Στόχος αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να μελετήσουμε τη λειτουργία και τη συμπεριφορά φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων κάτω από πραγματικές συνθήκες και να σχεδιάσουμε ένα φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα που θα καλύπτει πλήρως τις ενεργειακές ανάγκες μιας κατοικίας. Γι’ αυτόν το σκοπό πραγματοποιήσαμε μετρήσεις στην ταράτσα του κτιρίου Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών στο Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, οι οποίες διήρκησαν από τον Οκτώβρη του 2009 μέχρι τον Σεπτέμβρη του 2010. Οι μετρήσεις γίνονταν μια φορά την εβδομάδα κάτω από διάφορες καιρικές συνθήκες και είχαν συχνότητα μία ώρα από την ανατολή μέχρι τη δύση του ηλίου. Συλλέξαμε δεδομένα για πολλές κλίσεις τοποθέτησης (0ο,30ο,38ο,45ο,60ο, 80ο) ώστε να διαπιστώσουμε τη βέλτιστη κλίση για κάθε περίοδο του έτους. Καταγράφουμε την επίδραση των διαφορετικών κλίσεων στην αποδιδόμενη ενέργεια λόγω του ότι τα Φ/Β τοποθετούνται σε κτίρια όπου πολλές φορές ο χώρος δεν επιτρέπει την τοποθέτηση τους στη κλίση βέλτιστης απόδοσης. Ο προσανατολισμός των πλαισίων ήταν νότιος ώστε να πετυχαίνουμε καλύτερη αξιοποίηση της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας, αφού η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στο βόρειο ημισφαίριο. Τα πλαίσια που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν πολυκρυσταλλικού πυριτίου και δισεληνοϊνδιούχου χαλκού (CIS) ονομαστικής ισχύος 80Wp και 75Wp αντίστοιχα. Για την εξαγωγή των πειραματικών δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήσαμε ένα όργανο αποτύπωσης χαρακτηριστικών καμπυλών ρεύματος-τάσης PVPM 2540C ενώ επιπλέον καταγράφαμε την ακτινοβολία, τη θερμοκρασία πλαισίου, καθώς και την αποδιδόμενη ισχύ. Στην επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων εστιάσαμε στην επίδραση ορισμένων εξωτερικών παραμέτρων όπως η θερμοκρασία, η προσπίπτουσα ηλιακή ακτινοβολία και η σκίαση, στην παραγόμενη ισχύ και μελετήσαμε ηλεκτρικά μεγέθη όπως το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης και η τάση ανοιχτοκύκλωσης. Σχετικά με την επίδραση της προσπίπτουσας ακτινοβολίας τα συμπεράσματά μας για τα δύο πλαίσια είναι κοινά. Όσο μεγαλώνει η ισχύς της ακτινοβολίας αυξάνεται ανάλογα και η παραγόμενη ισχύς τους, μέχρι τα 1000 W/m2 όπου φτάνουν τα ονομαστικά τους μεγέθη. Όσο αφορά στην επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας των πλαισίων στη λειτουργίας τους, το πλαίσιο CIS φαίνεται να υπερτερεί, αφού οι αρνητικές επιπτώσεις των υψηλών θερμοκρασιών στην απόδοσή του είναι μικρότερες από εκείνες του πλαισίου πολυκρυσταλλικού πυριτίου. Επίσης τα περισσότερα ηλεκτρικά μεγέθη του CIS εμφανίζουν μεγαλύτερη σταθερότητα με την άνοδο της θερμοκρασίας. Ακόμα, τα αποτελέσματα που πήραμε σκιάζοντας τα δύο πλαίσια έδειξαν πως η επίδραση της οριζόντιας σκίασης είναι παρόμοια στους δύο τύπους φωτοβολταϊκών σε αντίθεση με την κάθετη σκίαση, όπου το πλαίσιο CIS αποδίδει πολύ καλύτερα. Στη συνέχεια προσδιορίσαμε την βέλτιστη κλίση τοποθέτησης των πλαισίων ανά μήνα αλλά και μία βέλτιστη σταθερή κλίση τοποθέτησης για όλο το χρόνο, η οποία βρέθηκε 30ο. Επιπλέον, υπολογίσαμε την ετήσια παραγόμενη ενέργεια κάθε πλαισίου για σταθερή κλίση 30ο, η οποία αντιστοιχεί σε 1668,45 kWh/kWp∙έτος ή 207,26 kWh/m2∙έτος για το poly-Si και 1743,95 kWh/kWp∙έτος ή 159,5 kWh/m2∙έτος για το CIS. Σε αυτά τα μεγέθη δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται συντελεστές απωλειών ανομοιογένειας, μεταφοράς, απώλειες στη δίοδο αντεπιστροφής και άλλες μειώσεις της τελικής παραγόμενης ενέργειας που υπάρχουν σε ένα εγκατεστημένο Φ/Β σύστημα. Στο τελευταίο μέρος της εργασίας αναλύσαμε τα μέρη ενός αυτόνομου Φ/Β συστήματος και σχεδιάσαμε ένα τέτοιο σύστημα για την κάλυψη των αναγκών μιας κατοικίας που κατοικείται όλο το χρόνο, με 4 μέρες αυτονομίας. Το ημερήσιο φορτίο το οποίο μπορεί να καλύψει το σύστημά μας ανέρχεται σε 8,3 kWh/ημέρα. Το τελικό κόστος εγκατάστασης υπολογίστηκε 25100 € ή 4550 €/kWp και η οριζόντια έκταση που καταλαμβάνει 63,4 m2. Με τη βοήθεια του προγράμματος PV*Sol επαληθεύσαμε την μελέτη κάνοντας μοντελοποίηση του αυτόνομου Φ/Β συστήματος που σχεδιάσαμε. Η διαστατοποίηση που προτείνει το πρόγραμμα, μας δίνει ένα σύστημα που έχει κοινές ηλεκτρικές διατάξεις και εγκατεστημένη ισχύ με αυτή που είχε υπολογισθεί. Προτείνοντας, τέλος, μια εναλλακτική λύση προσθέσαμε ένα επιπλέον φορτίο περίπου 7,8-9,3 kWh/ημέρα τους μήνες που έχουμε μεγάλο πλεόνασμα ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας με αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση κατά 50% του μέσου συντελεστή απόδοσης του Φ/Β συστήματος. / The aim of this diploma thesis is to study and analyze the operation of solar modules under real conditions and to design a photovoltaic system that will fully meet the needs of a typical suburban house. In order to achieve that, measurements have been realized on the roof of the building of the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Patras, throughout a whole year (October 2009 - September 2010). These measurements were carried out once a week under several weather conditions, every hour from sunrise till sunset. It was essential to collect data within a range of tilt angles (0ο, 30ο, 38ο, 45ο, 60ο, 80ο) to define the optimum one for each period of the year as well as to estimate the energy produced for any probable scenario, since we often can’t place the P/V modules at the most efficient tilt angle due to the building’s space limitation. The module orientation was south to achieve the best utilization of solar radiation, as Greece is located in the northern hemisphere. We used solar modules made of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and copper indium selenide (CIS) of peak power 80 Wp and 75 Wp respectively. In order to obtain the necessary data a device (PVPM 2540C) that plots current–voltage characteristics of P/V modules was used, while we noted down the solar radiation, the module temperature and its power output. During the data process we focused on the influence of certain external factors, such as temperature, solar radiation and shading, regarding the power output and other crucial electrical values as short circuit current and open circuit voltage. So we estimated an optimal tilt angle for each month as well as a fixed optimum angle for the whole year. In addition, we calculated the annual energy yield of each module and analyzed their properties comparing our results. In the final part of this thesis, we described the components of a stand-alone photovoltaic system and designed one that meets all the requirements of a normal house, which is occupied all year round, providing 4 days of autonomy. Finally, our previous report was verified by using a P/V simulating software (PV*Sol).

Submitted by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T19:08:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 449038.pdf: 56272897 bytes, checksum: 70a424606162128ee393cae60a06e717 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T20:25:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 449038.pdf: 56272897 bytes, checksum: 70a424606162128ee393cae60a06e717 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T20:27:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 449038.pdf: 56272897 bytes, checksum: 70a424606162128ee393cae60a06e717 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 449038.pdf: 56272897 bytes, checksum: 70a424606162128ee393cae60a06e717 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research is to investigate the possibilities of using algorithms in design projects, creating unique or customized pieces. It highlights the implications of the use of this tool on the creation process, since the designer, to take advantage of the programming codes potentialities, starts to design observing concepts like: repetition, modules, parameters. It explores the application of metadesign as the project design strategy, shifting the focus from the product to its creation process. In this case, the designer develops an algorithm (program) that virtually already includes all possible outcomes for the final product. The generation of distinct yet similar pieces is achieved through the manipu- lation of the input parameters of this code and/or the inclusion of random variables in its structure. As a case study, five projects are analyzed: Written Images (single piece), Square (limited edition), Dot One (customization), Crafted Technology (exclusive collection) and Orbi (parameterized typography), which illustrate the concepts presented throu- ghout the work. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar as possibilidades da utilização de algoritmos em projetos de design, dando origem a peças únicas ou personalizadas. Destacando as implicações do uso dessa ferramenta sobre o processo de criação, uma vez que o designer, para tirar proveito das potencialidades dos códigos de programação, passa a projetar observando conceitos como: repetição, módulos, parâmetros. Explora-se a aplicação do metadesign como estratégia de concepção do projeto, transferindo o foco do produto para o seu processo de criação. Neste caso, o designer elabora um algoritmo (programa) que, virtualmente, já contempla todos os resultados possíveis para o produto final. A geração de peças distintas porém semelhantes entre si se dá por meio da manipulação dos parâmetros de entrada desse código e/ou da inclusão de variáveis randômicas em sua estrutura. Como estudo de caso, são analisados cinco projetos: Written Images (peça única), Square (edição limitada), Dot One (personalização), Crafted Technology (coleção exclusiva) e Orbi (tipografia parametrizada), que ilustram os conceitos apresentados no percorrer do trabalho.

O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar a caracterização dos módulos injetivos sobre anéis noetherianos e comutativos, dada por Eben Matlis em [16], como soma direta de módulos da forma E(A P ). Assim, discutimos algumas propriedades dos mó- dulos injetivos indecomponíveis sobre esses tipos de anéis. Em particular, mostramos que o completamento do anel local Ap é isomorfo ao anel HomA(E(A P );E(A P )). A partir disso, mostramos que, quando o anel for comutativo, noetheriano, local e completo, então a categoria dos módulos noetherianos e a categoria dual dos módulos artinianos são equivalentes. / The goal of this work is to study the characterization of injective modules over Noetherian and commutative rings, given by Eben Matlis in [16], as a direct sum of modules of the form E(A P ). Thus, we discuss some properties of injective indecomposable modules over these types of rings. In particular, we show that the completion of the local ring Ap is isomorphic to the ring HomA(E(A P );E(A P )). From this, we show that, when a ring is commutative, noetherian, local and complete, the category of the Noetherian modules and the dual category of Artinian modules are equivalent.

Les milieux granulaires, dans leur état dense, se présentent sous la forme deux régimes, un régime « solide » qui représente un état bloqué des particules et un régime fluide. La première partie de ce travail porte sur le régime fluide du milieu granulaire. Dans un premier temps, le modèle de rhéologie non-locale y est présenté et discuté au regard des modèles proposés dans la communauté. Afin de tester le modèle sur un système réel, nous présentons une expérience d’avalanche dans un canal étroit, dans lequel l’état de contrainte est hétérogène et permet ainsi de faire coexister les deux régimes. L’ajustement du modèle pose la question de la définition des conditions aux limites. Nous présentons alors une étude numérique par simulation de dynamique moléculaire en plan incliné afin d’ajuster le modèle et mesurer la condition à la surface libre. La seconde partie de la thèse porte sur le régime bloqué du milieu granulaire et plus précisément sur la mesure des modules élastiques proche de la transition. A la limite de rigidité du matériau, les propriétés élastiques disparaissent mais le module élastique en cisaillement s’annule plus vite que le module en compression. Ainsi, nous présentons une étude de propagation d’ondes acoustiques en compression permettant de mesurer les modules élastiques à des pressions de confinement évanescentes, au moyen de vols paraboliques. Nous proposons un modèle de contact inter-particulaire permettant d’expliquer la dépendance du module élastique à la pression et ainsi d’appréhender les différentes lois d’échelles évoquées dans la littérature. Enfin, nous présentons des résultats préliminaires portant sur la propagation d’ondes de cisaillement. / In their dense state, granular media can either flow like fluids or behave like solids, when they are jammed. The first part of this thesis deals with the flowing regime. We begin by presenting the non-local rheology and discuss this model with respect to the other ones proposed in the community. In order to probe this model, we perform experimental measurements of the velocity profile in an avalanche flow in a narrow channel. This setup allows to observe both the fluid regime and the creep of the supposedly jammed region, in the depth of the channel. We probe the non-local model on the experimental results. The fit of the theory raises the question of the definition of the boundary conditions on such system. We therefore perform molecular dynamic simulations on an incline plane setup in order to fit the non-local model and measure the free surface boundary condition.The second part of this thesis investigates the elastic properties of jammed granular media weakly confined. Near the rigidity (jamming) transition of the medium, elastic moduli decrease and exhibit different scaling laws in their dependence on the confining pressure. We therefore perform acoustic measurements of compression waves at vanishing pressures, by the mean of parabolic flights. We then revisit the model of inter-particle contacts. This enables to predict the elastic behavior of the medium over a wide range of pressures: from evanescent to high pressures, at which the prediction from the mean field approach using the Hertz contact model has been shown to be valid. Last, we present preliminary results of shear wave propagations.

Representation theory is concerned with the ways of writing elements of abstract algebraic structures as linear transformations of vector spaces. Typical structures amenable to representation theory are groups, associative algebras and Lie algebras. In this thesis we study linear representations of finite groups. The study focuses on character theory and how character theory can be used to extract information from a group. Prior to that, concepts needed to treat character theory, and some of their ramifications, are investigated. The study is based on existing literature, with excessive use of examples to illuminate important aspects. An example treating a class of p-groups is also discussed.

xii, 76 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / We study the graded representation theory of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra, denoted by Hd , of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic zero at a root of unity. More specifically, we use graded Specht modules to calculate the graded decomposition numbers for Hd . The algorithm arrived at is the Lascoux-Leclerc-Thibon algorithm in disguise. Thus we interpret the algorithm in terms of graded representation theory. We then use the algorithm to compute several examples and to obtain a closed form for the graded decomposition numbers in the case of two-column partitions. In this case, we also precisely describe the 'reduction modulo p' process, which relates the graded irreducible representations of Hd over [Special characters omitted.] at a p th -root of unity to those of the group algebra of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic p. / Committee in charge: Alexander Kleshchev, Chairperson, Mathematics; Jonathan Brundan, Member, Mathematics; Boris Botvinnik, Member, Mathematics; Victor Ostrik, Member, Mathematics; William Harbaugh, Outside Member, Economics

Nesta dissertação estudamos sob que condições um módulo de comprimento finito pode ser imerso em um módulo injetivo de comprimento finito. Também apresentamos a caracterização, dada por Hirano em [8], para os anéis sobre os quais todo módulo de comprimento finito tem um fecho injetivo de comprimento finito, os chamados de ¶-V-anéis. Além disso, mostramos que as extensões normais finitas de ¶-V-anéis são também ¶-V-anéis. / In this dissertation we study under what conditions a module of finite length can be embedded in an injective module of finite length. Also, we present a charactization, given by Hirano in [8], for the rings over which all module of finite length has an injective hull of finite length, the so called ¶-V-rings. Moreover, we show that finite normalizing extensions of ¶-V-rings are also ¶-V-rings.

Nas linhas de montagens industriais, a fim de atender os requisitos de mercado e de ciclo de vida dos produtos, os requisitos de manufatura e as novas tecnologias presentes nos equipamentos indicam a necessidade de reconfiguração e reprogramação do fluxo de processos de forma cada vez mais frequente. Atualmente, uma das opções para implantar um sistema de manufatura flexível, capaz de reagir às mudanças que ocorrem no processo de fabricação, consiste na utilização de tecnologias que forneçam maior flexibilidade, capacidade de reutilização e menor custo. Neste contexto, os robôs baseados em módulos mecatrônicos podem ser uma alternativa em relação aos manipuladores convencionais, pois apresentam uma estrutura cinemática flexível, podendo se adaptar às mudanças das linhas de produção, nas indústrias de manufatura. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta para o desenvolvimento de módulos mecatrônicos para a montagem de robôs manipuladores modulares, baseada em um procedimento sequencial composto das seguintes etapas: (a) elaboração do projeto mecânico modular; (b) projeto dos sistemas eletrônicos e de atuação para cada módulo; (c) definição dos agentes mecatrônicos; e (d) descrição dos modelos matemáticos e os algoritmos de comunicação entre módulos mecatrônicos. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se um estudo no qual os módulos mecatrônicos utilizam energia de origem pneumática e são constituídos por unidades independentes utilizadas na formação de estruturas robotizadas as quais permitem a montagem de diferentes arquiteturas. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para ilustrar a construção de um robô modular cartesiano. Este robô é construído por meio de acoplamentos de módulos mecatrônicos e gerenciado pela associação dos agentes mecatrônicos presentes no sistema, os quais equacionam a cinemática da estrutura formada, planejam a trajetória a ser executada e disponibilizam informações que podem ser utilizadas para o controle, supervisão e proteção do sistema por exemplo. A arquitetura proposta permite a reconfiguração dos recursos de hardware e software, de forma que todos os módulos do robô podem ser reorganizados e/ou substituídos, dependendo da função, aplicação para as quais se destinam. / In industrial manufacturing lines, in order to meet the market requirements and life cycle of manufactured products, the manufacturing requirements and the present of new technologies in equipment, indicate the need for reconfiguration and reprogramming processes, which are becoming more frequent. Currently, one of the options to deploy a flexible manufacturing system that is capable of reacting to changes in the manufacturing process is the use of technologies that provide greater flexibility, reusability and lower cost. In this context, the robots based on mechatronic modules can be an alternative to conventional manipulators, since they have a flexible kinematic structure, which can adapt to the changes in production lines in manufacturing industries. This paper presents a proposal for the development of mechatronic modules for assembly robots modular manipulators, based on a sequential procedure consists of the following steps: (a) Develop a modular mechanical design; (b) design electronic systems and operations for each module; (c) definition of mechatronic agents; and (d) a description of mathematical models and algorithms of the communication between mechatronic modules. This research presents a study where the mechatronic modules use pneumatic energy and consist of independents units used in the formation of robotic structures, thus allowing the assembly of different architectures. In a case study, the construction of a modular Cartesian robot is presented. This robot is built by mounting the mechatronic modules and is managed by mechatronic agents present in the system (Multi-Agent System). This system obtains the kinematic equations of the formed structure, realize the path planning, and provide information that can be used for the control, like supervision and protection system for example. The proposed architecture allows reconfiguration of hardware and software resources, so that all robot modules can be rearranged and/or replaced, depending on the function or, the final application.

This work is a proposal for the insertion of Environmental Education themes related to the use of chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone layer destruction, greenhouse effect/global warming, acid rain and water: pollution and treatment as a reference for Chemistry teachers working in high school. In order to do so, didactic modules were developed and adapted to the school curricula and also to the recommendations suggested by the National Curricular Parameters, adopting necessary requirements for an improved understanding of the environmental thematic. Thus, the development of such didactic modules is based on the significant learning by Ausubel, in which the information must interact and be based on relevant concepts already existent in the cognitive structure of the learner. By doing this, the material contributes for the presentation of theoretical concepts, experiments (whenever possible), and analogies about the effects caused by the environmental problem, describing what is being done to minimize the impacts observed on the environment and on the society. The didactic modules were provided for a public of 14 Chemistry teachers working in the high school level of federal, state and private schools of Santa Maria and Porto Alegre, in Rio Grande do Sul. The material has its structure organized in the development of the environmental thematic and contains four virtual modules which bring mainly explicatory texts, as well as illustrations and photos. The research was carried out based on data from questionnaires answered by the teachers who analyzed the modules. This work is characterized as an applied research with basic theoretical reference. Its approach is quantitative based on the Content Analysis by BARDIN (2011). The results of this analysis were considered favorable to the usage of the modules as a reference for teachers and students as an opportunity for the insertion of environmental thematic. / O presente trabalho consiste em uma proposta de inserção de temas de Educação Ambiental, relacionado ao uso de clorofluorcarbonetos e destruição da camada de ozônio, efeito estufa / aquecimento global, chuva ácida e água: poluição e tratamento como referência para professores de Química que atuam no Ensino Médio. Para atender a esse propósito foram desenvolvidos módulos didáticos que se adaptam aos currículos escolares e orientações sugeridas pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e também, abordam pré-requisitos necessários para o melhor entendimento da temática ambiental. Logo o desenvolvimento dos módulos didáticos está amparado na aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel, no qual a informação deve interagir e apoiar-se nos conceitos relevantes já existentes na estrutura cognitiva do aluno. Com isso o material contribui para a apresentação de conceitos teóricos, experimentos quando possível e analogias a respeito dos efeitos gerados pelo problema ambiental, descrevendo o que está sendo realizado para minimizar os impactos observados no meio ambiente e na sociedade. Os módulos didáticos foram disponibilizados para um público de 14 professores de Química que atuam no Ensino Médio de escolas federais, estaduais e particulares de Santa Maria e de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul. O material tem sua estrutura organizada no desenvolvimento da temática ambiental, contendo quatro módulos virtuais que contemplam principalmente textos explicativos com ilustrações e fotos. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir da coleta de dados de respostas obtidas por questionário aplicado aos professores que analisaram os módulos, é caracterizada como uma pesquisa aplicada com referencial teórico básico, quanto à abordagem é classificada como quantitativa com base na Análise de Conteúdo (AC) de BARDIN (2011). Os resultados desta análise foram considerados favoráveis à utilização dos módulos como referencial para docentes e discentes como uma oportunidade de inserção da temática ambiental.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-04T22:38:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-18T13:11:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T13:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A subfam?lia Syntermitinae (Blattaria: Isoptera), apresenta grande diversidade quanto a morfologia de seus membros, que varia desde soldados com nasus curto e mand?bulas robustas e retas, a soldados com nasus longo e mand?bulas estreitas e curvadas. Frente a essa diversidade morfol?gica e escassez de estudos relacionados a morfometria do grupo, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se existe integra??o e modularidade entre as estruturas que comp?em o aparato cef?lico de defesa de Syntermtinae, bem como analisar se existe correla??o entre a morfologia e filogenia, al?m de investigar se a forma desses aparatos ? influenciada por algum fator ecol?gico e se a morfologia da cabe?a est? relacionada ao tipo de mand?bula. Para a cabe?a em vista lateral, a presen?a de dois m?dulos foi testada: a regi?o do nasus e regi?o de inser??o da mand?bula. Para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda, dois m?dulos foram testados: as regi?es apical e c?ndilo-molar. As hip?teses de modularidade foram testadas por meio do coeficiente RV de Escoufier. Para determinar a correla??o entre a forma da cabe?a e das mand?bulas com a filogenia do grupo, foi empregado o teste de Mantel entre as matrizes de dist?ncias morfom?tricas e dist?ncia filogen?tica entre as esp?cies. Uma An?lise de Vari?ncia Multivariada Permutacional, foi realizada para avaliar a rela??o entre fatores ecol?gicos (grupo alimentar e bioma), e a morfologia da cabe?a e mand?bulas, bem como a rela??o entre morfologia da cabe?a e tipo de mand?bula. A hip?tese de modularidade n?o foi suportada para a cabe?a (coeficiente RV=0,98; propor??o=0,5428), no entanto, para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda a hip?tese foi corroborada (coeficiente RV=0,39 e propor??o=0,0277; coeficiente RV=0,29 e propor??o=0,0266, respectivamente). Para a cabe?a, a aus?ncia de modularidade pode estar relacionada ao tipo de defesa exercida pelos soldados de Syntermitinae: por serem soldados de defesa mista, o nasus age de forma coordenada com as mand?bulas e, dessa forma, as duas regi?es estariam sujeitas ?s mesmas press?es seletivas. J? a an?lise feita para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda, indicou a exist?ncia de m?dulos constitu?dos pelas regi?es apical e c?ndilo-mandibular. A regi?o c?ndilo-mandibular se mant?m mais est?vel ao longo do desenvolvimento do oper?rio em soldado, no entanto a regi?o apical varia mais em forma ap?s a diferencia??o e essa varia??o ? diferente conforme as esp?cies. Foi observado que a filogenia explica parte da varia??o da morfologia da cabe?a (r=0,3456; p<0,001), mas n?o explica a varia??o da forma das mand?bulas. Os fatores ecol?gicos, grupo alimentar e bioma, tamb?m n?o foram capazes de explicar a morfologia da cabe?a e mand?bulas. A morfologia da cabe?a est? relacionada ao tipo de mand?bula (p<0,001). Em Syntermitinae, esp?cies filogeneticamente distantes possuem forma da cabe?a semelhante, o que indica converg?ncia. A forma das mand?bulas, portanto, est? ligada a fun??o exercida por elas e n?o a filogenia do grupo. O grupo alimentar n?o influencia a forma da cabe?a e mand?bulas dos soldados, no entanto pode influenciar na morfologia dos oper?rios, j? que estes s?o respons?veis pelo forrageio. Al?m disso fatores como, preda??o e competi??o podem estar relacionados a varia??o da morfologia do grupo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The subfamily Syntermitinae (Blattaria: Isoptera) presents great diversity in the morphology of its members, ranging from soldiers with short nasus and robust and straight mandible, to soldiers with long nasus and narrow and curved mandibles. Faced with this morphological diversity and lack of studies related to the morphometry of the group, this study aimed to analyze whether there is integration and modularity between the structures that make up the cephalic defense apparatus of Syntermtinae, as well as to analyze if there is a correlation between morphology and phylogeny, besides investigating whether the shape of these apparatuses is influenced by some ecological factor and if the morphology of the head is related to the type of mandible. For the head in lateral view, the presence of two modules was tested: the nasal region and the region of insertion of the mandible. For the right and left mandibles, two modules were tested: the apical and condylar-molar regions. The modularity hypotheses were tested using the Escoufier RV coefficient. To determine the correlation between the head and mandible form with the phylogeny of the group, the Mantel test was used between the matrices of morphometric distances and phylogenetic distance between the species. A Permutational Multivariate Variance Analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between ecological factors (food group and biome), morphology of the head and mandibles, as well as the relationship between head morphology and mandible type. However, for the right and left mandibles, the hypothesis was corroborated (RV coefficient=0.39 and ratio=0, 0277, RV coefficient=0.29 and ratio=0.0266, respectively). For the head, the absence of modularity may be related to the type of defense exerted by the soldiers of Syntermitinae: because they are soldiers of mixed defense, nasus acts in a coordinated way with the mandibles and, therefore, the two regions would be subject to the same selective pressures. The analysis carried out for the right and left mandibles, indicated the existence of modules constituted by the apical and condyle-mandibular regions. The condyle-mandibular region remains more stable throughout the worker's development in soldier. However, the apical region varies more in shape after the differentiation and this variation is different according to the species. It was observed that the phylogeny explains part of the variation of the head morphology (r=0.3456; p<0.001), but does not explain the variation of the mandible shape. The ecological factors, food group and biome, were also not able to explain the morphology of the head and mandibles. The morphology of the head is related to the type of mandible (p<0.001). In Syntermitinae, phylogenetically distant species have similar headform, which indicates convergence. The shape of the mandibles, therefore, is linked to the function exerted by them and not to the phylogeny of the group. The food group does not influence the shape of the heads and mandibles of the soldiers. However, it can influence the morphology of the workers, since they are responsible for the foraging. In addition factors such as predation and competition may be related to variation of group morphology.