Considerada ainda na antiguidade como a \"ancestral de todas as narrativas monogatari\", Taketori monogatari é a obra mais antiga de seu gênero. Escrita provavelmente entre os séculos IX e X, a narrativa conta a trajetória da personagem Kaguyahime, desde que foi encontrada pelo personagem que dá título à obra até a ocasião em que é levada de volta para o mundo de onde veio. Os acontecimentos que se desenrolam a partir da corte amorosa empreendida por cinco pretendentes que desejam se casar com ela ocupam considerável espaço na narrativa. Esse arco é considerado pelos estudiosos japoneses como exclusivo de Taketori monogatari, não constando em nenhum outro registro anterior da lenda. A partir desta hipótese e amparados pelo trabalho de Roland Barthes, propusemos uma reflexão sobre a construção do discurso pretensamente amoroso nessa parte em que se acredita vislumbrar o ineditismo da obra. / Regarded as \"the ancestor of all monogatari narratives\" since Classical Japan, Taketori monogatari is the most ancient piece of work in monogatari genre. Written probably between the 9th and 10th centuries, the narrative tells the story of Kaguyahime, from the moment she was found by the character whose name is in the title of the narrative until she is taken back to her homeland. The episodes starred by the five noble men who wish to marry her occupy the most of the narrative and are thought, by the Japanese scholars, to be exclusively Taketori monogatari author\'s creation. Considering the Japanese scholars\' view and supported by Roland Barthes\'s treatise on amorous discourse, we aimed to expose the way the discourse spoken by Kaguyahime and her suitors is built in those supposedly romantic episodes.

The dominant part of the research on the “Yûgao” (The Twilight Beauty) story of the Japanese eleventh-century classic the Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji) is philological and often excludes a general literary analysis. This story has also been related to Japanese and Chinese literary influences, thereby placing the text in its literary context. The present study is an attempt to relate it more to theories to which it has hitherto been unrelated and thereby formulate a descriptive stylistics in a decontextual perspective. This aim also includes a look at how the theories confronted with the “Yûgao” story may be affected. First I introduce the problematics of context versus decontext by means of a survey of metapoetical texts about the monogatari (tale, narrative) genre with special regard to the Genji Monogatari. Next I analyze the characters and the setting, primarily using a narratological method. This is followed by an analysis of the story’s themes and motives. Chapter 5 looks at compositional elements, while the starting-point for the succeeding chapter is the interpretation of the “Yûgao” story as more or less a fairytale, and thus not as advanced  a narrative as the latter part of the work. I shall, in contrast, argue that there are quite a few aspects of this story that do not fit into the model of the folktale. In Chapter 7 decontextualization as a concept turns from the story as such to address another concept, namely metaphor. Here the meaning of metaphor is expanded in order to include concepts that are not necessarily seen as such. Subsequently, I investigate the symbolic system surrounding the moonflower (yûgao) image. Lastly, the concept of decontext is taken a step further to survey how the genre of the Genji Monogatari has been transformed in the process of translation into the Tale of Genji. The main conclusion is that the “Yûgao” story combines tragic themes with comic motifs to build a symbolic narrative with characters hovering between roles.

This Master Thesis is an interdisciplinary case study that examines physical sexual violence in the form of female displacement in Murasaki Shikibu’s eleventh-century Japanese masterpiece, The Tale of Genji. By investigating several cases ranging from spatial relocation to abduction and kidnapping involving four major Genji heroines, Utsusemi, Yūgao, Murasaki and Ukifune, I define violent displacement as an autonomous act of sexual violence by which a male character removes a female character from her initial location to a place of his choice. The man’s motivations are predominantly related to gaining sexual access to the woman’s body or ensuring control over her. Often such cases of displacement occur in the same context as other cases of physical sexual violence, such as forced sexual intercourse, which they may precede and facilitate, but rarely do they constitute mere preludes to more severe acts of sexual violence. I have posited several hypotheses about displacement, such as differences in rank and status between the protagonists, the man’s violation of standard courtship procedures, and the reactions by the woman and her female entourage. With these criteria, I have interpreted episodes of displacement in the female author’s tale, with particular emphasis on her choice of words and narrative techniques. I have supplemented textual analysis by examining the history of motifs in Genji illustrations by artists who interpreted these displacement episodes very differently or not at all. I conclude that the discourse on sexual violence in The Tale of Genji cannot be limited to the incidents involving forced sexual intercourse. The presence of female displacement indicates that sexual violence in the tale is not an accidental occurrence, but a topos carefully constructed by Murasaki Shikibu and strategically placed within the context of the tale.

The Iliad and Heike monogatari are each seen as seminal pieces of literature in Greek and Japanese culture respectively. Both works depict famous wars from which subsequent generations of warriors, poets, and other artists in each society drew their inspiration for their own modes of conduct and creation. While neither work is emphatically pro-war, both were used extensively by the warrior classes of both cultures to reinforce warrior culture and to inculcate proper battlefield behavior. In spite of this, however, both tales contain a strong undercurrent of anti-war sentiment which contrasts sharply with their traditionally seen roles of being tales about warriors and their glorious deeds. This thesis examines these works and details the presence of anti-war sentiment while also highlighting its emergence to greater prominence in later works found within the genres of Greek tragedy and nō theater. Ultimately, the Iliad and Heike monogatari act as foundational sources of anti-war sentiment for the later dramatic works, which poets of both cultures used to decry the woeful effects of war on both combatants and the innocent. By examining the presence of anti-war sentiment in two cultures that share surprising similarities but are widely separated by geography and chronology, we are presented with both a broader and deeper understanding of the effects of warfare on society and of the historical responses of citizen populations to events in war.

Over the course of the “Genji monogatari” (“The Tale of Genji,” c. 1008) narrative, roughly fifty characters die. The eponymous hero’s arc starts with the passing of his mother and ends as he himself succumbs to grief at being parted from his beloved Murasaki; the subsequent ten chapters of the text are likewise marked by successive personal losses. However, while the “Genji’s” plot is consistently catalyzed through encounters with death, it would be a mistake to say that the tale is about death: instead, it is the highly aestheticized scenes of grief experienced privately and communally by its characters in the aftermath (and sometimes even in the anticipation) of their loved ones’ passing that motivate much of the action and narrative development. My dissertation project aims to analyze the intrinsic affective qualities of “Genji monogatari’s” portrayals of death and mourning. Although the text showcases Murasaki Shikibu’s skillful interweaving of Heian spiritual beliefs, social rituals, and funerary practices with classical literary tropes and the preexisting traditions in elegiac poetry, it also represents a significant departure and innovation vis-à-vis earlier and contemporary depictions of death. For one, it resurrects and reinvents the depiction of the corpse which all but disappeared from courtly literature, and expands the narrated experience of bereavement from the point of view of an isolated principal mourner to that of a larger emotional/affective community. What’s more, the narrative patterns and images it establishes early on continue to evolve over the span of the text itself. The “Genji’s” hallmark death scenes foreground the exquisite bodies of the dying or already dead—and almost exclusively female—subjects, laid out unobstructed to the discerning gaze of the male protagonists. As I will show through a thorough exploration of the poetic vocabulary and affective narrative structuring in situations dealing with grief and sorrow in these scenes, this has the effect of narratively minimizing the moment of death as a descriptive event and instead heralding an affective mode of storytelling that creates communal bonds between the bereaved characters, the narrator(s), and the readers. That said, as the plot progresses, subtle subversive changes start to emerge: the women in the first part of the tale, who remained beautiful but voiceless after frequently meeting sudden ends, give way to characters who anticipate and eventually even will their demise, and whose richer interiority offers insights on their mortality that can counterpoint the ensuing objectifying consumption of their bodies. This development consequently not only brings into question the larger meaning of death retrospectively throughout the entire text, but also allows us to glean Murasaki Shikibu’s own intratextual theorization on the affective and narrative functions of death, in addition to its wider literary potential.

The subject of this dissertation is funeral rites in the Murasaki Shikibu's novel, The Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari). The analysis of the text seeks to explore the author's depiction of the end of life, the afterlife, communication with spirits or souls of dead and to summarize the notes and descriptions of the proceedings of funeral rituals including 'before burial' and memorial ceremonies. The purpose of this dissertation is to create an overview of funeral rituals and ideas of death described in the text of Genji Monogatari. The Tale of Genji is considered a document which reflects contemporary thinking and can therefore be relied on for a study of funeral and memorial rituals. The main method used to develop the topic is a detailed analysis of theoretical, practical and aesthetic aspects of death described in the Genji Monogatari novel. The ideas of the Heian Court about death and the afterlife were mainly affecting the cult of ancestors, Shinto, Taoism, Buddhism and Shamanism, which also participated in the creation of the funeral cult. Ideas of the afterlife were also very diverse. The world of the living and the world of the dead, in the concept of old Japanese, were not strictly divided and spirits had access to all spheres of life. Communication with spirits of the living and the souls...

This thesis deals with popular paraphrases of classical Japanese literature in the Edo period (1600- 1868). It analyses creative rewritings of a famous Heian tale Genji monogatari by popular authors of the Edo period, primarily Nise Murasaki inaka Genji by Ryūtei Tanehiko (1783-1842), which is one of the most successful works of Japanese early modern literature. The aim of this thesis is, utilizing elements of narrative analysis, to identify and interpret creative strategies applied by Tanehiko and his predecessors (Kogame Masuhide, Miyako no Nishiki and Okumura Masanobu) in works based on Genji monogatari and to find out what the relation was between their works and their Heian model, and if and to what extent Tanehiko's work was a unique occurrence between popular paraphrases of classical Japanese literature.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra ett av Ozus tidigare verk stumfilmen A STORY OF FLOATING WEEDS (1934) med ett senare, färg- och ljudfilmen FLOATING WEEDS (1959). Hur skiljer sig dessa åt stilistiskt, vad förenar dem, vad följer t ex av närvaron av färg och ljud i den senare och avsaknaden av desamma i den tidigare filmen.</p><p>Analysen utgår från ett neoformalistiskt perspektiv och i en teoretisk genomgång redogörs för denna inriktnings begreppsapparat. Centrala begrepp häri är t ex främmandegörning, d v s av-naturaliseringen av den vardagliga perceptionen, stil, definierat som innefattande allt i verket, stilgrepp – det enskilda uttrycket isolerat, fabel, sujett, greppets funktion och bakomliggande motiv samt idén om den parametriska formen – verket som strukturerat efter en stilmässig dominant överordnad berättelsen.</p><p>Uppsatsen inkluderar även ett inledande kapitel vari tidigare forskning kring regissören redogörs för. Donald Richie är här en centralgestalt och uppsatsen pekar på den konflikt som kan skönjas mellan Richies traditionella budskapsorienterade perspektiv och neoformalismen.</p><p>Vidare diskuteras regissörens egensinniga stil och uppmärksamhet ägnas aspekter som t ex den lågt placerade kameran, rummet som ordnat kring 360 grader, det estetiskt motiverade rummet, mellan-liggande rum, hypermarkerade objekt, sujikai, rumsliga ankare, grafisk gestaltning och pillow-shots. Även budskapsorienterade tolkningar som återkommer i diskursen kring regissören ges utrymme, som idén om Mono no Aware, förnimmelsen om alltings förgänglighet och Mu, tomhet som närvaro.</p><p>I analysdelen studeras sedan olika sekvenser i båda verken utifrån dessa stilistiska aspekter. Slutsatsen blir att även om nya teknologier såsom färg och ljud ger upphov till nya grepp så ordnas dessa nya grepp i någon mån in i den befintliga logiken – in i dominanten. Den tydligaste skillnaden mellan verken utöver dessa tillkomna stilistiska aspekter finns i sujetten som antar en än mer episodisk struktur i den senare filmen.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra ett av Ozus tidigare verk stumfilmen A STORY OF FLOATING WEEDS (1934) med ett senare, färg- och ljudfilmen FLOATING WEEDS (1959). Hur skiljer sig dessa åt stilistiskt, vad förenar dem, vad följer t ex av närvaron av färg och ljud i den senare och avsaknaden av desamma i den tidigare filmen. Analysen utgår från ett neoformalistiskt perspektiv och i en teoretisk genomgång redogörs för denna inriktnings begreppsapparat. Centrala begrepp häri är t ex främmandegörning, d v s av-naturaliseringen av den vardagliga perceptionen, stil, definierat som innefattande allt i verket, stilgrepp – det enskilda uttrycket isolerat, fabel, sujett, greppets funktion och bakomliggande motiv samt idén om den parametriska formen – verket som strukturerat efter en stilmässig dominant överordnad berättelsen. Uppsatsen inkluderar även ett inledande kapitel vari tidigare forskning kring regissören redogörs för. Donald Richie är här en centralgestalt och uppsatsen pekar på den konflikt som kan skönjas mellan Richies traditionella budskapsorienterade perspektiv och neoformalismen. Vidare diskuteras regissörens egensinniga stil och uppmärksamhet ägnas aspekter som t ex den lågt placerade kameran, rummet som ordnat kring 360 grader, det estetiskt motiverade rummet, mellan-liggande rum, hypermarkerade objekt, sujikai, rumsliga ankare, grafisk gestaltning och pillow-shots. Även budskapsorienterade tolkningar som återkommer i diskursen kring regissören ges utrymme, som idén om Mono no Aware, förnimmelsen om alltings förgänglighet och Mu, tomhet som närvaro. I analysdelen studeras sedan olika sekvenser i båda verken utifrån dessa stilistiska aspekter. Slutsatsen blir att även om nya teknologier såsom färg och ljud ger upphov till nya grepp så ordnas dessa nya grepp i någon mån in i den befintliga logiken – in i dominanten. Den tydligaste skillnaden mellan verken utöver dessa tillkomna stilistiska aspekter finns i sujetten som antar en än mer episodisk struktur i den senare filmen.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:13610505 研究代表者:高橋 亨 研究期間:2001-2003年度