Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1934. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-294).

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Dans notre recherche on a essayé de découvrir quelle est la position de la Moldavie, sur le marché touristique interne et externe et dans quelle mesure sa périphéricité joue un rôle positif dans le développement touristique.On a vu que l’espace de la recherche se confronte avec une triple périphéricité, qui agit à tous les niveaux : périphérie spatiale de l’Union Européenne, périphérie économique et décisionnelle de la Roumanie, et dernièrement une périphérie figée qui agit dans l’intérieur de la région entre les centres urbains et les zones rurales. On a observé que la région présente une concentration plus dense de ressources potentielles touristiques dans sa partie occidentale, montagneuse. Les départements de Suceava, Neamţ, Bacău et Vrancea bénéficient pleinement de leur disposition dans un cadre plus attractif, le tourisme de montagne ayant un grand succès en Roumanie. De nos jours, la Moldavie présente un retard du point de vue touristique par rapport à la moyenne nationale, retard qui se traduit par le nombre de places de logements, l’indice d’occupation, les arrivées ou les nuitées. Malgré tout ça, la région a connu une évolution foudroyante des unités de logement dans les dernières décennies. Sur le fond de la popularisation du tourisme rural et de ses différentes formes, la pension rurale devient de plus en plus perceptible. La dynamique des arrivées et des nuitées touristiques de l’espace rural moldave dessine plusieurs zones distinctes en Moldavie. Le département de Suceava est le plus dynamique, sa croissance se basant sur quelques centres régionaux auxquels l'on ajoute des communes mono-destination. Le département de Neamţ enregistre une dynamique positive basée sur quelques centres locaux à spécifique diffèrent, ce qui la positionne en deuxième position comme importance touristique en Moldavie. Le département de Bacău se remarque par la chute des activités touristiques de Slănic Moldova et Târgu-Ocna, anciens centres touristiques pendant la période communiste, mais descendus de nos jours à cause de la mauvaise gestion après 1990. L’enquête appliquée auprès des touristes a identifié un profil contrastant du visiteur de la zone rurale moldave. Ces contrastes sont une conséquence de la période communiste et du manque d’implication (organisationnelle, affective, décisionnelle) du touriste dans l’organisation des voyages. / The aim of our research was to discover the position of Moldavia region on the internal and international tourism market and how his peripheral feature acts on its tourism development.We observed that research area is confronted with a three times peripheral feature, each one acting on a different spatial level: spatial periphery of European Union, economical and decision-making periphery of Romania, and finally, a frozen periphery which acts inside the region itself between the urban centers and the rural zones.We observed also that the region shows a bigger density of potential tourism resources in its western, mountainous part. The counties of Suceava, Neamț, Bacău and Vrancea take fully advantage of their position in a more attractive environment, the mountainous tourism being very popular and appreciate in Romania.In our days, Moldavia has a tourism delay compared with the national mean, delay translated in accommodation places, occupation rate, tourist arrivals or overnight stays. Nevertheless, the region knew an astonishing evolution of accommodation units in the last two decades. The rural boarding house become more and more visible, its development being based on the rural tourism’s popularization and its uncountable forms, The dynamic of tourism arrivals and overnight stays draws several distinct tourism zones in Moldavia. Suceava County is by far the most dynamic, its growth being based on some regional centers and mono-destination villages. Neamț County recorded a positive dynamic based on few local centers, each one with a different uniqueness, fact that put this county on the second step as tourism importance in Moldavia. Bacău County is noticed by its tourism fall, especially in the ancient resorts from communist era, Slănic Moldova and Târgu Ocna. After 1990 this destinations knew a decrease of their tourism weight because of the bad management.The investigation made among the visitors of the Moldavian rural area showed a changing profile for the usual Moldavian tourist, marked by several contrasts. These contrasts are a consequence of the communist era and the lack of implication (organizational, decision-making) from the tourist in its own trip planning.

During the sixteenth century, the princes of Moldavia, a region of modern Romania, built many churches and monasteries. These churches followed the typical Byzantine style by placing detailed frescos on the interior walls, but some of the Moldavian churches took that tradition even further and expanded the frescos to the façade. This thesis argues that these exterior images were used to enhance the Easter processionals that occurred around the churches. While most scholars explain this phenomenon as propaganda or a cry for help against the Ottoman Empire, a new interpretation is offered here. It discusses how the exterior scenes on the churches depict different sections of the Orthodox Lenten Services that occur during the ten weeks prior to Easter, the most important feast day in the Orthodox calendar. Four of these painted monasteries, Voroneţ, built in 1488 and painted in 1547, Humor, built in 1530 and painted in 1534, Moldoviţa, built in 1532 and painted in 1537, and Suceviţa, built in 1582 and painted in 1595, are analyzed to show the link between these feast days and the frescos. The paper connects Moldavia to the Byzantine Empire, showing a long tradition of supporting the Orthodox faith. The history of frescos. The paper connects Moldavia to the Byzantine Empire, showing a long tradition of supporting the Orthodox faith. The history of different religious processions performed throughout the Orthodox year during the Byzantine Empire are discussed in conjunction with their survival in Moldavia after the Empire fell. The study concludes that the exterior frescos on the Moldavian churches enhanced the Orthodox processionals that took place during Easter week.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyses the causes and evolution of the conflict in the Republic of Moldova and capabilities of three conflict-regulating mechanisms to facilitate the final political solution of this conflict. The leading cause of the conflict is the competition among post-Soviet politicians, fighting over the division of the Soviet state and redistribution of politico-economic benefits. In their fight for power, the elites mobilized instrumental and primordial grievances of the population, thus giving an ethnic aspect to the confrontation. As an important intervening variable for the conflict escalation into a military confrontation is Russian interest in maintaining politico-economic and military domination over the region. Over time, all ethnic causes had been eliminated, thus creating the necessary conditions for the final political settlement of the conflict. However, the status quo, created around this conflict, suits the politico-economic interests of the Transdniestrian elites, and reinforced by the Russian interest in keeping the region under its influence, is encouraging them to promote a radical position toward the process of negotiations and to demand anything but independence, a fact that cannot be accepted by the legal Moldovan Government. In such circumstances, the final solution depends on the attitudes of the external players. However, the international players are dispersed over the methods of resolving this conflict, thus reinforcing the deadlock situation in the process of negotiation. This thesis argues that under the current circumstances, none of the conflict regulating mechanism, partition, confederation and federation will solve that particular conflict. However, the federalism has the most potential to serve as a tool for unification and conflict-resolution, but only if the international community and internal players will promote democratic values, rule of law and free marked orientation in the region, will reduce the benefits of the status quo situation and, finally, will offer substantial politico-economic and cultural autonomy combined with fair representation at the central level to the Transdniestrian region. / Lieutenant Colonel, Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova

The Republic of Moldova was one of fifteen states to emerge from the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With weak historical legacy of statehood, deteriorating economy and serious national divisions, the young state lacked many of the prerequisites deemed necessary for successful democratization. From the very beginning of independence, Moldova became the battleground of Romanianists, propagating for the Romanian character of Moldova’s majority population, and Moldovanists, who viewed the people as a separate nation. In the literature on democracy and democratization, a divided nation is singled out as a serious threat to statehood and democratization efforts alike. Without a nation in place it is generally understood that democracy cannot take root. Nevertheless, Moldova in a few years time managed to make considerable progress on its path towards democracy. A main theme of the dissertation is thus the issue of national division and how it has affected political developments in general and democracy in specific. This picture is then further expanded by including close analysis of political support. The dissertation contributes to discussions about how nation and democracy goes together in transitional states with no legacy of either of them. The analysis shows that national division in Moldova works on different levels. While political actors often seek support from the electorate according to their positions on the nation, national identity by itself does not suffice to explain differences in political support. Instead other aspects, such as generational values, degree of urbanity and level of education, play a much larger role. Democracy, as a platform where different political ideas and ambitions may form, can both complicate transitions since it provides opportunities for conflicts, but democracy also holds the prospects to find ways to resolve disagreements. In the long run, this carries the seed of consolidation of both democracy and nation alike.

Abstract – From de facto to de jure: A comparative study between three post-Soviet territories path towards diplomatic recognition The purpose of this essay has been to study how well three post-Soviet de facto states live up to the definition of the concepts of state and sovereignty. Basically, the focus has been to, with the help of an analysis scheme constructed specifically for this study, analyse the situation the three de facto states are currently in and then compare their situations to one another. With the study I want to show that the history of the de facto states, as well as their current legal status, carry with them differences and similarities that play a major role in their future. By analysing a number of scientific articles and other research material within the social science sphere, I have been able to compile a table that shows how well the case studies live up to the seven criteria of the state outlined by Martin Glassner in Political Geography (2004). The main result of the study has been that various historical and demographic circumstances in the three de facto states have distinguished them from one another during the more than three decades that have passed since the fall of the Soviet Union. However, this is in stark contrast to the strong ties they all have to a patron state, which in all cases is crucial to the legal state of limbo they are all currently residing in.

La tesi analizza le cause profonde dell’attuale crisi russo-ucraina esplosa nel 2014 con i moti anti-governativi di Euromajdan ed alla conseguente crisi internazionale che ha direttamente coinvolto la Federazione Russa, ed indirettamente la comunità internazionale. Analogamente, la struttura della ricerca ha prodotto altresì una ricostruzione, nei secoli, del ruolo geopolitico della stessa Ucraina nelle più ampie dinamiche interstatali dell’Europa centro-orientale. Lo studio in questione esplora nella loro profondità - e lungo oltre quattrocento pagine - gli aspetti più profondi di questa crisi nelle sue diverse, articolate e interconnesse dimensioni. L’approccio impiegato prende le mosse dalla matrice d’analisi tipica del Renouvin e delle sue forces profondes, ampliando perciò l’indagine sul piano storico, geopolitico, diplomatico, economico, giuridico, culturale e religioso. Sostenuta da una cospicua bibliografia e da un notevole apparato di note, la presente tesi non si è tuttavia limitata ad una ricostruzione delle dinamiche contemporanee del XX e del XIX secolo. L’autore ha infatti voluto procedere - nell’obbiettivo di costruire uno studio di riferimento sulla geopolitica dell’Ucraina nel sistema internazionale - dall’antichità di Erodoto e dal crollo dell’Impero Romano, per poi proseguire lungo le più importanti fasi della nascita della Rus’ di Kiev, giungendo sino ad Euromajdan. / The thesis analyzes the root causes of the current Ukrainian crisis triggered by the Euromajdan revolts of 2014 and the consequent international crisis directly involving the Russian Federation, and indirectly the whole international community. The thesis also reconstructs the secular geopolitical role of Ukraine in the broader dynamics of interstate relations of Central and Eastern Europe. The present research is an in-depth, four hundred page exploration of the many aspects of this crisis with all the complexities of its intertwined dimensions. The research employed inputs from the classical Renouvin’s forces profondes imprint; thus exploring and accounting for historical, geopolitical, diplomatic, economic, juridical, cultural and religious aspects. With the aim to produce a reference study of the historiography of Ukraine and its relationship with Moscow and the wider regional context, aided by a sound bibliography and a valuable source of notes, the author decided to begin from the ancient times of Herodotus and the collapse of the Roman Empire and work his way forward through the genesis of the Kievan Rus', up to the most recent XXI century’s geopolitics.

En 1993, l’église du monastère Humor et six autres églises du nord de la Moldavie (Roumanie) ont été classifiés comme patrimoine de l'UNESCO, en particulier en raison de leurs caractéristiques iconographiques et architecturales uniques. Construit au seizième siècle, le monastère Humor est devenu un riche centre religieux et culturel sous le patronage du prince Petru Rares de Moldavie. Ce centre a encouragé les innovations architecturales ecclésiales, ainsi qu’un programme très prolifique de fresques, extérieures et intérieures, exprimant une créativité au-delà du canon de la peinture de l'époque. La présente thèse est concentrée sur ces innovations architecturales et iconographiques, comprises à la lumière du contexte historique de ce moment unique dans l'histoire de la Moldavie, dans le siècle qui suivit la chute de Constantinople (1453). Tandis que la première partie de la thèse est concentrée sur ces circonstances historiques, et plus précisément sur l'impact du patronage du Prince Rares, la deuxième partie de la recherche est concentrée sur l'analyse des sources littéraires et de la théologie d’une série unique de fresques, placé dans la gropnita (chambre funéraire) de l’église monastique d’Humor, évoquant la vie de la Mère de Dieu. La série est un exemple extraordinaire d’interaction des textes, le Protévangile de Jacques et le Synaxarion, avec l'iconographie. Une attention particulière à l'iconographie du monastère Humor démontre le besoin de la corrélation entre texte et icône d'une part, ainsi que la nécessité d’une corrélation entre les études théologiques, l'art et l’histoire d’autre part. Un autre avantage de la recherche est de contribuer à une appréciation plus riche des trésors culturels et religieux des communautés chrétiennes de l'Europe de l'Est aux points de vue religieux et culturel, en réponse à leur reconnaissance comme patrimoine de l’UNESCO. / In 1993, the church of Humor Monastery and six other churches from northern Moldavia (Romania) were classified as UNESCO Patrimony, due to their unique iconographical and architectural features. Built in the sixteenth-century, Humor Monastery became a rich and vital cultural religious center under the patronage of Prince Petru Rares of Moldavia. This center encouraged ecclesial architectural innovations, as well as an extraordinarily prolific program of frescoes, both internally and externally, expressing creativity beyond the canon of painting of the time. This dissertation focuses on understanding these architectural and iconographical innovations, in the light of the historical context that gave rise to this unique moment in Moldavian history, in the century following the Fall of Constantinople (1453). While the first part of the dissertation focuses on these historical circumstances, and more precisely on the impact of the patronage of Prince Rares, the second part of the research concentrates on the literary sources and the theology of a unique fresco series depicting the “Life of the Mother of God,” which has been painted on the walls of the gropnita (burial chamber) of Humor monastic church. The fresco series is an extraordinary example of the interaction between texts, the apocryphon Protogospel of James and the Synaxarion, and the iconographic narration of the “Life of the Mother of God.” Careful attention to the iconography of the Humor monastic church demonstrates the need for the correlation between text and icon, as well as the need for a correlation between theological studies, art and history. This methodological perspective will foster a richer appreciation of the abundant cultural and religious treasures of the Christian communities of Eastern Europe, both from a cultural as well as a specifically theological perspective as a further response to their prestigious recognition of being included in the UNESCO’s Patrimony in the closing decade of the twentieth - century.

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