrito na literatura. As micropartículas foram preparadas pelo método de spray congealing e as nanopartículas pela técnica da microemulsão a quente. Os rendimentos de micropartículas variaram de 42 a 58% com tamanhos entre 63,3 a 101,2 ?m. Os rendimentos das nanopartículas variaram entre 96 a 97% e com tamanhos entre 249 a 766 nm. Posteriormente foram definidas as condições para o processo de produção das micro e nanopartículas, bem como a concentração de OCV, alfa tocoferol e cera de abelha (CA). Um estudo mais detalhado das proporções de OCV, cera de abelha e alfatocoferol foi realizado com o auxílio de um planejamento de misturas, avaliando a estabilidade oxidativa por testes Rancimat e Termogravimétricos. Porém, nas condições do presente estudo, esses resultados não foram estatisticamente diferentes, por isso escolheu-se a maior concentração de OCV proposta (50%). Após estas etapas, as partículas foram adicionadas em gel aristoflex®, bem como o OCV em sua forma líquida, formando três géis de mesma concentração para comparar e avaliar a viabilidade do preparo de micro e nanopartículas frente a forma convencional já comercializada. Estudos em Artemia salina foram realizados como teste preliminar para avaliar a citotoxicidade dos três géis, sendo que em concentrações de 500?g/mL os géis contendo nanopartículas apresentaram maior letalidade do que aqueles compostos por micropartículas ou OCV líquido. Testes de FPS in vitro apresentaram baixos índices de proteção solar, entre 0,19 e 0,28, porém o OCV apresenta proteção contra os raios UVB podendo ser utilizado como potencializador na ação fotoprotetora de filtros químicos. As análises de viabilidade celular mostraram que mesmo na forma de micro ou nanopartículas, o OCV e a cera de abelhas se mantiveram seguros para a utilização em formulações tópicas. Nos testes de estabilidade química, transcorrido o tempo de armazenamento, os géis contendo OCV em sua forma líquida apresentaram teores de ácido palmítico de 56 e 38%, nas temperaturas de 25oC e 40oC respectivamente. Enquanto que as micropartículas apresentaram teores de 69 e 53% e as nanopartículas 73 e 69%, nas referidas temperaturas. Nos testes clínicos, as micropartículas apresentaram um melhor desempenho para a melhora do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo depois de 2 horas de aplicação do produto. Já as nanopartículas apresentaram os melhores resultados para a perda de água transepidérmica, conferindo à pele uma menor perda de água. Nos testes de permeação cutânea, não houve quantificação pelo método utilizado em nenhum tempo da fase receptora, porém o presente estudos apresentou maiores concentrações do ácido palmítico na derme dos ensaios feitos para as nanopartículas e no estrato córneo daqueles feitos para as micropartículas. Portanto, diante dos resultados obtidos, a micro e nanoencapsulação do OCV é uma alternativa interessante para aumentar a estabilidade deste óleo, além de promover melhoras em sua eficácia. / This study aimed to develop and assess the effectiveness of solid lipid micro and nanoparticles containing green coffee oil, beeswax and alpha-tocopherol. Green coffee oil was quantified by gas chromatography, showing the composition in their palmitic acid (28.74%), linoleic acid (42.77%), oleic acid (12.51%), stearic acid (10.62%), arachidic acid (3.57%) and other fatty acids (1.79%), these values were similar to those described in the literature. The microparticles were prepared by spray congealing method, and the nanoparticles by the technique of hot microemulsion. Microparticles yields ranged 42-58% in size from 63.3 to 101.2 micrometers. Yields of nanoparticles ranged from 96-97% and ranging in size from 249-766 nm. Thereafter the conditions were set for the process of production of micro and nanoparticles, as well as the concentration of green coffee oil, alpha tocopherol and beeswax. A more detailed study of the proportions of GCO, beeswax and alpha-tocopherol was performed with the aid of a planning mixtures evaluating the oxidative stability by Rancimat and thermogravimetric tests. However, under the conditions of this study, these results were not statistically different, so it was chosen the highest concentration of green coffee oil proposal (50%). After these steps, the particles were added in aristoflex® gel, and the green coffee oil in liquid form, forming three gels of the same concentration to compare and assess the viability of micro and nanoparticles prepared against conventionally already commercialized. Studies were conducted on Artemia salina as a preliminary test to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the three gels, whereas at concentrations of 500?g/ml nanoparticles containing gels had a higher mortality than those composed of microparticles or liquid GCO. SPF vitro tests showed low levels of sunscreen, between 0.19 and 0.28, but GCO shows protection against UVB rays can be used as potentiating the action of chemical sunscreen filters. The cell viability tests have shown that even in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles, the GCO and beeswax kept safe for use in topical formulations. In the chemical stability test, the elapsed storage time, the gels containing GCO presented in liquid form palmitic acid levels of 56 and 38% at temperatures of 25°C and 40°C respectively. While the microparticles showed levels of 69 and 53% and the nanoparticles 73 and 69% in those temperatures. In clinical tests, the microparticles showed a better performance for the improvement of the water content of the stratum corneum after 2 hours of application of the product. Already nanoparticles showed the best results for the transepidermal water loss, giving the skin a smaller loss water. The skin permeation tests, no quantification by the method used at any time from the receiving phase, but this study showed higher concentrations of palmitic acid in the dermis of the tests made to the nanoparticles and the stratum corneum of those made to the microparticles. Therefore, opposite the results obtained, the micro and nanoencapsulção of green coffee oil is an interesting alternative to increase the stability of this oil, and promote improvements in their effectiveness

O beta-caroteno é uma substância lipofílica com características nutricionais importantes, mas devido a sua susceptibilidade à degradação, sua ingestão diária pode ficar comprometida. O sistema de encapsulação em micropartículas lipídicas sólidas pode ser uma alternativa para solucionar essa questão, por possuir a propriedade de liberação controlada do bioativo, que aumenta a biodisponibilidade no organismo humano, entre outras qualidades. Existem questões a serem elucidadas acerca da estrutura, modo de preparo e a aplicabilidade de sistemas de micropartículas lipídicas sólidas, e para isso foram testadas formulações utilizando como lipídio sólido a estearina de palma. O tensoativo utilizado neste trabalho foi o isolado proteico de soja, que foi disperso em água deionizada e submetido a tratamento térmico em diferentes condições de pH. Estas dispersões foram caracterizadas quanto ao potencial zeta, tensão interfacial em contato com a estearina de palma, hidrofobicidade superficial, perfil de aminoácidos, caracterização de frações proteicas por meio de eletroforese (SDS-PAGE), calorimetria diferencial de varredura e difratometria em raios-X. A caracterização físico-química dos sistemas de micropartículas foi realizada através de ensaios de distribuição de tamanho de partícula, potencial zeta e concentração de beta-caroteno. Estes ensaios objetivaram avaliar a viabilidade da aplicação na indústria de alimentos, mais especificamente, de sua incorporação em iogurte. Os iogurtes aplicados de micropartículas lipídicas sólidas encapsulando beta-caroteno foram analisados em termos de colorimetria instrumental, análises de pH, acidez, teor de gordura, proteína, densidade, reologia e avaliação de aceitação sensorial. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a possibilidade de estabilização de sistemas com as dispersões de isolado proteico. As dispersões que obtiveram melhor desempenho foram as submetidas a tratamento térmico em pH 12. Os indicaram alta viabilidade de aplicação, especialmente para os sistemas contendo alfa-tocoferol. / Beta-carotene is a hydrophobic bioactive compound with important nutritional value but its high tendency to degradation can reduce its health benefits related to dietary intake. Encapsulation lipid carriers such as solid lipid microparticles (SLM) are feasible alternatives to solve this issue, for example, by increasing its bioavailability. There are many questions about structure, formulation and procedures to be answered and also about its feasibility of application on food products. Aiming at answering some of those questions, this present study tested palm stearin as a solid lipid for the formulations. Soy protein isolate dispersed in deionized water at pH ranging from 3 to 12 were prepared and tested by zeta potential, surface tension in contact with palm stearin, surface hydrophobicity, aminoacids profile, electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Physicochemical characterization of the SLM systems loaded with beta-carotene was done by particle size, zeta potential and beta-carotene concentration. Aforesaid studies aimed at improving our understanding about the physicochemical stability of those systems and also at evaluating the viability of their incorporation in stirred yoghurt. Different formulations of yoghurt were manufactured and tested by colorimetric analysis, pH, titratable acidity in lactic acid, lipids and protein concentrations, density, rheology and sensory acceptance trials. The results were significantly positive. For the soy protein isolate analysis, the dispersions produced by thermal treatment under alkaline ph (namely, pH 12) had the best performance. Concerning the SLM systems incorporated in yoghurt, further interesting results were found. Yoghurts produced with SLM added to alpha-tocopherol (alfa-tocopherol:beta-carotene concentrations of 1:2 and 1:1) were significantly better from those without alpha-tocopherol regarding colour stability for the observation period of 25 days. Future extensions may focus on enhancing beta-carotene loads to SLM systems as well as on testing the incorporation of SLM systems (or their adaptations) in other food products, particularly those requiring additional colour intensity.

A progesterona é um hormônio esteróide comumente utilizado na sincronização do estro em programas de manejo reprodutivo de bovinos. Sua administração por meio de implantes auriculares compostos de nanopartículas é uma estratégia promissora para a indústria farmacêutica veterinária. Este trabalho foi delineado com o intuito de produzir e estudar a cinética de liberação da progesterona (P4) encapsulada em nanopartículas de polímeros biodegradáveis produzida por meio supercrítico (SAS). Partículas de Poli-hidroxi-butirato e valerato (PHB-V) de três diferentes tamanhos (grupos PHB-V1, PHB-V2 e PHB-V3) e suas combinações com poli-e-caprolactano (PCL; grupos PHB-V1/PCL, PHB-V2/PCL e PHB-V3/PCL) foram impregnadas com P4, pesadas, suspendidas em 10 mL de solução de etanol/água 60:40 (v/v) e colocadas em banho-maria com agitação. Nos tempos 2min; 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h e 48h foram coletadas amostras de 1 mL. Após centrifugação (2.000 g por 10 min a 37°C) as amostras foram filtradas (0,45µm) e submetidas à análise por LC-MS/MS para quantificação de P4. Foi utilizado um espectrômetro de massas tripo-quadrupolo API-4000 Q TRAP (Applied Biosystems) equipado com fonte e ESI Turbo-V. As análises foram realizadas em modo MRM em modo positivo visando monitorar as transições 315.5>109.1 e 315.5>297.2. Utilizou-se um HPLC Agilent series 1100 para eluição isocrática do analito em metanol/água 50%, em tempo total de corrida de 2,5 min. A curva de calibração foi construída com triplicatas de 1, 5, 10, 25 e 50 ng/mL de P4. A análise estatística incluiu ANOVA e interação (tamanhos de PHB-V e presença/ausência de PCL), considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se que a associação do PHB-V1/PCL aumentou a quantidade de progesterona liberada em relação ao PHB-V1 isolado. O mesmo efeito foi observado para o grupo PHB-V3/PCL. No entanto, a associação PHB-V2/PCL levou à diminuição na liberação de progesterona em relação ao PHB-V2 isolado. A cinética de liberação diferiu entre os grupos nos diferentes tempos avaliados. Dessa maneira, os resultados demonstram que diferenças de tamanho de nanopartículas de PHB-V e suas associações ao PCL podem afetar a quantidade, bem como a cinética da liberação do fármaco na liberação in vitro usando solvente álcool/água. A utilização do meio super critico para produção da partículas, proporcionou uma carga maior de P4 e alterou a cinética de liberação. / Progesterone is a steroid hormone commonly used in estrus synchronization programs in reproductive management of cattle. His administration through ear implants composed of nanoparticles is a promising strategy for the veterinary pharmaceutical industry. This study was designed with the intent to produce and study the kinetics of release of progesterone (P4) encapsulated in nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers produced using supercritical (SAS). Particles of Poly-hydroxy-butyrate and valerate (PHB-V) of three different sizes (groups V1-PHB, PHB-PHB-V2 and V3) and their combination with poly-e-caprolactano (PCL; groups PHB-V1/PCL , and PHB-V2/PCL PHB-V3/PCL) were impregnated with P4, weighed, suspended in 10 mL of ethanol / water 60:40 (v / v) and placed in a water bath with agitation. In times 2min, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h and 48h, samples of 1 mL. After centrifugation (2,000 g for 10 min at 37 ° C) samples were filtered (0.45 mm) and subjected to analysis by LC-MS/MS for the quantification of P4. We used a mass spectrometer tripo-quadrupole API-4000 Q TRAP (Applied Biosystems) equipped with ESI source and Turbo-V. Analyses were performed in MRM mode in positive mode in order to monitor the transitions 315.5> 109.1 and 315.5> 297.2. We used a HPLC Agilent 1100 series isocratic conditions for the analyte in methanol / water 50% in total running time of 2.5 min. The calibration curve was constructed with triplicates of one, five, 10, 25 and 50 ng / ml of P4. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and interaction (sizes of PHB-V and the presence / absence of PCL), considering the significance level of 5%. It was observed that the association of PHB-V1/PCL increased the amount of progesterone released in relation to PHB-V1 isolate. The same effect was observed for the group PHB-V3/PCL. However, the association PHB-V2/PCL led to a decrease in the release of progesterone in relation to isolated PHB-V2. The release kinetics differed between groups in different time periods studied. Thus, the results show that differences in size of nanoparticles of PHB-V and its associations with the PCL can affect the quantity and the kinetics of drug release in vitro release using solvent alcohol and water. The use of super critical means for producing particles, provided a greater burden of P4 and alters the release kinetics.

This research project primarily focuses on three major aspects: synthesis and inclusion of silver microparticles and nanowires within a polymer matrix, extrusion of composite filaments and, three-dimensional (3D) printing of multifunctional polymer composites. Since very few studies have explored the inclusion of silver nanoparticles in 3D printing materials, the findings from this study can be significant for additive manufacturing technology. Over the past few decades, the applications of additive manufacturing has been expanding considerably in several industries like automobile, biomechanics, aerospace, hardware engineering, to name a few. We are particularly interested in silver particles and nanowires because of their enhanced antimicrobial, mechanical and optical properties. The unique antimicrobial properties of the silver-polymer composite will especially be applicable in the food and meat industry, where microbial infection is a major concern because of the exposure of microbes in the polymer belts that are used to transfer and package the items in the factory. It costs the industries a considerable amount of time, money and labor to regularly clean and sanitize those belts. If we are able to develop polymer belts with embedded antimicrobial properties, it could have tremendous applications in the food and meat industries. The morphology of the particles will be studied using scientific techniques like Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The idea is then to nanoparticles will be incorporated into PLA polymer pellets and extruded into composite filaments that can be used for 3D printing of dog-bone test structures. After the fabrication process, tensile tests and fracture surface analysis will be conducted to study the extent of enhancement of the mechanical properties as compared to neat polymer 3D printed specimens. The critical challenge in this project would be to ensure homogenous distribution of the nanoparticles throughout the polymer filaments. This project will integrate concepts and applications from three different fields: nanotechnology, material science, and additive manufacturing.

The first polysulfenamides were synthesized with S-N and N-S-N bonds along the backbone. We demonstrated that sulfenamides were stable in polar protic and aprotic solvents, but degraded rapidly when exposed to acidic conditions. Microparticles were fabricated from polysulfenamides with S-N bonds, their surfaces were readily functionalized, and they were internalized by cells allowing for intracellular delivery of their cargo. These microparticles were also stable at physiological pH, degraded under acidic conditions, and possessed minimal toxicity towards cells. This work demonstrated that polysulfenamides form the basis for a new set of polymers for drug delivery that greatly differ from prior work in this field. New biodegradable polymers with N-S-N bonds along the backbone were synthesized. These were the first polymers with these bonds and possessed many of the same characteristics as polymers synthesized with S-N bonds. The synthesis and characterization of comb block copolymers with arms composed of poly(lactic acid), poly(butyl acrylate), and poly(styrene-b-vinylpyridine) were described. The self-assembled morphologies in the solid state of comb tri- and tetrablock copolymers with poly(styrene) were also described. These assemblies demonstrated that well-ordered and complex morphologies were assembled from these polymers. The steric effect of substitutions on oxanorbornenes in ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was investigated. Oxanorbornenes substituted with methyls at the bridgehead positions showed limited reactivity with the Grubbs first and second generation catalysts and the Grubbs first generation methylidene catalyst.

Cancer immunotherapy has proven to be challenging as it depends on overcoming multiple mechanisms that mediate immune tolerance to self-antigens. In situ immunization is based on the concept that it is possible to break immune tolerance by inducing tumor cell death in situ in a manner that provides antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) with a wide selection of tumor antigens that can then be presented to the immune system and result in a therapeutic anticancer immune response. Based on recent advances in the understanding of antitumor immunity, we designed a three-step approach to in situ immunization to lymphoma: (1) Inducing immunogenic tumor cell death with the chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin (Dox). Dox enhances the expression of "eat-me" signals by dying tumor cells, facilitating their phagocytosis by dendritic cells (DCs). Due to the vesicant activity of Dox, microparticles (MPs) made of PLGA (a biodegradable polymer) can safely deliver Dox intratumorally and are effective vaccine adjuvants; (2) Enhancing antigen presentation and T cell activation using anti-OX40; (3) Sustaining T cell responses by checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4. In vitro, Dox MPs were less cytotoxic to DCs than to B lymphoma cells, did not require internalization by the lymphoma cells, and significantly enhanced phagocytosis of tumor cells by DCs as compared to soluble Dox. In mice, this three-step therapy induced CD4- and CD8-dependent systemic immune responses that enhanced T cell infiltration into distant lymphoma tumors leading to their eradication and significantly improving survival. Our findings demonstrate that systemic antitumor immune responses can be generated locally by three-step therapy and merit further investigation of three-step therapy for immunotherapy of lymphoma patients. Furthermore, we designed another in situ immunization approach using PLGA MPs loaded with both Dox and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). The addition of CpG was to further enhance the Dox MP design by including an agent that addresses Step Two in situ, by enhancing tumor antigen presentation by DCs. In vitro, we show that Dox/CpG MPs can kill B and T lymphoma cells and are less toxic to DCs than soluble Dox. In vivo, Dox/CpG MPs combined with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-OX40 generated systemic immune responses that suppressed injected and distant tumors in a murine B lymphoma model, leading to tumor-free mice. The combination regimen was also effective at reducing T cell lymphoma and melanoma tumor burdens. In conclusion, Dox/CpG MPs represent a versatile, efficient and safe tool for in situ immunization that could provide a promising component of immunotherapy for patients with a variety of types of cancer.

Le développement de formes à libération prolongée destinées à ladministration pulmonaire est un domaine qui a, jusquà présent, été relativement peu étudié mais pour lequel il y a actuellement un intérêt croissant. Le but de notre travail est de développer une forme destinée à ladministration par inhalation qui libérerait de façon prolongée un agent bronchodilatateur. Dans le cadre de ce travail, les microparticules lipidiques solides (MLS) ont été choisies comme véhicule en vue de lobtention dune libération prolongée. Les MLS présentent en effet de nombreux avantages en termes de coûts de production, de stabilité et de biocompatibilité comparativement à dautres systèmes microparticulaires. Le salbutamol, principe actif ß2-mimétique choisi initialement pour cette étude, nétant pas suffisamment lipophile pour sincorporer de façon efficace dans les MLS, un dérivé plus lipophile du salbutamol, lacétonide de salbutamol (AS) a été synthétisé. Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de lAS ont été déterminées, sa stabilité a été évaluée et des méthodes de dosage ont été mises au point. Des MLS vierges (non chargées en AS) ont tout dabord été produites après optimisation des paramètres de fabrication en vue dobtenir une taille adéquate pour ladministration par inhalation. Des études de tolérance au niveau pulmonaire effectuées in vivo sur des rats ont montré la biocompatibilité de ces MLS. Lactivité pharmacologique de lAS a été évaluée à la fois par des essais ex vivo de bronchodilatation sur organes isolés ainsi que par des essais daffinité (binding) envers les récepteurs ß1 et ß2-adrénergiques. Ces études nont malheureusement pas permis de conclure avec certitude quant à léventuel effet ß2-mimétique de lAS. Cependant, en raison de son caractère lipophile, lAS sera utilisé comme molécule modèle tout au long du processus de développement. LAS a donc été incorporé dans les MLS et les paramètres de production ont été étudiés et fixés par la méthodologie des plans dexpérience en vue doptimiser le pourcentage de particules possédant un diamètre géométrique convenant à ladministration par inhalation. La concentration en AS naffectant pas de façon significative la taille des MLS, celles-ci pourront être produites en utilisant la concentration en AS désirée. La caractérisation de ces MLS par microscopie électronique a montré que, lorsque la charge théorique initiale augmente, des cristaux dAS sont observés à lextérieur des MLS. Des essais de libération menés in vitro dans un premier temps puis ex vivo (en présence de fragments de poumons de porcs) ont permis de montrer une prolongation de la libération de lAS à partir des MLS comparativement à la libération à partir de mélanges physiques de MLS vierges et dAS. Ces résultats montrent la capacité des MLS possédant une taille pour administration pulmonaire, à libérer de façon prolongée la molécule qui y est incorporée. Cette libération est dautant plus prolongée que la charge en AS diminue. La présence denzymes pulmonaires na cependant pas modifié la cinétique de libération. Des poudres pour inhalation à base de MLS à 5% en AS ont été formulées en utilisant différents excipients porteurs et compétiteurs en différentes concentrations relatives. Les fractions respirables mesurées in vitro sont, dans le meilleur des cas, égales à 15%. Cependant, les MLS à 5% en AS administrées seules ont une fraction respirable proche de 25%. Leurs propriétés découlement savérant acceptables, il peut être envisagé dadministrer les MLS telles quelles en tant que poudre pour inhalation./ The sustained release of drugs for pulmonary delivery is a research field which has been so far rather unexploited but which is currently becoming increasingly attractive. The aim of this research work is to develop a pulmonary delivery system which will be able to sustain the release of a bronchodilator agent. Therefore, solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) were chosen in order to provide a sustained release to its incorporated substance. Indeed, this kind of drug carrier offers many advantages. In comparison with other microparticulate dosage forms, SLMs production costs are relatively low, they are physiologically compatible and their physical stability is well established. Salbutamol, a well-known short-acting ß2-adrenergic receptor agonist, was initially chosen for this study but this molecule proved to be not lipophilic enough to be efficiently incorporated into SLMs. Thats the reason why salbutamol acetonide (SA) was synthetized from salbutamol in order to get a more lipophilic molecule and thereby to increase the incorporation into SLMs. Then, the physico-chemical properties of SA were characterized, its stability was studied and chromatographic assays were developed. Drug free SLMs were produced using manufacturing parameters which were optimized in order to get particles with a suitable range of size for pulmonary administration. Tolerance studies were then carried out in vivo on rats to check SLMs biocompatibility in the respiratory tractus. Ex vivo tests using isolated organs were carried out in order to investigate the bronchodilating activity of SA. The obtained results were completed with a binding study to evaluate the affinity between SA on the one hand and ß1 and ß2-adrenergic receptors on the other hand. Unfortunately those studies didnt allow us to conclude about the possible ß2-mimetic activity of SA. Owing to its lipophilic character, SA will be used all along this research work as a model molecule for the development of SLMs as sustained release system for pulmonary delivery. SA was then incorporated into SLMs: the production parameters were studied using the methodology of experimental design in order to optimize the percentage of particles with a suitable diameter for pulmonary administration. It has been noticed that SA concentration does not affect significantly the particle size. So SLMs can be produced using the pre-established production parameters whatever the desired SA concentration. The characterization of the obtained SLMs-SA by scanning electron microscopy showed especially that SA crystals appear outside of the particles when the theoretical drug loading increases. Drug release studies were carried out both in vitro and ex vivo i.e. using fragments of porcine pulmonary tissues. These studies showed that SA release from SLMs is sustained in comparison with SA release from physical mixtures of drug free SLMs and SA. The obtained results tend to prove that produced SLMs are suitable carriers in order to get a sustained release of the incorporated substance. It has also been noticed that the release rate increases when the drug loading increases. Concerning the ex vivo studies, it may be concluded that the presence of pulmonary enzymes does not modify SA release profiles. Inhalation powders containing SLMs with 5% SA were finally developed using different carrier excipients and ternary agents at different relative concentrations. Respirable fractions were determined in vitro and proved to be at best equal to 15%. However, SLMs 5% SA have also been administered alone without any additional excipients. In this case, the obtained respirable fraction is close to 25%. Seeing that the flowability of SLMs 5% SA appeared to be acceptable, they could be administered just as they are as inhalation powder.

Delivering drugs to effectively treat diseases of the back of the eye can be a challenging task. Although pharmacological therapies exist, drug delivery devices and techniques are not very effective at targeting delivery of drugs to the diseased tissues. This work introduces a novel approach to effectively deliver drugs to target tissues such as the choroid and retina. The approach involves a device, a hollow microneedle, to administer the drug formulation into a unique location in the eye, the suprachoroidal space. This new route of administration and a device to accomplish the delivery may provide an effective way to treat diseases of the choroid and retina. The first part of the work determines the ex-vivo feasibility of delivering materials within the suprachoroidal space. The results show that fluids and particles can be delivered into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit, pig and human eyes using a hollow microneedle. It further examines the important parameters for injection of the particles within the suprachoroidal space. The data shows that injection pressure and microneedle length are important parameters for effective delivery of particles. The results lead to a theory on the mechanism by which the particles are delivered into the suprachoroidal space. The second part of the research aims to develop a reliable in vivo delivery device and study the surface area coverage of materials injected into the suprachoroidal space. A hollow glass microneedle device is developed and for the first time shown to be effective in delivering a fluid into the suprachoroidal space in vivo. Up to 100 µL of India ink could be delivered into rabbit eyes in vivo and the spread within the suprachoroidal space is characterized. The results show that a single microneedle injection can cover a significant percentage of the available suprachoroidal space. This is the first study to examine the spread of a material injected into the suprachoroidal space of a live animal. A hollow metal microneedle device is also developed and shown to be effective. The device was able to inject up to 150 µL of latex into suprachoroidal space of fresh human cadaver eyes. The spread of latex is characterized and the results also show that a significant portion of the suprachoroidal space can be covered. The final part of the study examines the clearance of materials injected into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit eyes in vivo. First a comparison of a suprachoroidal injection to a conventional intravitreal injection shows that a suprachoroidal injection is more targeted to the chorioretinal tissues. In addition hollow microneedles are shown to effectively target macromolecules and a therapeutic antibody to the chorioretinal tissues. A study of the clearance kinetics show half lives within the suprachoroidal space on the order of several hours. Nano- and microparticles were also injected into the suprachoroidal space and showed very effective targeting. These non-degradable particles are shown to be present in the suprachoroidal space for months. Basic visual safety assessments identified no adverse effects from the injection of these materials. This represents the first study to compare intraocular clearance kinetics between a suprachoroidal injection and an intravitreal injection. It is also the first study to examine the clearance of a variety of materials from within the suprachoroidal space. Overall this work shows that microneedles have the capability to deliver a variety of materials into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit, pig, and human eyes. The injection can be done in a minimally invasive way with the proper design of an injection device and can target the chorioretinal tissues more effectively than the currently used method. In addition particles have long residence times in the suprachoroidal space, so a particle based drug formulation could provide sustained delivery to the eye. This work represents the first comprehensive study on using the suprachoroidal space as a drug delivery route and also the first study to use hollow microneedles to deliver formulations into the eye in vivo.

The biomaterial component of a tissue engineered device has been shown to enhance the immune response to a co-delivered model shed antigen. The purpose of this research was to investigate in vivo the differential level of the immune response toward different forms of the biomaterial. A model shed antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), was incorporated into polymeric biomaterial carriers made of 50:50 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in the form of microparticles (MP) or scaffolds (SC). These MP and SC biomaterial carrier vehicles with incorporated antigen were then injected or implanted, respectively, into C57BL6 mice to investigate the differential level of the immune response towards OVA controlled release from PLGA MP and PLGA SC. For each polymeric carrier, the resulting time-dependent systemic humoral immune response towards the incorporated OVA, the OVA-specific IgG concentration and isotypes (IgG2a or IgG1, indicating a predominant Th1 or Th2 response, respectively) were determined using ELISA. To assess the differential level of the immune response depending on the form of PLGA, the total amounts of polymer and OVA delivered were kept constant as well as the release rate of OVA. The in vitro protein release kinetics were studied for both PLGA MPs and PLGA scaffolds to examine the release rate of OVA from the polymeric carriers. The level of the humoral immune response was higher and sustained for OVA released from PLGA SC which were implanted with associated tissue damage, and lower and transient when the same amount of polymer and OVA were delivered from PLGA MP, which were minimally invasively delivered by injection. This immune response was primarily Th2 helper T cell-dependent as exemplified by the predominance of IgG1 isotype, although for the strong adjuvant, Complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA), and PLGA SC carriers the anti-OVA IgG2a isotype levels were also significant, potentially indicating both a Th2 and Th1 response. The PLGA SC and PLGA MP exhibited similar protein release kinetics, releasing similar amounts of OVA at each time point. Each carrier incubated contained the same ratio of OVA to polymer. In vitro protein release kinetics experiments suggest that the rate of release of OVA from PLGA SC and PLGA MP was similar, and therefore the enhanced immune response induced by PLGA SC is most likely due to danger signals from implantation which primed the system for an enhanced immune response and not from a difference in concentration of OVA released from the carriers.