O câncer de próstata é a segunda causa de morte entre homens no Brasil. É tipo um câncer de crescimento lento, podendo levar anos para o tumor atingir 1 cm3, porém, em alguns casos ele pode se espalhar pelo corpo, sendo o osso o principal sítio de metástase. No estágio de desenvolvimento do câncer conhecido como metástase, o principal tratamento consiste em terapia de restrição andrógena, levando as células prostáticas a pararem de proliferar, uma vez que elas crescem em resposta a presença de hormônios andrógenos, como a diidrotestosterona e testosterona. Porém, em alguns casos, as células proliferam mesmo na ausência de andrógenos e isto se deve a diversos fatores que, em geral, estão associados a mutações no receptor andrógeno e/ou alterações no metabolismo andrógeno. Quando isto acontece, os tratamentos disponíveis são menos efetivos e costumam falhar. Porém, estudos sugerem que o γ-orizanol, um fitoesterol extraído do óleo do farelo do arroz; e extratos amplamente utilizados na medicina popular, como o extrato hidroalcólico de Thuya occidentalis, poderiam atuar inibindo o desenvolvimento e progressão do câncer de próstata. Neste estudo, com o uso de abordagens bioquímicas e de biologia molecular, foi demonstrado que o tratamento com γ-orizanol diminui a viabilidade e biomassa celular em cultura, associado ao aumento da morte celular por apoptose e/ou necrose, em linhagens celulares responsivas (LNCaP) e não-responsivas a andrógenos (PC3 e DU145), além de aumentar a pERK1/2 em células LNCaP e DU145. O γ-orizanol também foi capaz de bloquear o ciclo celular em G2/M nas células PC3 e LNCaP e em G0/G1 nas células DU145. Estes efeitos foram ainda acompanhados por uma redução da expressão do gene e proteína caveolina-1- uma importante molécula envolvida no aumento da agressividade do câncer de próstata, e também, na progressão da doença para o fenótipo andrógeno resistente - nas células não-responsivas a andrógenos, e do gene PCGEM1 - gene específico da próstata regulado por andrógeno - nas células LNCaP e DU145. Ainda, γ-orizanol também mostrou capacidade de regular vários miRNAs - pequenas moléculas de RNA não codificantes de proteínas - envolvidos no controle de funções associadas ao desenvolvimento, progressão e invasão no câncer de próstata, como o miR16-1, miR19b-2, miR24b-1, miR24b-2, miR99a, miR133a-5p, miR182-5p, miR198 e miR222. O extrato hidroalcólico de Thuya occidentalis reduziu a viabilidade e biomassa celular nas linhagens responsiva (LNCaP) e não-responsivas (DU145 e PC3) a andrógenos, além de induzir parada do ciclo celular na fase G0/G1 nas células DU145 e aumentar a morte celular por apoptose e/ou necrose em todas as linhagens. Da mesma forma que o γ-orizanol, este extrato reduziu a expressão da caveolina-1 nas linhagens não-responsivas a andrógenos. Trabalhos anteriores mostram que o monoterpeno α-tujona é o principal composto ativo do extrato de Thuya occidentalis. Por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de massas foi mostrada a existência de 0,0016 μg de α-tujona na dose de extrato usada neste estudo. No entanto, o tratamento com 0,0016μg de α-tujona foi efetivo somente sobre linhagem LNCaP, não tendo efeito sobre as outras linhagens estudadas, reforçando a hipótese da diferença de sensibilidade entre as linhagens responsivas e não responsivas a andrógeno e mostrando a contribuição de outros componentes do extrato nos efeitos observados neste estudo. Concluindo, estes resultados demonstram que tanto γ-orizanol como o extrato de Thuya occidentalis podem vir a ser agentes terapêuticos promissores no tratamento de câncer de próstata, não só por inibirem o crescimento celular, mas também e principalmente pela possibilidade de induzirem a recuperação da sensibilidade a andrógenos, aumentando as possibilidades de tratamento da doença. / Prostate cancer is the second cause of death among men in Brazil. It is a slowgrowing cancer and it may take years for tumor to reach 1 cm3, but in some cases it can spread throughout the body and the bone is the main site of metastasis. At this cancer stage known as metastasis, the principal treatment involves antiandrogen therapy, leading to prostate cells stop proliferating, because they grow in response to presence of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. However, in some cases, the cells can proliferate even in the absence of androgens and this fact occurs due to many factors and they are generally associated with mutations in the androgen receptor and/or alterations in androgen metabolism. In this stage, the treatments available are less effective and usually fail. However, studies suggest that γ-oryzanol, a phytosterol extracted of rice bran oil; and extracts widely used in folk medicine, as Thuya occidentalis hidroalcolic extract, could act inhibiting the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, using molecular biology and biochemical approaches we showed that γ- oryzanol treatment was able to decrease cell viability and biomass in culture, and this fact was linked to increased cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis in androgen responsive (LNCaP) and unresponsive (DU145 and PC3) prostate cancer cell lines, besides increasing pERK1/2 in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ- oryzanol was also able to cause cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in LNCaP and PC3 cells and at G0/G1 phase in DU145 cells. These effects were also accompanied by a reduction in caveolin-1 gene and protein expression - an important molecule related to high aggressiveness in prostate cancer and also in the progression of the disease to androgen resistant phenotype - in androgen unresponsive cells, and also PCGEM1 gene - a prostate specific gene regulated by androgens - in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ-oryzanol also showed ability to regulate several miRNAs - small non-coding RNA molecules - involved in the control of many functions associated with the development, progression and invasion of prostate cancer, such as miR16-1, miR19b-2, miR24b-1, miR24b-2, miR99a, miR133a-5p, miR182-5p, miR198 and miR222. Thuya occidentalis hidroalcolic extract also reduce cell viability and biomass in androgen responsive (LNCaP) and unresponsive (DU145 and PC3) cells, in addition to inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in DU145 cells and to increase apoptosis and/or necrosis cell death in all cell lines. The same way that γ-oryzanol, this extract reduced the caveolin-1 expression in androgen unresponsive prostate cancer cells. Prior studies showed that the monoterpene α-thujone is the main active compound in the T. occidentalis extract. By gas chromatography coupled to mass detector it was showed the existence of 0.0016 μg of α-thujone in extract dose used in this study. However, the treatment with 0.0016 μg of α-thujone was effective only on LNCaP cell line, having no effect on the other studied lines, supporting the hypothesis of difference in sensitivity between responsive and unresponsive cell lines and showing the contribution of other components in the effects caused by the extract, observed it this study. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that both γ-oryzanol as T. occidentalis extract may become promising therapeutic agents in treatment of prostate cancer, not only inhibit cell growth but also and manly by the possibility of inducing the recovery of androgen sensitivity, increasing the treatment chances of treatment this disease.

Introdução: O aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) é uma doença prevalente e silenciosa também relacionada com a atividade inflamatória. Atualmente, a abordagem endovascular tem sido utilizada como principal técnica devido à inúmeras vantagens. Porém tem uma maior taxa de reintervenções e necessita de seguimento periódico com angiotomografias, o que aumenta custos e tem implicações como alteração da função renal além do acúmulo progressivo de radiação. Tais condições justificam a busca por possíveis biomarcadores que possam contribuir para um melhor seguimento. Objetivos: Neste estudo, buscou-se correlacionar o microRNA-1281, proteína C reativa (PCR) e a avaliação da função renal de indivíduos com AAA com a evolução dos mesmos após o tratamento endovascular. Pacientes e métodos: Foram selecionados 30 pacientes consecutivos do Ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do HCFMRP-USP, no período de janeiro de 2104 a novembro de 2015, com aneurisma de aorta abdominal e com indicação para tratamento endovascular. As dosagens séricas e avaliações angiotomográficas foram feitas no pré-operatório e 6 meses após a intervenção. Resultados: Houve uma hiperexpressão do microRNA-1281 nos pacientes com aneurisma e uma significativa redução dos seus níveis séricos após a correção endovascular. A expressão do miRNA-1281 apresentou correlação positiva com o clearence de creatinina. Houve também correlação positiva da PCR com a presença do aneurisma, e com seu diâmetro e não houve alteração significativa da função renal mensurada através das dosagens séricas de uréia, creatinina e cálculo indireto de clearence. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou que o miRNA 1281 tem boa correlação com a evolução favorável pós-tratamento endovascular do AAA, não se observando o mesmo com a proteína C reativa. Novos estudos são necessários para validar e complementar tais achados. / Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a prevalent and silent disease. Currently, the endovascular approach has been widely used and is the main technique due to the innumerable advantages. However, it has a higher rate of reintervention and requires periodic follow-up with tomography over the years, which increases its costs and has implications such as altered renal function besides the accumulation of radiation. Such conditions justify the search for possible biomarkers that may perhaps replace CT. Objectives: In this study, we sought to correlate the microRNA-1281, Creactive protein (CRP) and the renal function evaluation of individuals with AAA with their evolution after endovascular treatment. Patients and methods: We selected 30 consecutive patients from the Ambulatory of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of the HCFMRP-USP, in the period from January of 2104 until November of 2015, with abdominal aortic aneurysm and with indication for endovascular treatment. Serum dosages were made preoperatively and 6 months after the intervention Results: There was a hyperexpression of the micro-RNA -1281 in patients with aneurysm and a significant reduction of their serum levels after endovascular correction. Expression of miRNA-1281 showed a positive correlation with creatinine clearence. There was also a positive correlation of CRP with the presence of the aneurysm, and with its diameter, and there was no significant alteration of renal function measured through serum urea, creatinine and indirect clearance calculations. Conclusion: The study showed that 1281 miRNAs may prove to be a potential biomarker for eventual follow-up of patients undergoing AAA endovascular repair. New studies are needed to validate and complement these findings.

In questa tesi vengono affrontati due diversi tipi di studio. Il primo tratta della costruzione di una mappa di ibridi bovino-criceto di radiazione di seconda generazione tramite la tipizzazione di un pannello RH, fornito dal Roslin Institut, con un set di Est non ridondanti provenienti da una libreria di cloni a cDNA di cervello bovino. Il secondo soggetto è il coinvolgimento dei microRNA, una nuova classe di piccoli RNA regolatori non codificanti, nello sviluppo della ghiandola mammaria. E' stata analizzata l'espressione di un set di microRNA noti in letteratura nei diversi stadi dello sviluppo dell'organo e sono state costruite librerie di cloni a cDNA di potenziali microRNA a partire da diversi stadi del ciclo dell'organo. / In this thesis two different subjects have been studied. The first is the construction of a second generation high-density RH map of the bovine using the RH panel of the Roslin Institute. The panel have been characterized by PCR with a set of non-redundant EST chosen from a cDNA library of bovine brain. The second work treats about the involvement of miRNAs in the development of mammary gland. A set of 25 known miRNAs have been chosen and their expression have been examined in the different stages of mammary gland development. Libraries of potential miRNAs have been constructed from different stages of mammary gland development and some miRNAs have been validated.

No description available.

La biologie moléculaire et, plus spécifiquement, la régulation de l’expression génique ont été révolutionnées par la découverte des microARN (miARN). Ces petits ARN d’une vingtaine de nucléotides sont impliqués dans la majorité des processus cellulaires et leur expression est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies, comme le cancer. Un miARN reconnaît ses cibles principalement par son noyau, ce qui lui permet de réguler simultanément la traduction de centaines d’ARN messagers. Nos travaux ont montré l’existence d’une boucle de rétro-activation négative, entre deux miARN du polycistron miR-17-92 et trois facteurs de transcription de la famille E2F. E2F1, 2 et 3 induisent la transcription de miR-20 et miR-17 qui par la suite inhibent leur traduction. Nos résultats suggèrent l’implication de cette boucle dans la résistance à l’apoptose induite par E2F1 dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate, ce qui expliquerait en partie le potentiel oncogénique du polycistron miR-17-92. L’étude de ce motif de régulation nous a donc permis de réaliser le potentiel incroyable qu’ont les miARN à inhiber la traduction de plusieurs gènes. Basé sur les règles de reconnaissance des miARN, nous avons développé et validé MultiTar. Cet outil bioinformatique permet de trouver la séquence d’un miARN artificiel ayant le potentiel d’inhiber la traduction de gènes d’intérêts choisis par l’utilisateur. Afin de valider MultiTar, nous avons généré des multitargets pouvant inhiber l’expression des trois E2F, ce qui nous a permis de comparer leur efficacité à celle de miR-20. Nos miARN artificiels ont la capacité d’inhiber la traduction des E2F et de neutraliser leur fonction redondante de la progression du cycle cellulaire de façon similaire ou supérieur à miR-20. La fonctionnalité de notre programme, ouvre la voie à une stratégie flexible pouvant cibler le caractère multigénique de différents processus cellulaires ou maladies complexes, tel que le cancer. L’utilisation de miARN artificiels pourrait donc représenter une alternative intéressante aux stratégies déjà existantes, qui sont limitées à inhiber des cibles uniques. En plus d’élucider un réseau de régulation complexe impliquant les miARN, nous avons pu tirer profit de leur potentiel d’inhibition par la conception de miARN artificiels. / miRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression in mammals. These small RNAs of around 20 nucleotides are involved in several cellular processes and diseases. MiRNAs recognize their targets mainly by a region comprising nucleotides 2-8, known as the seed. This characteristic gives them the potential to inhibit hundreds of messenger RNAs. Our first goal was to better characterize the complex network involving miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression. To achieve this, we studied the relation between a family of transcription factors, the E2Fs, and a family of miRNAs, the miR-17-92 cluster. Our results suggest a negative feedback loop involving miR-17, miR-20a, E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3. In this loop E2F1, 2 and 3 activate the transcription of the two miRNAs that inhibit their translation in return. The inhibition of the antiapoptotic function of E2F1 by miR-17 and miR-20 in a prostate cancer context, could explain the oncogenic potential of the miR-17-92 cluster that was previously reported. Studying the miR-20/E2F feedback loop made us realize how powerful was the ability of miRNAs to inhibit several targets. To overcome the lack of efficient tools able to inhibit simultaneously the expression of multiple genes, our second goal was to develop MultiTar, an algorithm able to design artificial miRNAs that target a set of predetermined genes. MultiTar was validated in silico, using known targets of endogenous miRNAs and in vivo, taking advantage of our experience with the E2F context. We designed artificial miRNAs against E2F1-3 and expressed them both in normal human fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells where they inhibited cell proliferation and induced cellular senescence. The observed phenotypes were precisely those known for inhibiting E2F activities. Hence, MultiTar can efficiently design artificial micro RNAs able to target multiple genes and is thus a flexible tool that can address the issue of multigenic diseases and complex cellular processes. The use of multitargets could be an alternative to overcome the limits of drugs or siRNAs that are designed generally to regulate only one target.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a double stranded DNA virus that causes epithelial skin infections and persists through the life of the host by infecting neurons, where it can switch to a latent state to evade an immune response. In rare cases during primary infection or after reactivation, instead of undergoing lytic infection at the epithelial surface, it instead travels to the brain and causes herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) which can have a ≥70% mortality rate if untreated. As the virus takes over its host cell, it gains control of the host cell machinery and manipulates host gene expression in order to evade the immune system and to pool its resources into the replication of the virus. One aspect of the dysregulated gene expression involves microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that bind to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to translational repression of the target. Dysregulated miRNAs are often down-regulated during infection as the virus takes over, but many miRNAs have also been found to be up-regulated as well1–5. The aim of this study is to observe the full cellular miRNA changes in the context of an acute viral encephalitic infection using HSV-1, and to further characterize selected up-regulated miRNAs to determine their function in the context of the disease state. Of particular note were miR-141 and miR-200c which showed anti-apoptotic effects on neuronal cell culture and did not impact cell viability during an over-expression of the miRNAs. MiR-141, miR-183 and miR-200a expression was enriched within specific areas of the brain during infection. In addition, the potential for miR-150 to bind to a bioinformatically predicted target site within the shared 3'UTR of the HSV-1 UL18, UL19 and UL20 genes was explored. Examining the changes in expression of this class of regulatory RNAs and investigating their potential functions may yield new insight into the relationship between host and virus during infection.

Η αναγέννηση, με τον τρόπο που αυτή επιτελείται στο ήπαρ, δηλαδή με πολλαπλασιασμό των ώριμων κυττάρων όλων των κυτταρικών ομάδων του οργάνου, είναι μία μοναδική ιδιότητα. Πιθανώς η ιδιότητα αυτή να είναι γνωστή από αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων, όπως συμβολίζεται στον μύθο του Προμηθέα. Απόλυτα δικαιολογημένο, εκ τούτου, είναι το μεγάλο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον απέναντι στη μοναδική αυτή διεργασία. Το συνηθέστερο μοντέλο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη μελέτη της αναγέννησης είναι η χειρουργική ηπατεκτομή σε μικρά τρωκτικά (κατά κύριο λόγο στον επίμυ). Μετά τη διενέργεια της επέμβασης παρατηρείται συγχρονισμένη είσοδος των ηπατοκυττάρων –αρχικά- και των λοιπών κυτταρικών ομάδων -στη συνέχεια- στη φάση G1 του κυτταρικού κύκλου και σε προετοιμασία πολλαπλασιασμού. Στην πρώτη αυτή φάση τα ηπατοκύτταρα γίνονται δεκτικά στη δράση μίας πλειάδας αυξητικών παραγόντων. Αυτή είναι η εναρκτήρια φάση της αναγέννησης (priming phase). Ακολουθεί η φάση πολλαπλασιασμού ή μεταβολική φάση, όπου λόγω των μεγάλων ενεργειακών αναγκών των διαιρούμενων κυττάρων, επισυμβαίνουν χαρακτηριστικά μεταβολικά γεγονότα (παροδική υπογλυκαιμία, συστηματική λιπόλυση και παροδική ηπατοκυτταρική στεάτωση), για να καλύψουν τις ανάγκες αυτές. Στο διάστημα του πολλαπλασιασμού εμφανίζονται τα παρακρινικά και τα αυτοκρινικά σήματα μεταξύ των διαφορετικών κυτταρικών ομάδων του ήπατος. Στα τρωκτικά η φάση αυτή ολοκληρώνεται 4 ημέρες μετά την ηπατεκτομή και ακολουθεί η τρίτη και τελευταία φάση του τερματισμού της αναγέννησης. Τότε συμβαίνει η πολυπαραγοντική ρύθμιση της λήξης του πολλαπλασιασμού. Με εκπληκτική ακρίβεια ρυθμίζεται το βάρος του ήπατος σε συνάρτηση με τη συνολικό βάρος του ζώου, με χρήση και ενός κύματος απόπτωσης, ενώ ακολουθεί αποκατάσταση της φυσιολογικής σύστασης της εξωκυττάριας ουσίας και της ιστολογικής δομής του ηπατικού ιστού. Σε ένα αντικείμενο τόσο διεξοδικά μελετημένο, εντοπίστηκε ένα νέο πεδίο έρευνας που υιοθετήθηκε στην παρούσα διατριβή: ο πιθανός ρυθμιστικός ρόλος των microRNAs στην αναγέννηση του ήπατος. Τα microRNAs είναι μικρά μόρια μη κωδικοποιητικού RNA (μήκους 22 περίπου νουκλεοτιδίων), που ανακαλύφθηκαν σχετικά πρόσφατα. Ωστόσο, με γοργούς ρυθμούς αποκαλύπτεται ο μείζονος σημασίας ρυθμιστικός ρόλος τους στην έκφραση των γονιδίων και άρα στη ρύθμιση πολλαπλών κυτταρικών λειτουργιών. Κατά την έναρξη της παρούσας διατριβής υπήρχαν στοιχεία που ενέπλεκαν τα microRNAs στην αναγέννηση των πτερυγίων του είδους ψαριών zebrafish, τη αναγέννηση των σκωλήκων Planaria spp. και στην επούλωση του τραύματος. Διατυπώθηκε η υπόθεση ότι μπορεί να έχουν ρυθμιστικό ρόλο και στην ηπατική αναγέννηση και μεγάλο μέρος της μελέτης αφιερώθηκε στη διαλεύκανση του ρόλου αυτού. Πρώτο μέλημα των ερευνητών ήταν η βελτιστοποίηση και τυποποίηση της αναισθησιολογικής και εγχειρητικής διεργασίας, που για τον μυ δεν ήταν τόσο διαδεδομένες όσο ήταν για τον επίμυ, λόγω της δυσκολίας που παρουσιάζει η διενέργεια χειρουργικής επέμβασης σε ένα ζώο βάρους 20 γραμμαρίων. Έγιναν πολλαπλές τροποποιήσεις στις παλαιότερες τεχνικές, με αποτέλεσμα την τυποποίηση μίας διαδικασίας που εγγυάται την ταχύτατη διενέργεια της επέμβασης (12-15 λεπτά) με άριστη (95-100%) επιβίωση των πειραματόζωων. Με χρήση της προαναφερθείσας χειρουργικής μεθόδου διενεργήθηκε η πρώτη εγχειρητική πειραματική διαδικασία: Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 56 πειραματόζωα, τα μισά εκ των οποίων υποβλήθηκαν σε 2/3 μερική ηπατεκτομή και τα υπόλοιπα μισά σε επέμβαση Sham. Λήφθηκαν τα δείγματα ηπατικού ιστού, στον χρόνο 0 και για τα χρονικά σημεία μετά αναγέννηση 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 ωρών, από 4 πειραματόζωα για κάθε χρονικό σημείο. Η πρώτη χρήση των δειγμάτων ιστού από το πρώτο πείραμα έγινε η επιβεβαίωση της συγκρισιμότητας των αποτελεσμάτων του νέου χειρουργικού μοντέλου με αυτά της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας. Έγινε ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση για ανάδειξη της πρωτεΐνης Ki-67 και άρα της χρονικής αλληλουχίας του ρυθμού πολλαπλασιασμού των ηπατοκυττάρων. Αναδείχθηκε, όπως αναμενόταν, η 36η ώρα μετά την ηπατεκτομή ως το χρονικό σημείο που ο μέγιστος αριθμός ηπατοκυττάρων βρίσκεται σε φάση πολλαπλασιασμού στον μυ. Για περαιτέρω επιβεβαίωση του χειρουργικού μοντέλου, στη συνέχεια έγινε ημιποσοτική εκτίμηση της χρονικής εξέλιξης της παροδικής ηπατοκυτταρικής στεάτωσης μετά από χρώση αιματοξυλίνης-ηωσίνης. Από την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων προκύπτει ότι η μέγιστη συσσώρευση λίπους ανευρίσκεται, όπως αναμενόταν, στα χρονικά σημεία 12 και 24 ωρών (+++). Η μελέτη, στη συνέχεια, στράφηκε στην κατεύθυνση αξιολόγησης του ρόλου των microRNAs. Για τον σκοπό αυτό ακολούθησε η δεύτερη εγχειρητική πειραματική διαδικασία. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 20 πειραματόζωα εκ των οποίων τα μισά υποβλήθηκαν σε 2/3 μερική ηπατεκτομή ενώ τα υπόλοιπα σε επέμβαση Sham. Μετά από αναγέννηση 12 ωρών λήφθηκαν οι ηπατικοί ιστοί για μελέτη του προφίλ έκφρασης των microRNAs. Η επιλογή των 12 ωρών έγινε ως ένα χρονικό σημείο κατά τη φάση έναρξης της αναγέννησης, αλλά όχι στα πολύ αρχικά της στάδια, με γνώμονα την αναζήτηση του τυχόν ρυθμιστικού ρόλου των microRNAs. Το προφίλ έκφρασης των microRNAs μελετήθηκε με τη μέθοδο των μικροσυστοιχιών. Ελέγχθηκαν τα 598 microRNAs που ήταν γνωστά κατά τον καιρό της μελέτης. Τα αποτελέσματα ανέδειξαν ότι εμφανίζεται διαφορική έκφραση σε 8 microRNAs κατά την αναγέννηση. Αναλυτικότερα, τα mmu-miR-21 και mmu-miR-30b εμφάνισαν μεγαλύτερη έκφραση, ενώ τα υπόλοιπα 6 miRNAs (mmu-miR-34c, mmu-miR-144, mmu-miR-207, mmu-miR-451, mmu-miR-582-3p, mmu-miR-290-5p) εμφάνισαν μικρότερη έκφραση κατά την αναγέννηση. Τα δείγματα ιστών του δεύτερου πειράματος χρησιμοποιήθηκαν εκ νέου για επιβεβαίωση των ανωτέρω αποτελεσμάτων με τη μέθοδο RT-qPCR. Η qPCR επιβεβαίωσε το προφίλ έκφρασης των διαφορικά εκφρασμένων miRs, όπως είχαν δείξει τα δεδομένα από τα microarrays. Προέκυψε επίσης ότι το πιο σημαντικά διαφοροποιημένο mmu-miR μεταξύ αυτών που μελετήθηκαν, ήταν το mmu-miR-21. Για να συνδεθούν τα διαφοροποιημένα microRNAs με τις κυτταρικές λειτουργίες στις οποίες εμπλέκονται και πιθανώς ρυθμίζουν, εκτελέστηκε Gene Ontology ανάλυση με τη βοήθεια του TergetScan. Προέκυψε πλειάδα δυνητικών στόχων για τα εν λόγω microRNAs, με σαφή σχέση των γονιδίων-στόχων με τη διεργασία του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού. Από τα ως τότε αποτελέσματα, τράβηξε την προσοχή η μεγάλη μεταβολή στην έκφραση του mmu-miR-21. Αυτό, σε συνδυασμό με την γνωστή από άλλες μελέτες, εμπλοκή του mmu-miR-21 στο αναπαραγωγικό δυναμικό καρκινικών κυττάρων, αποφασίστηκε να αναζητηθεί η χρονική αλληλουχία έκφρασής του, με χρήση των δειγμάτων ηπατικού ιστού από το πρώτο πείραμα. Αρχικά, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος της RT-qPCR, που ανέδειξε σαφή υπεροχή της έκφρασης του mmu-miR-21 στις 12 ώρες μετά από τη μερική ηπατεκτομή με διατήρηση σχετικά υψηλής συγκέντρωσης ως και τις 24 ώρες. Ακολούθησε επιτυχής επιβεβαίωση του ανωτέρω αποτελέσματος με τη χρήση της μεθόδου του in situ υβριδισμού. Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα μελέτη πέτυχε να υποδείξει μία πολύ αποτελεσματική μέθοδο 2/3 ηπατεκτομής στον μυ. Το χειρουργικό αυτό μοντέλο αποδείχθηκε ότι έχει πλήρως συγκρίσιμα αποτελέσματα με αυτά της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας. Στη συνέχεια επιβεβαιώθηκε η υπόθεση διαφορικής έκφρασης των microRNAs κατά τη διαδικασία της αναγέννησης. Το γεγονός αυτό, υπονοεί ότι ίσως να εμπλέκονται με κάποιο ρυθμιστικό ρόλο στη διαδικασία αυτή. Το mmu-miR-21 αναδεικνύεται ως το μάλλον σημαντικότερο από αυτά. Τα δεδομένα από την παρούσα μελέτη συμπληρώνουν τις έως τώρα γνώσεις για το φαινόμενο της ηπατικής αναγέννησης, αλλά και ανοίγουν δρόμους για νέο προσανατολισμό στην έρευνα, όπως την παραπέρα διαλεύκανση του τρόπου δράσης αυτών των microRNAs που εντοπίστηκαν ή τον τυχόν ρόλο τους και στις φάσεις πολλαπλασιασμού ή τερματισμού της αναγέννησης. / Liver regeneration is a unique ability, because of the way it proceeds, i.e. the proliferation of all categories of all mature liver cell types. It is highly possible that this ability is known to human kind since the ancient times, as pictured in Prometheus’ myth. The great scientific interest towards deciphering this complex process is, of course, highly justified. The most common model for the study of the process of regeneration is the surgical model of the 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx) in small rodents, predominantly the rat. 2/3 partial hepatectomy leads to a highly synchronized hepatocyte cell-cycle entry and progres¬sion. The first phase, known as the ‘priming phase’, occurs in the first hours after PH and poises the hepatocytes to enter the G1 phase and to become receptive to growth factors. The second phase corresponds to an increased metabolic demand imposed on the remnant liver. During this phase, among other metabolic changes, transient hypoglycemia is suggested to induce systemic lipolysis followed by a lipid droplets accumulation in the hepa¬tocytes. During this phase, am major role is played by the autocrine intercellular network. In rodents, this phase is completed in 4 days post-PHx and is followed by the termination phase. Ending the regenerative process is an equally complex, multiparameter process. The weight of the liver is regulated proportionally to the animal’s body weight with remarkable accuracy, sometimes employing an apoptotic wave. The termination phase of the regenerative process ends with normal hepatic histological structure restoration and matrix remodeling. Liver regeneration is a phenomenon that has been thoroughly studied in the past. Nevertheless, a point of emerging research interest has been adopted in the present study: the possible regulatory role of microRNAs in liver regeneration. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules (approx. 22 nts long), which have been discovered quite recently but through research they are quickly emerging as cornerstone regulatory means in a large number of cellular functions. In the beginning of this study, data existed implicating microRNAs in the regeneration of zebrafish fins, regeneration in planarian worms and wound healing. The hypothesis that they may have a role in liver regeneration was made and a large part of this study is concerned with investigating the existence of such a role. The researchers began with revising and standardizing the method for anesthesia and surgical procedure, which, at the time (2007), were not satisfactory enough in the case of mice (as opposed to the widely used rats), possibly because of the difficulty of operating on a 20 gram animal. Many alterations were made upon the previous techniques. As a result, a procedure was standardized, as described herein, that guarantees a fast procedure (12-15 minutes) accompanied by excellent animal survival (95-100%). Using the above described technique, the first surgical experiment in this study was conducted: 56 animals (wild-type mice) were used, half of which were subjected to 2/3 PHx and the other half were sham operated. Liver samples were collected at time 0 and at several time points during regeneration (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours), with a number of 4 animals per time point. These samples were used in order to confirm the comparability of the new surgical technique to bibliography models. An immunohistochemical dye for the protein Ki-67 was performed, thus revealing the number of hepatic cells undergoing proliferation at each time point. The 36th hour post-PHx emerged as the point of climax of the proliferative process in the mouse, as expected by previous studies. For further confirmation, the same samples were used to produce simple histological H-E slides, in order to evaluate the evolvement of lipid droplet accumulation in hepatic cells associated with liver regeneration. A semi-quantitative evaluation was conducted, that revealed that maximum lipid accumulation occurs at the time points of 12 and 24 hours (+++) in mouse, again as expected by previous studies. Then the study proceeded with investigating the potential role of microRNAs in liver regeneration. For this, a second surgical experiment was conducted: This time 20 animals (wild-type mice) were used, half of which were subjected to 2/3 PHx and the other half were sham operated. After regenerating for 12 hours, liver samples were harvested from all animals. The choice of the 12-hour interval was made as a time point at the beginning phase of liver regeneration, but not at the very early beginning, with a view to reveal the possible regulatory role of microRNAs at the first stage of the regenerative process. MicroRNA profiling was conducted using specific microarrays, examining the presence of the 598 microRNAs known at the time of this procedure. The results pointed out 8 differentially expressed microRNAs during regeneration: 2 that were up-regulated (-miR-21 and mmu-miR-30b) and 6 that were down-regulated (mmu-miR-34c, mmu-miR-144, mmu-miR-207, mmu-miR-451, mmu-miR-582-3p, mmu-miR-290-5p). Tissue samples from the second experiment were used again in order to confirm the aforementioned results utilizing the RT-qPCR method. This indeed confirmed the microarrays’ results and highlighted mmu-miR-21 as the most differentially expressed miR, indicating a possibly major regulatory role in liver regeneration. In order to link these differentially expressed microRNAs to their cellular and molecular functions, Gene Ontology Analysis was conducted, using TargetScan. Many putative gene-targets for each microRNA emerged, many of which are involved in the process of cellular proliferation. Following the emergence of the major differentiation of mmu-miR-21 within the results of qPCR evaluation and with previous research linking it with cancer cell proliferation regulation, it was decided to further assess the time kinetics of the expression of mmu-miR-21, utilizing tissue samples from the first experiment. Through an RT-qPCR evaluation, it was shown that up-regulation of mmu-miR-21 reaches its zenith at 12 hours post-PHx and remains quite highly expressed until 24 hours. This was further confirmed by in situ hybridization. In conclusion, we were able to standardize a very successful version of the 2/3 hepatectomy procedure adapted for mice. Using this model, the hypothesis of the altered expression of microRNAs during liver regeneration is confirmed, setting suspicion about some kind of regulatory role. Mmu-miR-21 emerges as the most differentially expressed one and possibly having the most important role. The data from the present study supplement preexisting knowledge on the phenomenon of liver regeneration, but also show the way for future research in further clarifying the paths leading to microRNAs’ regulatory role or investigating their potential role in the phases of proliferation or termination of liver regeneration.

Le virus de la maladie de Marek (GaHV-2), est un "-herpèsvirus induisant des lymphomes T chez le poulet. L’étude des pri-miARN des régions RL à partir des miR-M4, -M11, M31 et -M1 a montré des initiations de transcription dispersées et internes aux longs pri-miARN initialement décrits. Les tests de fonctionnalité des régions en amont ont permis de conclure quant à l’absence d’activité promotrice suggérant une régulation par le prmiR-M9M4, caractérisé dans cette étude, ou par le prMeq. Le gène de 7,5 kpb d’un ARNlnc (ERL, Edited Repeat Long) épissé et antisens à ces transcrits a été caractérisé. Une hyper-édition A-en-G des transcrits ERL par ADAR1 a été mis en évidence. Principalement lié au cycle lytique, l’édition indique une répression fonctionnelle durant cette phase. Les régulations de l’expression d’ADAR1 chez l’humain, positives par la voie de réponse aux interférons et négatives par SOCS1, ont été validées chez le poulet. L’inhibition de SOCS1 par le gga-miR-155 et son orthologue viral mdv1-miR-M4-5p a été montré fonctionnelle chez le poulet comme chez l’humain et mène à une surexpression d’ADAR1 lors de l’activation des voies de réponse aux interférons. / Marek’s disease virus (GaHV-2) is an "-herpesvirus that induces T-cell lymphoma in chickens. In this study, we have shown that some pri-miRNAs, which are specific of miR-M4, -M11, M31 et -M1, initiated at dispersed transcription start sites. They are located in internal positions from previously described pri-miRNAs but upstream sequences lack promoter activity, indicated a potential regulation by the upstream prmiR-M9M4, characterised during this study, or the prMeq. The 7.5 kbp gene of the ERL (Edited Repeat Long) lncRNA, which is alternatively spliced et antisense of these pri-miRNAs was defined. An extensive A-to-G hyperediting of it sequence was observed strongly linked to the lytic phase, indicated a functional repression during this phase. We showed that, like the human one, the chicken ADAR1 expression was positively controlled by the IFN response pathway et negatively by the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Like the human et murine miR-155-5p, the chicken gga-miR-155-5p et the GaHV-2 analog mdv1-miR-M4-5p deregulate this pathway by targeting et repressing expression of SOCS1, leading to the upregulation of ADAR1.

O câncer de próstata é a segunda causa de morte entre homens no Brasil. É tipo um câncer de crescimento lento, podendo levar anos para o tumor atingir 1 cm3, porém, em alguns casos ele pode se espalhar pelo corpo, sendo o osso o principal sítio de metástase. No estágio de desenvolvimento do câncer conhecido como metástase, o principal tratamento consiste em terapia de restrição andrógena, levando as células prostáticas a pararem de proliferar, uma vez que elas crescem em resposta a presença de hormônios andrógenos, como a diidrotestosterona e testosterona. Porém, em alguns casos, as células proliferam mesmo na ausência de andrógenos e isto se deve a diversos fatores que, em geral, estão associados a mutações no receptor andrógeno e/ou alterações no metabolismo andrógeno. Quando isto acontece, os tratamentos disponíveis são menos efetivos e costumam falhar. Porém, estudos sugerem que o γ-orizanol, um fitoesterol extraído do óleo do farelo do arroz; e extratos amplamente utilizados na medicina popular, como o extrato hidroalcólico de Thuya occidentalis, poderiam atuar inibindo o desenvolvimento e progressão do câncer de próstata. Neste estudo, com o uso de abordagens bioquímicas e de biologia molecular, foi demonstrado que o tratamento com γ-orizanol diminui a viabilidade e biomassa celular em cultura, associado ao aumento da morte celular por apoptose e/ou necrose, em linhagens celulares responsivas (LNCaP) e não-responsivas a andrógenos (PC3 e DU145), além de aumentar a pERK1/2 em células LNCaP e DU145. O γ-orizanol também foi capaz de bloquear o ciclo celular em G2/M nas células PC3 e LNCaP e em G0/G1 nas células DU145. Estes efeitos foram ainda acompanhados por uma redução da expressão do gene e proteína caveolina-1- uma importante molécula envolvida no aumento da agressividade do câncer de próstata, e também, na progressão da doença para o fenótipo andrógeno resistente - nas células não-responsivas a andrógenos, e do gene PCGEM1 - gene específico da próstata regulado por andrógeno - nas células LNCaP e DU145. Ainda, γ-orizanol também mostrou capacidade de regular vários miRNAs - pequenas moléculas de RNA não codificantes de proteínas - envolvidos no controle de funções associadas ao desenvolvimento, progressão e invasão no câncer de próstata, como o miR16-1, miR19b-2, miR24b-1, miR24b-2, miR99a, miR133a-5p, miR182-5p, miR198 e miR222. O extrato hidroalcólico de Thuya occidentalis reduziu a viabilidade e biomassa celular nas linhagens responsiva (LNCaP) e não-responsivas (DU145 e PC3) a andrógenos, além de induzir parada do ciclo celular na fase G0/G1 nas células DU145 e aumentar a morte celular por apoptose e/ou necrose em todas as linhagens. Da mesma forma que o γ-orizanol, este extrato reduziu a expressão da caveolina-1 nas linhagens não-responsivas a andrógenos. Trabalhos anteriores mostram que o monoterpeno α-tujona é o principal composto ativo do extrato de Thuya occidentalis. Por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de massas foi mostrada a existência de 0,0016 μg de α-tujona na dose de extrato usada neste estudo. No entanto, o tratamento com 0,0016μg de α-tujona foi efetivo somente sobre linhagem LNCaP, não tendo efeito sobre as outras linhagens estudadas, reforçando a hipótese da diferença de sensibilidade entre as linhagens responsivas e não responsivas a andrógeno e mostrando a contribuição de outros componentes do extrato nos efeitos observados neste estudo. Concluindo, estes resultados demonstram que tanto γ-orizanol como o extrato de Thuya occidentalis podem vir a ser agentes terapêuticos promissores no tratamento de câncer de próstata, não só por inibirem o crescimento celular, mas também e principalmente pela possibilidade de induzirem a recuperação da sensibilidade a andrógenos, aumentando as possibilidades de tratamento da doença. / Prostate cancer is the second cause of death among men in Brazil. It is a slowgrowing cancer and it may take years for tumor to reach 1 cm3, but in some cases it can spread throughout the body and the bone is the main site of metastasis. At this cancer stage known as metastasis, the principal treatment involves antiandrogen therapy, leading to prostate cells stop proliferating, because they grow in response to presence of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. However, in some cases, the cells can proliferate even in the absence of androgens and this fact occurs due to many factors and they are generally associated with mutations in the androgen receptor and/or alterations in androgen metabolism. In this stage, the treatments available are less effective and usually fail. However, studies suggest that γ-oryzanol, a phytosterol extracted of rice bran oil; and extracts widely used in folk medicine, as Thuya occidentalis hidroalcolic extract, could act inhibiting the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, using molecular biology and biochemical approaches we showed that γ- oryzanol treatment was able to decrease cell viability and biomass in culture, and this fact was linked to increased cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis in androgen responsive (LNCaP) and unresponsive (DU145 and PC3) prostate cancer cell lines, besides increasing pERK1/2 in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ- oryzanol was also able to cause cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in LNCaP and PC3 cells and at G0/G1 phase in DU145 cells. These effects were also accompanied by a reduction in caveolin-1 gene and protein expression - an important molecule related to high aggressiveness in prostate cancer and also in the progression of the disease to androgen resistant phenotype - in androgen unresponsive cells, and also PCGEM1 gene - a prostate specific gene regulated by androgens - in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ-oryzanol also showed ability to regulate several miRNAs - small non-coding RNA molecules - involved in the control of many functions associated with the development, progression and invasion of prostate cancer, such as miR16-1, miR19b-2, miR24b-1, miR24b-2, miR99a, miR133a-5p, miR182-5p, miR198 and miR222. Thuya occidentalis hidroalcolic extract also reduce cell viability and biomass in androgen responsive (LNCaP) and unresponsive (DU145 and PC3) cells, in addition to inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in DU145 cells and to increase apoptosis and/or necrosis cell death in all cell lines. The same way that γ-oryzanol, this extract reduced the caveolin-1 expression in androgen unresponsive prostate cancer cells. Prior studies showed that the monoterpene α-thujone is the main active compound in the T. occidentalis extract. By gas chromatography coupled to mass detector it was showed the existence of 0.0016 μg of α-thujone in extract dose used in this study. However, the treatment with 0.0016 μg of α-thujone was effective only on LNCaP cell line, having no effect on the other studied lines, supporting the hypothesis of difference in sensitivity between responsive and unresponsive cell lines and showing the contribution of other components in the effects caused by the extract, observed it this study. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that both γ-oryzanol as T. occidentalis extract may become promising therapeutic agents in treatment of prostate cancer, not only inhibit cell growth but also and manly by the possibility of inducing the recovery of androgen sensitivity, increasing the treatment chances of treatment this disease.

The aim of this thesis was to assess the presence of fusion gene TMPRSS2:ERG and expressions of PCA3, miR23b, miR26 and miR221 in PCa. PSA was measured in peripheral blood and tumor tissue (FFPE samples). The presence of fusion gene TMPRSS2:ERG and expression of PCA3 gene and miRNA in FFPE tumor tissue was analysed by RT real-time PCR. This determination would help to identify patients with high-risk tumors.