Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Maria Carbone.pdf: 9290034 bytes, checksum: 1d06740e586db906924ebaeba33e0ed3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / Conversations with René Girard proposes understanding of the work of Girard in all its complexity. The thesis focuses on analyzing the theory of mimetic desire, the relationship between violence and the sacred, and the need for a scapegoat. Three interwoven, united themes surround all the work of Girard, explained for the first time in the Violence and the Sacred essay considered as one of the pillars of Girardian thought. According to Girard, violence intrinsic to humanity, is the desire to control the violence that establishes the passage of the state of nature to the state of culture. The channeling of violence is vital to the existence of societies - archaic and modern. Girard shows us that the way to control violence is possible only by the institution of the sacred, that is through the atoning sacrifice of the victim. For the author, the desire is always mimetic desire : what is desired by the other subject, which raises the rivalry and consequently the violence that needs to be contained / Conversações com René Girard propõe o entendimento da obra de Girard em toda sua complexidade. A tese concentra a análise sobre a teoria do desejo mimético, a relação da violência com o sagrado e a necessidade do bode expiatório. Três temas entrelaçados, uníssonos que circundam toda a obra de Girard, explicitados pela primeira vez em A violência e o Sagrado, ensaio considerado como um dos pilares do pensamento girardiano. Para Girard, a violência é intrínseca à humanidade, é o controle do desejo de violência que estabelece a passagem do estado de natureza para o estado de cultura. A canalização da violência é vital para a existência das sociedades arcaicas e modernas. Girard nos mostra que a forma de controle da violência só é possível pela instituição do sagrado, que o faz por meio dos sacrifícios da vítima expiatória. Para o autor, o desejo é sempre mimético, desejamos aquilo que é desejado por outro sujeito, o que suscita a rivalidade e, consequentemente, a violência que precisa ser contida

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Maria Carbone.pdf: 9290034 bytes, checksum: 1d06740e586db906924ebaeba33e0ed3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / Conversations with René Girard proposes understanding of the work of Girard in all its complexity. The thesis focuses on analyzing the theory of mimetic desire, the relationship between violence and the sacred, and the need for a scapegoat. Three interwoven, united themes surround all the work of Girard, explained for the first time in the Violence and the Sacred essay considered as one of the pillars of Girardian thought. According to Girard, violence intrinsic to humanity, is the desire to control the violence that establishes the passage of the state of nature to the state of culture. The channeling of violence is vital to the existence of societies - archaic and modern. Girard shows us that the way to control violence is possible only by the institution of the sacred, that is through the atoning sacrifice of the victim. For the author, the desire is always mimetic desire : what is desired by the other subject, which raises the rivalry and consequently the violence that needs to be contained / Conversações com René Girard propõe o entendimento da obra de Girard em toda sua complexidade. A tese concentra a análise sobre a teoria do desejo mimético, a relação da violência com o sagrado e a necessidade do bode expiatório. Três temas entrelaçados, uníssonos que circundam toda a obra de Girard, explicitados pela primeira vez em A violência e o Sagrado, ensaio considerado como um dos pilares do pensamento girardiano. Para Girard, a violência é intrínseca à humanidade, é o controle do desejo de violência que estabelece a passagem do estado de natureza para o estado de cultura. A canalização da violência é vital para a existência das sociedades arcaicas e modernas. Girard nos mostra que a forma de controle da violência só é possível pela instituição do sagrado, que o faz por meio dos sacrifícios da vítima expiatória. Para o autor, o desejo é sempre mimético, desejamos aquilo que é desejado por outro sujeito, o que suscita a rivalidade e, consequentemente, a violência que precisa ser contida

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL ALVES DOS SANTOS.pdf: 753945 bytes, checksum: afda5a269470fca58eeade14eb681377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-09 / In his theory of mimetic desire, René Girard presents Christ as an ideal to be followed since Jesus has demonstrated how is it possible to solve conflicts without associating it to vengeance of violence. Through his victimization on the Cross, Jesus reveals the truth about whom we are and who the Lord is. By demonstrating his innocence, He reverts to himself the accusation of those keeping themselves on the circle of self-justification by transfer of guilt. Thereby, the Christ decides to forgive by his own will. This is a new form of forgiveness that is called Novum.The Novum reveals a new way to bond with people who have wronged us and to try to understand ourselves through the other. This new mimesis values life, freedom, and care for the neighbor, the reconciliation more than gifts and sacrifices. This is dialectical overcoming because in this process the decision of forgiving belongs to the subject and the decision of reconciliation also depends on the one that was offended.Through the novum it is possible to change the direction of the past, destroy fatality and not to continue being a hostage of guilt. This attitude allows the subject to look to the future with hope. Focusing on the Passion and the Resurrection the subject finds who he really is and will be able to decide to pursue the Christ centric model. This decision takes him off the violent mimesis to start to elaborate the will to decide to forgive the one that has offended him. Finally, the subject recognizes the novum forgiveness as a model that when is imitated and donated is capable of remaking the one forgiving as well as the one that is forgiven. / Em sua teoria mimética do desejo, René Girard apresenta Cristo como modelo ideal a ser seguido, uma vez que Jesus demonstrou como é possível resolver conflitos sem associá-los à vingança ou à violência. Através de sua vitimização na Cruz, Jesus revela toda a verdade de quem somos e quem Deus é, ao manifestar sua inocência, Ele reverte para si a acusação daqueles que se mantêm no círculo da auto justificação por transferência da culpa. Assim, o Cristo decide, por sua livre vontade, perdoar. Isto é, uma nova forma de perdão, que denominamos novum. Fundamentado no amor, ele vem de fora e fura o círculo da violência. O novum revela uma nova maneira de se relacionar com as pessoas que nos prejudicaram, de tentar compreender quem somos através do Outro. Essa nova mimesis valoriza a vida, a liberdade, o cuidado com o próximo, a reconciliação mais do que ofertas e sacrifícios. Trata-se de uma superação dialética, pois, apesar de nesse processo a decisão de perdoar estar de posse do sujeito sendo esta uma via de mão única , a decisão de reconciliação depende também do ofendido/ofensor, esta outra, via de mão dupla . Através do novum é possível mudar o sentido do passado, destruir a fatalidade e não ter necessidade de continuar como refém da culpa. Esta atitude possibilita o sujeito olhar o futuro com esperança. Ao focar a Paixão e a Ressurreição, o sujeito descobre quem ele realmente é e poderá decidir seguir o modelo Cristocêntrico. Essa decisão leva-o a sair da mimesis violenta e passar a elaborar a vontade, para então decidir perdoar àquele que o ofendeu. O sujeito, por fim, reconhece o perdão novum como modelo que ao ser imitado e doado é capaz de refazer a pessoa de seu doador, bem como àquele que é perdoado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro de Proenca Lopes.pdf: 658698 bytes, checksum: af3a0dd43047660a54f5c1afe86780d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The exploration and the manipulation of desire are some of the main brand of consumption culture. In the societies where predominate this culture, the consumption appears as a humanization criterion, and the meaning of life the ethical-mythical core, around in which society organize itself its the wealth accumulation seek to consume more. Some researches have been demonstrating the holy aspects of this culture, which became a real religion of the everyday life, with its devotions, spiritualities, myths, and rituals. At this same aspect, some studies have been demonstrating how this culture determines the pedagogic projects. Theses arent accidentals studies, because religion and education are essential elements in the origin and upkeep of any culture and human society. However it could also be transformation elements. Paulo Freire emphasize with interest in a Desire Pedagogy creation, and comprehend that the desire theme is extremely important in the improvement fight of social exclusion. But unfortunately he hadnt time to couch such pedagogy. The René Girard work reinforces the thesis that religion is an essential process for the human societies, considering the real function in the culture origin. According to Girard, religion is the humanity educationalist in the humanization and socialization process. And his most notable characteristic is exactly to educate the desire, because, due its mimetic nature, is constantly the violence generator. In the research of relations between Religion/ Theology and Education, recently has been accomplished the presupposed theologies and spiritual studies of the educational offers. Even thought that Paulo Freire and René Girard are at different areas, with different projects, there is lots of convergences aspects between them, some even complementary. The dialog between these two authors shows it very profitable in the theme of desire discussion in relation with the spirituality and education. This work is a try to search elements that promote the elaboration of a Desire Pedagogy starting with the contribution of the Religion Science.(AU) / A exploração e a manipulação do desejo são algumas das principais marcas da cultura de consumo. Nas sociedades em que predomina essa cultura, o consumo aparece como critério de humanização, e o sentido da vida o núcleo ético-mítico em torno do qual a sociedade se organiza é a busca de acumulação de riqueza para se consumir cada vez mais. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado os aspectos sagrados dessa cultura, que se tornou uma verdadeira religião da vida cotidiana, com suas devoções, espiritualidades, mitos e ritos. Da mesma forma, alguns estudos vêm demonstrando como essa cultura determina os projetos pedagógicos. Esses estudos não são acidentais, pois religião e educação são elementos fundamentais na origem e na manutenção de qualquer cultura e sociedade humanas. Todavia, podem ser também elementos de transformação. Paulo Freire acena com o interesse pela criação de uma Pedagogia do Desejo, compreendendo que este tema é de fundamental importância na luta pela superação da exclusão social, o que infelizmente não teve tempo de formulá-la. A obra de René Girard reforça a tese de que a religião é um processo fundamental para as sociedades humanas, considerando sua real função na origem da cultura. Segundo Girard, a religião é a educadora da humanidade no processo de humanização e socialização. E sua característica mais notável é justamente a de educar o desejo, pois, devido a sua natureza mimética, constantemente é gerador de violência. Nas pesquisas sobre as relações entre Religião/Teologia e Educação, recentemente tem sido realizado o estudo dos pressupostos teológicos e espirituais das propostas educacionais. Há muitos pontos de convergência entre Paulo Freire e René Girard, alguns até complementares. O diálogo entre esses dois autores se mostra muito profícuo na discussão do tema do desejo em relação com a espiritualidade e a educação. Este trabalho é uma tentativa de buscar elementos que favoreçam a elaboração de uma Pedagogia do Desejo a partir das contribuições das Ciências da Religião.(AU)

This essay investigates the philosophies and practices of Simone Weil and Etty Hillesum from the viewpoint of their relation to eating. By analyzing them aided by Renée Girard’s theory of mimetic desire, I discuss similarities and differences between Weils and Hillesums work and spiritual development. Entering their thinking through Robert Daly’s notion of a phenomenology of redemption, which describes the form of  mimetic desire that counters, rather than produces, violence, I discuss, guided by Susan Bordo’s work on eating disorders as well as Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception, how Weil and Hillesum can be said to engage in this respectively. By contrasting Weil’s decreation with Hillesum's compulsive overeating, or “life-gluttony”, my analysis argues that Hillesum's diaries depict how she copes with violence by practicing a kind of radical self-love, through which she becomes able to reconcile with both herself and her outside world. As for Weil, I argue that the self-destructive ethics that her decreation consists in prevent her from reaching a full reconciliation, insofar as it constitutes only internalized violence, and not a refusal of violence as such. Thus, my conclusion is, Hillesum's philosophy might be said to be an expression of a more complete redemption, as I formulate it taking my departure in Daly's concept, than Weil's. / Denna uppsats diskuterar Simone Weils och Etty Hillesums verk och liv med avstamp i Weils formulering av begreppet avskapelse samt den livshunger, eller livsglupskhet, som Hillesum beskriver i sina dagböcker. Med hjälp av Renée Girards teori om mimetiska begär undersöker den hur självsvält och överätande figurerar i Weil och Hillesums liv och verk, och hur dessa fenomen relaterar till deras respektive andliga och etiska övertygelser. Utifrån Richard Dalys tanke om en försoningens fenomenologi, baserad i Girards teori om mimetiska begär, Susan Bordos analys av ätstörningar som kulturellt fenomen samt Maurice Merleau-Pontys kroppsorienterade fenomenologi utreder den skillnader och likheter mellan Weil och Hillesum med avseende på hur deras etiska övertygelser gestaltas av och i deras liv och verk. Min analys gör gällande att Hillesums dagböcker skildrar hur hon gör upp med våld genom att praktisera ett slags radikal självkärlek, genom vilken hon blir förmögen att försonas med såväl sig själv som sin omvärld. Vad gäller Weil, hävdar jag att den självförintande etik som hennes avskapelse består i omöjliggör en fullkomlig försoning, såtillvida som den endast utgör ett internaliserat våld, och inte en uppgörelse med våldet som sådant. Därmed, är min slutsats, kan Hillesums filosofi möjligen sägas vara ett uttryck för enmer fullkomlig försoning, som jag formulerar den med avstamp i Dalys begrepp, än Weils.

In 1972, with the publication of Violence and the Sacred, René Girard makes the stunning assertion that violence is the foundation of culture. Humanity’s innate urges for competition and rivalry entrap us in cycles of violence, which left alone would find no resolution. Girard calls the cause of this rivalry “mimetic desire”, and the only way out of this deeply embedded vengeance is to create a scapegoat to take the blame, reconciling the conflicting parties. Girard asserts that the biblical texts uniquely reveal the mechanisms of mimetic rivalry and scapegoating, and even demystify sacrificial rituals as nothing more than sacrilized “good” violence to keep a fragile peace. This revelation, according to Girard, can finally allow us to remove violence from the sacred. Much scholarship has been devoted to Girard’s theory, in particular how it offers a viable alternative to the still-dominant sacrificial theology of the cross. But there is little scholarship on the connection between Girard and Judaism; and Girard’s own work leaves us with a picture of Judaism that is at best incomplete, and at worst unable to find an answer to disturbing violence permeating the scriptures. This dissertation brings the Hebrew Bible into dialogue with Girard’s ideas in a systematic fashion to assert, contra Girard, that the Jewish revelation is a full, effective and even practical expression of his theory. After an overview of Girard’s work in the first chapter, the dissertation examines three Jewish “vaccines” to the mimetic disease as follows: the Birkhat ha-Banim (“The Blessing of the Children”); the reading of the Book of Esther on Purim; and the reading of Jonah on Yom Kippur. The conclusion to the dissertation asserts, drawing on these three demonstrations, the following points: 1) Rene Girard gives an important and clarifying lens to aid us in finding a new way to talk about, understand, and unify Jewish scripture and ritual; 2) a Jewish perspective can help flesh out what a different “revelation” of Girard’s mimetic desire looks like—even providing prescriptions to curtail this desire; and 3) positive mimesis is possible, and there are Hebrew examples of it free of originary violence. The final chapter addresses certain challenges in reconciling Girard with Judaism, moving toward a sincere Jewish Girardianism that will harmonize with the central views of the tradition.

In this essay, Ralph C. Wood's religious-philosophical interpretation of LotR has been analyzed, with emphasis upon his conclusions about evil and sin in LotR. Some of Wood's claims about evil and sin in LotR have been applied upon the character Boromir, in order to show how sin is manifested as truth-transgression, pride, avarice, and misdirected love. A theoretical section is presented in order to define the concepts of sin, mimetic desire, and evil. The literary analysis focuses upon the character Boromir; the relevant works of literary scholas Ralph C. Wood and René Girard have been chosen as points of reference in this analysis. Attention is also given to an article by the historian Stephen Morillo, in the analysis of Norse pagan and Christian interpretations. It has been argued that a Christian reading of LotR, contrary to Morillo's standpoint, is possible.

Though Byron is known for his provocative denials of the importance of Shakespeare, his public derogations of the early modern playwright are in fact a pose that hides the respect he had for the playwright’s powerful poetic vision, a regard which is recorded most comprehensively in the Shakespearean references of Don Juan. Byron imitated Shakespeare by repeating and adapting the older poet’s observations on the imitative nature of desire and the structure of emulous ambition as a source of violence. His appropriations make his work part of the modern shift away from earlier European societies, wherein ritual means of mitigating desire’s potentially inimical impact on human communities were supplemented with an increased reliance on market mechanisms to defer the effects of emulation and resentment. Finding himself among the first modern celebrities, Byron deploys Shakespeare’s representations of desire to trace the processes that produced the arc of his own fame and notoriety. Drawing on his deep knowledge of Shakespeare, Byron’s poetic vision—in its observations on the contagious nature of desire—exhibits elements of Shakespeare’s own vivid depictions of imitation as a key conduit for his characters’ cupidity, ambitions, and violence. Exploring how he plays with and integrates these representations into his letters, journals, poetry, and plays, my dissertation investigates Byron’s intuitions on the nature of human desire by focusing on his engagement with one of literature’s greatest observers of human behaviour, Shakespeare.

La présente recherche porte sur les applications possibles de la théorie mimétique de René Girard à des oeuvres cinématographiques américaines et européennes de trois périodes : l'entre-deux-guerres,les années 1970 et les années 2000.Cette étude se situe dans le champ d'une sociologie de l'imaginaire dont l'anthropologie du religieux constitue l'axe épistémologique principal.A partir des notions-clés de mimesis, de sacré, de sacrifice et de violence comme termes permettant de penser la sociogenèse, nous tentons de renouveler la lecture d'oeuvres classiques et récentes du cinéma d'auteur américain et européen. Le lien originel de la violence et du sacré constituerait,selon nous, un axe interprétatif essentiel pour la compréhension du lien du social à une violence fondatrice. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les oeuvres cinématographiques comme autant de mythes et de rituels affaiblis, héritiers du sacré et susceptibles à ce titre de transfigurer la violence.Quel sens donner à cette transfiguration esthétique aujourd’hui ? C’est en nous focalisant sur le passage historique du tiers au double, dont les films que nous analysons sont autant de jalons, que nous avons voulu reconstituer ce « parcours de la méconnaissance » qui semble se confondre avec la violence et le même. / The present study is concerned with the possible applications of René Girard’s mimetic theory toAmerican and European films from three different periods : the interwar period, the 1970s and the2000s.This work belongs to the field of the ‘sociology of the imaginary’, of which religious anthropologyconstitutes the main epistemological axis.Based on key notions such as mimesis, the sacred, sacrifice and violence, which facilitate thereflection on sociogenesis, this study represents an attempt to renew the interpretation of classic, aswell as recent, american or european art-house cinema. The original link between violence and thesacred may offer an essential interpretative axis for a proper understanding of the relationshipbetween social matters and a founding violence. In this work, we approach cinematic works asweakened forms of myth and ritual, heirs of the sacred which are, for this very reason, liable totransfigure violence. Which meaning can be given to this aesthetic transfiguration nowadays ? Byfocusing on the historical transition from the third to the double, of which the movies analyzed hereare milestones, I have attempted to reconstruct

O presente estudo intenciona, fundamentalmente, mostrar que a produção ficcional de Camilo Castelo Branco constitui-se enquanto um legado romanesco que ultrapassa, em muito, a mera veiculação de histórias de amor. Assim sendo, alguns aspectos e temas caros à literatura do escritor de São Miguel de Seide são tomados como pilares desta análise, tais como a presença de um Portugal imerso em relações capitalistas, próprias do período oitocentista; um ambiente propício para o interesse financeiro e o desejo de base mimética, mas infecundo a afeições abnegadas; e a marcante atuação do narrador camiliano, uma instância que não se priva de desvelar, a todo o momento, os motores vis que, consoante sua opinião, impulsionam tanto a engrenagem desta materialista sociedade portuguesa quanto as atitudes das personagens que nela estão inseridas. Por fim, vale ressaltar que o corpus selecionado para esta apreciação da obra camiliana é composto pelos romances Onde está a Felicidade? e Um Homem de Brios, ambos de 1856. / The present study intends, primarily, to show that Camilo Castelo Brancos fictional production consists in a Romanesque legacy that passes much beyond the mere transmission of love stories. Thus, some important aspects and themes of the writer of São Miguel de Seides literature are taken as pillars of this analysis, such as the presence of a Portugal immersed in capitalist relations, typical of the 19th century, a proper ambience to the financial interest and the desire of mimetic basis, but barren to unselfish affections, and the camilian narrators remarkable performance, an instance that not abstains from unveiling, every time, the vile engines that, according to his opinion, stimulate as much the gear of this materialist Portuguese society as the characters attitudes inserted in it. Finally, it is pertinent to emphasize that the selected corpus for this camilian works appreciation is composed by the novels Onde está a Felicidade? and Um Homem de Brios, both from 1856.