Sea R un anillo asociativo no unitario. Un módulo M se dice firme si es isomorfo de forma canónica al producto tensorial sobre R de R por M. La categoría formada por los módulos firmes es una generalización natural de la categoría de módulos unitarios para anillos unitarios.Una propiedad fundamental y que permanecía como problema abierto era la abelianidad de la categoría de módulos firmes. En la memoria se prueba que en general la categoría no es abeliana, mostrando un ejemplo de anillo asociativo R y de un monomorfismo que no es núcleo de ningún otro morfismo de la categoría. Se realiza un estudio profundo de la categoría de módulos firmes y de multitud de propiedades equivalentes a la abelianidad, así como otras propiedades más débiles y que tampoco se cumplen en general. / Let R a nonunital ring. A module M is set to be firm if it is isomorphic in the canonical way to the tensor product about R of R by M. The category of firm modules generalizes the usual category of unital modules for a unital ring.It was a open problem if the category of firm modules is an abelian category. We prove that, in general, this category is not abelian, and we find a ring and a monomorphism that is not a kernel in this category. The category of firm modules has been estudied in detail. We have deeply analyzed several properties equivalent to be abelian, and some others with weaker restrictions that are not satisfied in general

Dans ce travail, on explique quelques résultats de base en théorie des D-modules arithmétiques de Berthelot. Parmi ces résultats, un résultat important est un théorème de comparaison avec la théorie des D-modules p-adiques introduite par Mebkhout et Narvaez-Maccarro. Ce résultat intervient dans des travaux récents de Caro, pour démontrer les conjectures de Berthelot sur les D-modules arithmétiques holonomes munis d'un Frobenius. Un autre résultat concerne un analogue, dans le cadre arithmétique, du théorème de Beilinson-Bernstein concernant les D-modules.

In 1986, Gupta and Murty proved the Lang-Trotter conjecture in the case of elliptic curves having complex multiplication, conditional on the generalized Riemann hypothesis. That is, given a non-torsion point P∈E(ℚ), they showed that P (mod p) generates E(𝔽p) for infinitely many primes p, conditional on the generalized Riemann hypothesis. We demonstrate that Gupta's and Murty's result can be translated into an unconditional result in the language of Drinfeld modules. We follow the example of Hsu and Yu, who proved Artin's conjecture unconditionally in the case of sign normalized rank one Drinfeld modules. Further, we will cover all necessary background information.

Abstract Title: Mobile Broadband: A Market Research Level: Thesis for Master of Business Administration in Marketing Management Address: University of Gävle Department of Business Administration 801 76 Gävle Sweden Telephone (+46) 26 64 85 00 Telefax (+46) 26 64 85 89 Web site http://www.hig.se Author: Hibel Sobbizadeh Supervisor: Maria Fregidou-Malama Date: 2010-01 Aim: This research is performed in order to investigate about Mobile Broadband (MB) market and the evolution of mobile broadband modems in this market. The aim is to find out how the MB market is developing and which MB modems are dominating the market at present and future time. The study describes the history behind the MB market and its present and future state where an increase of “internet connected” devices is almost inevitable. It at the same time discusses how the MB modems are developing from today‟s PC data cards and USB dongles to integrated modules in different devices. Method: The research is based on published and unpublished articles and data found on internet. Different search engines and databases such as Google and Gävle University library-databases are used to find various data. This empirical data is then connected to theory containing Marketing analysis, planning, implementation and control. The analysis 3 part (PEST) gives a picture of the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors of the MB market, while the planning, implementation and control parts of the work give an overview of the threats and opportunities of the market and the strategies to overcome the problems and embrace the opportunities. Result & Conclusions: The study demonstrates that MB market has potential of becoming a successful market where devices with embedded module will be connected to internet anywhere at anytime. This requires cooperation from all the players in the value chain. The companies that choose and implement the best marketing and value chain cooperation strategies will be leaders of this future market. Suggestion for future research: One of the biggest challenges and limitations during the work of this study due to its newness was to find empirical data about MB market. As the time passes new information and statistics will make it easier for further research. As the technology is developing rapidly it is recommended to use the latest articles and statistics on internet when gathering new research material. Contribution of the thesis: This study contains valuable input to people and organizations who would like to get an overview of the MB and MB modem markets‟ development in the coming years. Key words: Mobile Broadband, PEST analysis, marketing planning, marketing strategy, marketing implementation, marketing control, embedded modules.

Structured technique is the traditional and the popular systems analysis and design language. With the rapid progress and development of information technology, embedded systems have penetrated into most of the equipments which we used daily. Over the past few years a considerable effort has been made in modeling the platform independent model (PIM) for business information systems. However, the detailed guideline for modeling the PIM of embedded systems is lacking. This study proposed a PIM modeling methodology with structured technique for embedded systems. The structured modeling process is consisted of three parts: requirement modeling, process modeling and module modeling. For each part, its modeling tool, modeling processes and rules are provided. The research methodology is articulated using the design science research methodology. A usability evaluation is performed to demonstrate its applicability with a real-world embedded system case. The evaluation results indicated that with this proposed method, the system developer can easily and effectively analyze and design the embedded systems with structured technique.

Abstract This investigate is designated to the viewpoint that arrangement array of multichip modules are both staggered and in-line. Moreover, here we will discuss and compare the effects and differences of the relevantparameters caused by change Reynolds number (Re) in the experiment.In this experiment, I adopt ¡§transient heat transfer method with thermochromic liquid crystal¡¨ to research multichip modules array change to 3 ¡Ñ 5 and in-line or staggered multichip modules array to probe into the effects of over high density electronic multichip array space to length ratio to heat transfer effects when over high density electronic multichip array space to length ratio are S/L= 4/20,6/20,8/20 in the 8mm¡B12m¡B16mm respectively. The conditions are as following when every row center of chip convection heat transfer coefficient are measured: standard height to length ratio is H/L=10/20 and the height is 20mm. By observing the relationship of the varying parameters, as we can see in the analyze multichip of the experiment Re range form 1394 to 5025, we are able to improve thermal management. The experimentresule: (1) At higher values of Re the heat transfer effects are gain more,atteribute main flow field separation and reattachment is form behind the downstream modules. (2) In over high density multichip array 12S (S/L=6/20) proper are use for Re higher 4135 more than, at 8S (S/L=4/20)the lower Re can be thermocumulate in chip center. (3)When Re is 4135~5025,the heat transfer effects from staggered array is superior to in-line array. If Re range is 1394~3210,the thermal conduction is opposite. Therefore, Re is still the key that decides the efficacy of over high density electronic multichip array heat transfer effects.

In this study, a simple and inexpensive membrane mechanical property measuring system was developed. By applying the force on a membrane and recording the corresponding out-of-plane displacement fields, then the Young¡¦s modules and Possion¡¦s ratio of the membrane can be obtained from those deformations through the inverse approach. Firstly, a loading frame was designed to fix the membrane and allow the membrane can be loaded and its deformations can be measured precisely. In order to measure the out-of-plane displacement fields of the loaded membrane, the digital image correlation (DIC) was used and an easier 3-D DIC measuring method was proposed in this study. The proposed 3-D DIC measuring method was verified by using a loaded cantilever beam with ESPI. The error was within in 10%. In this study, the smallest in-plane displacement that can be measured by proposed method is 2 £gm and the smallest out-of-plane displacement that that can be measured is 6£gm. In this study, in order to determine the mechanical properties of the membrane, digital image correlation, finite element method (FEM) and optimization method were combined with the measured out-of-plane displacement fields, then the Young¡¦s modules and Possion¡¦s ratio of the membrane were determined through the inverse approach. The FEM simulations were performed by using ANSYS. Several optimization theorems were adopted and their corresponding merits on this study were compared The obtained Young's modulus was compared with the results obtain from the nano-indentor and the error was within in 3% ~ 12%. Keyword: digital image correlation, membrane, Young¡¦s modules, Possion¡¦s ratio, finite element method, optimization method.

Le modèle à deux matrices a été introduit pour étudier le modèle d'Ising sur surface aléatoire. Depuis, le lien entre les modèles de matrices et la combinatoire de surfaces discrétisées s'est beaucoup développé Cette thèse a pour propos d'approfondir ces liens et de les étendre au delà des modèles de matrices en suivant l'évolution de mes travaux de recherche. Tout d'abord, je m'attache à définir rigoureusement le modèle à deux matrices hermitiennes formel donnant accès aux fonctions génératrices de surfaces discrétisées portant une structure de spin. Je montre alors comment calculer, par des méthodes de g'eométrie algébrique, tous les termes du développement topologique des observables comme formes différentielles définies sur une courbe algébrique associée au modèle: la courbe spectrale. Dans un second temps, je montre comment, imitant la construction du modèle à deux matrices, on peut définir de telles formes différentielles sur n'importe quelle courbe algébrique possédant de nombreuses propriétés d'invariance sous les déformations de la courbe algébrique considérée. En particulier, on peut montrer que si cette courbe est la courbe spectrale d'un modèle de matrices, ces invariants reconstituent les termes des développements topologiques des observables du modèle. Finalement,<br /><br />je montre que pour un choix particulier des paramètres, ces objets peuvent être rendus invariants modulaires et sont solutions des équations d'anomalie holomorphe de la théorie de Kodaira-Spencer donnant un nouvel élément vers la preuve de la conjecture de Dijkgraaf-Vafa.

Nous étudions les espaces de modules pour les applications stables de genre zéro à $k$ points marqués réalisant une classe d'homologie $\beta$ dans une variété complexe $X$ projective et lisse. Ces espaces sont habituellement notés $\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{0,k}(\beta,X)$ ou $\overline{\mathcal{M}}_k^{\beta}(X)$.<br />Lorsque $X$ est une variété convexe, ce sont des orbivariétés projectives normales. Lorsque $X$ est une variété réelle, ils possèdent naturellement une structure réelle dont la partie réelle, notée $\mathbb{R}\overline{\mathcal{M}}_k^{\beta}(X)$, hérite des mêmes propriétés. L'étude de ces espaces a des applications importantes en géométrie énumérative.<br />Dans cette thèse on détermine un représentant spécifique, en termes géométriques, pour la première classe de Stiefel-Whitney de tels espaces. Nommément, nous donnons une description de cette classe pour $\mathbb{R}\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{c_1(X)\beta-1}^{\beta}(X)$ où $X$ est une surface réelle convexe quelconque. Ensuite, nous réalisons un tel calcul pour $\mathbb{R}\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{2d}^{d[L]}(\mathbb{C}P^3)$ où $d \in \N$ est un degré (et $[L]$ la classe de la droite dans $\mathbb{C}P^3$).

Traditional transportation planning models are not very sensitive to many of the benefits derived from Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies. With the recent availability of ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS), there is an opportunity to conduct detailed cost-benefit analyses of ITS Alternatives. IDAS is able to estimate the impacts, benefits, and costs resulting from the deployment of many ITS components. This is accomplished by comparing the average cost of deploying and integrating the appropriate technologies, to the estimated benefits experienced by the network. The ratio of average benefits to average costs is termed the B/C ratios. While the use of IDAS has been limited primarily to comparing ITS alternatives, this research goes a step further. After developing a local model, this research develops a strategy to maximize the benefits of using ITS components through prioritized deployment schedules. Effective priority strategies are most often based on B/C ratios and therefore require the outputs from IDAS to accurately reflect local conditions. Because local parameters vary considerably from the national averages used in IDAS as default values, this paper establishes input parameters in all five of IDAS's analysis modules that accurately model conditions in the Tampa Bay area. Outputs from the local Transportation forecasting model (FSUTMS), along with some other specialized IDAS conversion tools supplied by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), were used to develop an accurate control alternative. Instead of default equipment costs, project costs were used to develop User Defined Costs within the cost module, local V/C curves replaced default curves in the benefits module, and the Sunguide report was used to establish Florida specific parameters used to value the benefits associated with each ITS alternative. To develop a scenario that maximized the overall benefits to the system, individual projects were modeled i n IDAS and their corresponding B/C ratio used to re-prioritize projects during deployment. Projects were deployed in order from highest to lowest B/C, while controlling for variations in time available for deployment and budgetary constraints. To account for variations in the time available for deployment, the impact of time was evaluated and the findings used along with project limitations to develop appropriate phase schedules. Three scenarios were developed to test the impact of time. These scenarios were: compressed schedule, actual FDOT schedule, and an extended schedule. The test concluded that compressed schedules offered the highest benefits to the system. Based on this observation, it was desirable to develop a deployment scenario that compressed the time necessary for full deployment. Budget constraints were also a major limiting factor. Because these heavy constraints are often placed on planners, it was desirable that the final scenario accounted for budget constraints in the deployment schedule. To account for budgetary constraints, an average phase budget was developed from current FDOT plans and used as an upper limit for the cost of each phase of the deployment scenarios. Based on project priority, time considerations, and budget constraints, a final deployment scenario was developed and compared to the FDOT deployment scenario. Comparing theses scenarios showed that some considerable improvements to the system can be achieved. By tracking the B/C ratio throughout the lifetime of the project, 80% higher B/C ratio was evident one year after full deployment and a 15% higher B/C ratio after 10 years of full project deployment. This represents an additional $350 million in benefits to the system over the ten year period. These results highlight both the effectiveness of ITS technologies as well as the need to develop more efficient strategies for using them.