The large amount of non-degradable plastic waste has become a significant environmental concern, leading to an increased need for degradable plastics. Here in, to create degradable polymers, polyesters were produced through radical ring opening polymerization using cyclic ketene acetals. The cyclic ketene acetal monomer 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane has been prepared for the synthesis of homo- and copolymers with methyl methacrylate, α-methylene-γ-valerolactone, α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, cholesterol methacrylate and limonene acrylate. The polymerization was conducted using radical ring opening polymerization both in bulk and solution polymerization. The structural characteristics of the polymer were determined by different characterization methodologies, including TGA, DSC, SEC, FTIR and 1D 1H-NMR. The results obtained from 1H-NMR analysis showed the composition of the copolymers. TGA analysis revealed the thermal stability of the polymers and their degradation patterns. DSC analysis provided information about the glass transition temperatures (Tg’s) of the polymers. Moreover, the Tg indicated the presence and amounts of comonomers in the copolymers. Overall, the results showed the influence of different comonomers on the properties of the polymers by successfully incorporating the comonomers in the polymer. The thermal properties for polymers containing methyl methacrylate became more thermally stable. The Tg, analyzed with DSC, shifted from the Tg of homopolymers indicating the incorporation of both monomers. The polymers were successfully degraded via hydrolysis in alkaline conditions breaking them down into smaller pieces making them easier to recycle. To conclude, the results all indicate that the incorporation of BMDO and thereby possibly other CKA-monomers into the polymer chains of commonly used plastics could provide valuable tools in the recycling of said plastics.

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Formaldehyde is a chemical used widely in the manufacture of building materials. A remarkable example is represented by the Lucite two-step Alpha technology for the large scale production of methyl methacrylate (MMA), the essential building block of all acrylic-based products. Esters and ketones are important intermediates in the manufacture of acrylate esters therefore α-hydroxymethylenation of carbonyl compounds using formaldehyde as a one carbon alkylating agent and subsequent dehydration to the corresponding methylenated derivatives has been explored in the current work. We report a novel catalytic approach for the synthesis of methyl methacrylate (MMA) via one-pot α-methylenation of methyl propanoate (a chemical intermediate of the ALPHA process) with formaldehyde, generated in situ by Ru-catalysed dehydrogenation of methanol. Elucidation of the mechanism involved in the catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol along with the collateral alcohol decarbonylation reaction was gained through a combined experimental and DFT study. The development of an alternative process where anhydrous formaldehyde is produced in situ would provide a simplification over the current second step of the ALPHA technology where the formaldehyde is initially produced as formalin, subsequently dehydrated to afford anhydrous formaldehyde in order to ensure high selectivity to MMA. As an alternative approach, ketones, in particular 3-pentanone and 2-butanone, were targeted as potential substrates in order to overcome some of the problems related to competing reactions that occur at the ester group. Hydroxymethylenation, followed by dehydration and Baeyer-Villager oxidation, possibly catalysed by enzymes to reverse the normal selectivity, leads to the formation of acrylate esters. The catalytic reaction is enabled by a gold carbene hydroxide complex in such a way that the substrate undergoes C-H activation and the nascent metal alkyl acts as a nucleophile towards the electrophilic formaldehyde, supplied in the form of alcoform* (solution of paraformaldehyde in methanol).

This master thesis is focused on proposition and following implementation of DC arc welder. This paper is based on semester’s paper, where the first version was realized. The welder is powered by a battery pack with LiFePO4 type cells. Battery cells are protected by BMS circuits. The driving electronics controls the duty cycle step-down (buck) converter in a closed current or power regulation loop. The power regulator has been designed and validated by simulations. Switching power transistors, low side and high side, are implemented by optically isolated gate drivers. Charging the battery is solved by a switching flyback converter. For the charger and the welder is sheet metal construction made of aluminum sheet.

Die Arbeit beschreibt neuartige Isocyanat- und Initiierungsreaktionen von speziellen Basen mit dem Imin-Strukturinkrement. Gegenstand des ersten Teils ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer Imidazolin-Isocyanat-Adduksysteme, welche genutzt werden um organische Netzwerke auf der Basis von 1-Ethylimidazolin und diversen Diisocyanaten aufzubauen. Ferner wurden die unterschiedlichen Adduktsysteme hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendbarkeit als blockierte Isocyanate untersucht. Hierzu wurden thermische Analysen wie DSC- und TG-MS-Messungen durchgeführt. Durch experimentelle Ergebnisse und quantenchemische Rechnungen konnte ein neuartiger Reaktionsmechanismus einer Adduktbildung gefunden werden. Die Imidazolin-Isocyanat-Adduktnetzwerke wurden als Macroinitiatoren für die radikalische Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA) verwendet, wodurch Adduktnetzwerk-PMMA-Kompositmaterialien erhalten wurden. Gegenstand des zweiten Teils dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines neuartigen Initiatorsystems für die radikalische Polymerisation von MMA und Styrol, auf der Grundlage der Iminbase-(Meth-)Acrylat-induzierten Polymerisation (IBA-Polymerisation). Hierzu wurden unterschiedlich substituierte Isoxazolone synthetisiert und als Starter für die Polymerisation eingesetzt. Der radikalische Charakter der Polymerisation wurde mittels Copolymerisationsexperimenten belegt.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung und Zielsetzung 1.1. Einleitung 1.2. Zielsetzung und Motivation 2. Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1. Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Adduktsysteme als blockierte Isocyanate 2.1.1. Blockierte Isocyanate 2.1.2. Iminbasen-Isocyanat-Addukte 2.2. Radikalische Polymerisation 2.2.2. Autoinitiierung von Styrol und Methylmethacrylat 2.2.3. Definition der IBA- und IBI-Polymerisation 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 3.1. Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Adduktsysteme als blockierte Isocyanate 3.1.1. 3 : 1-Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Addukte basierend auf 1-Ethylimidazolin 3.1.2. Organische Netzwerke basierend auf 3 : 1-Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Addukten 3.1.3. 2 : 1-Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Addukte basierend auf 1-Ethyl-2-iso-propyl-imidazolin 3.1.4. 2 : 1-Isocyanat-Imidazolin-Addukte basierend auf 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-imidazolin 3.2. IBA-Polymerisation mittels Isoxazolonen 3.2.1. Tautormerie und thermische Analysen von Isoxazolonderivaten 3.2.2. Polymerisation von Acrylatmonomeren mit Isoxazolonen 3.2.3. Kinetik der IBA-Polymerisation mit Isoxazolonen 3.2.4. IBA-Polymerisation von Styrol mit 3-Phenyl-5-isoxazolon 3.2.5. Mechanistische Studien der IBA-Polymerisation initiiert durch Isoxazolone 4. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 5. Experimenteller Teil 5.1. Geräte und Chemikalien 5.2. Synthese der Iminbasen 5.3. Synthese der Iminbase–Isocyanat–Addukte 5.4. Synthese der 3 : 1 Adduktnetzwerke 5.5. Synthese von Isoxazolonderivaten 5.6. Polymerisationen von MMA und Styrol mit Isoxazolonen 6. Literatur 7. Anhang Danksagung Lebenslauf Liste an Veröffentlichungen Selbstständigkeitserklärung