No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a produção citrícola é predominantemente de agricultores familiares e isso faz com que haja uma heterogeneidade nos sistemas de cultivo. O cultivo orgânico dos citros no Brasil é baseado em conhecimentos empíricos dos agricultores, dos técnicos e segundo trabalhos de outros países, necessitando de pesquisas científicas para a geração de conhecimento local. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho de dois sistemas de cultivo, orgânico e convencional, em pomares de laranjeiras ‘Valência’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb), enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata Raf. Os pomares foram instalados no município de Montenegro, em julho de 2001, em solo Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico espessarênico, em espaçamento de 2,5 m x 5,0 m, cada um possuindo uma área de 0,25 ha e distantes 300 m um do outro. Foram coletados dados sobre a fertilidade do solo e nutrição das plantas, o crescimento das plantas, volume da produção e qualidade dos frutos, a evolução da maturação, a aceitação dos frutos e sobre a incidência de cancro cítrico e outras pragas desde a implantação das áreas experimentais até janeiro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e/ou à MANOVA. As laranjeiras conduzidas sob cultivo convencional apresentaram maior crescimento, produção e eficiência de produção, também apresentaram menor alternância de produção. A qualidade das laranjas foi muito semelhante entre os tratamentos, observando-se apenas que os frutos do sistema convencional apresentaram casca mais brilhosa e maior conteúdo de vitamina C que os frutos do sistema orgânico e estes apresentaram maturação interna antecipada em relação aos do convencional. Não houve diferença na aceitação dos frutos pelos consumidores. Portanto, o sistema de cultivo influencia em diversas características agronômicas em pomares de laranjeiras ‘Valência’ nas condições edafoclimáticas do Vale do Rio Caí, RS. / At the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, the citrus production is predominantly from family farmers which means that there is heterogeneity in the production systems. The organic farming in Brazil is based on the farmer’s empirical knowledge, techniques and experiences in other countries, requiring scientific approach to generate local knowledge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of two cropping system, organic and conventional, of the ‘Valência’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.), grafted onto Poncirus trifoliata Raf. The orchards were established in July 2001, on a sandy soil (Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico espessarênico), at spacing of 2,5m X 5,0m between plants, both with an area of 0,25 ha and 300 m distant one each other. Data from soil fertility and plant nutrition, plant growth, yield and yield efficiency indicators, fruit quality and ripening evolution, fruit consumer’s acceptance, citrus canker incidence and others pests were collected since the experiment establishment until January 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The results were submitted to ANOVA and/or MANOVA. The orange trees from the conventional production system showed more growth, yield and yield efficiency in comparison to the organic system and also showed lower alternate bearing. The quality of the oranges from both production systems was very similar. However, only oranges from the conventional oranges showed peel brighter and more vitamin C content in comparison to organic oranges. These fruits demonstrated earlier internal ripening in relation of conventional fruits. There was no difference on the oranges consumer’s acceptance. The production systems influence in several agronomical features of ‘Valência’ oranges orchards under the climatic and soil conditions in Vale do Rio Caí, RS, Brazil.

O estudo teve como objetivo o inventariamento da comunidade de artrópodes predadores presentes em um pomar orgânico de Citrus deliciosa Tenore, var. Montenegrina (29º37’51”S e 51º28’10”W), situado no Município de Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas quinzenalmente, de 29 de março de 2004 a 14 de março de 2005. Em cada uma das ocasiões, de 24 plantas sorteadas, era retirada uma unidade amostral de ambas as faces da copa voltadas para as entrelinhas, totalizando 48 unidades por ocasião, utilizando-se um pano-de-batida de 1m2. As 26 ocasiões de amostragem resultaram na captura de 3.787 artrópodes predadores, dos quais 3.129 pertencentes a Arachnida e 658 a Insecta, distribuídos num total de 112 espécies. Leptus sp. 1 (Acari: Erythraeidae), Amblyseius saopaulus Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Camponotus sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Com base nos adultos de Araneae, foram reconhecidas 53 espécies distribuídas em oito famílias; em Acari, considerando jovens e adultos, registraram-se oito espécies em três famílias e em Insecta constataram-se indivíduos das ordens Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera e Hemiptera, perfazendo dez famílias e 51 espécies. Com relação à sazonalidade, os artrópodes foram mais abundantes no inverno (521 indivíduos) e a maior riqueza foi verificada durante a primavera, com 76 espécies. Considerando apenas os aracnídeos, o inverno foi a estação que apresentou maior abundância de indivíduos (42,1%), enquanto a primavera foi a mais rica em número de espécies (41). Quanto aos índices de diversidade nesse grupo, Margalef foi mais elevado na primavera e Shannon-Wiener e Simpson no verão. Em relação aos insetos, a maior abundância (29,3%) e riqueza (35) foram verificadas na primavera, assim como os maiores valores de Shannon-Wiener e Margalef; já os de Simpson foram semelhantes entre as estações. Tais registros evidenciam a grande diversidade de artrópodes predadores neste agroecossistema e fornecem subsídios para o manejo e a conservação destas espécies. / The study aimed to survey the community of predatory arthropods in an organic orchard of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, var. Montenegrina (29º37’51”S and 51º28’10”W), located in Montenegro County, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samplings were carried out fortnightly, from March 29th, 2004 to March 14th, 2005. At each sampling occasion, a sample was taken from each one of 24 randomly selected trees, at both sides of the canopy facing the inter-rows. Henceforth, 48 sampling units/occasion were obtained shaking a branch of the plant with a wood stick and collecting the arthropods that fell on a sheet of white cloth (1m2) laid under the canopy tree. The 26 sampling occasions rendered 3,787 individuals of predatory arthropods, 3,129 belonging to Arachnida and 658 to Insecta, distributed in 112 species. Leptus sp. 1 (Acari: Erythraeidae), Amblyseius saopaulus Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Camponotus sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the most abundant species. Based upon the adults, 53 species of Araneae were recognized, belonging to eight families. Among Acari, considering immatures and adults, eight species were recorded in three families. In Insecta, it was found individuals of the Orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera e Hemiptera, amounting to ten families and 51 species. Arthropods were most abundant in winter (521 individuals), whereas the greatest richness was verified during spring, attaining 76 species. Considering only arachnids, individuals were more abundant in winter (42.1%), meanwhile the greatest richness was registered in spring (41 species). Relative to the diversity indices, in this group, Margalef was higher in spring, and Shannon-Wiener and Simpson in the summer. Relative to insects, both abundance (29.3%) and richness (35 species) were more elevated in spring, as well as the values of Shannon- Wiener and Margalef. Nevertheless, the Simpson’s values were similar among seasons. These findings evidence the high diversity of predatory arthropods occurring in this agroecosystem and furnish clues to the management and conservation of these species.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000430700-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 15580921 bytes, checksum: 8fd6811c0775f9f0534de5f27165afcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The purpose of this research was stablishing a new link between Archaeology and the communities that live in archaeological sites and places of archaeological interest. More than revisiting and knowing these places and their current conservation state, the main idea was talking with those communities, with the purpose of providing and exchange of knowledge between researcher and researchee, always respecting and valuing their points of view in regardin to an Archaeological Heritage. Based on the rules of Public Archaeology and Qualitative Research Metodology, this research aimed in identifying intersection points between the archaeological speech and the understanding of the interviewes wich could have a positive impact on the preservation and with that improve the archaeological knowledge within Montenegro’s area. / A pesquisa realizada no município de Montenegro/RS buscou estabelecer um novo vínculo entre a Arqueologia e as comunidades onde estão localizados sítios arqueológicos reconhecidos e locais de interesse arqueológico inéditos. Mais do que revisitar ou conhecer estes locais e seu atual estado de conservação, o objetivo foi estabelecer diálogos com os moradores envolvidos, buscando a troca de saberes entre pesquisador e pesquisado, respeitando e valorizando a ótica local acerca do Patrimônio Arqueológico. Embasado nos preceitos da Arqueologia Pública e na metodologia da Pesquisa Qualitativa, o estudo buscou encontrar pontos de intersecção entre o discurso arqueológico e o entendimento dos entrevistados, que pudessem interceder de forma positiva na preservação e na ampliação do conhecimento arqueológico dentro do contexto montenegrino.

No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a produção citrícola é predominantemente de agricultores familiares e isso faz com que haja uma heterogeneidade nos sistemas de cultivo. O cultivo orgânico dos citros no Brasil é baseado em conhecimentos empíricos dos agricultores, dos técnicos e segundo trabalhos de outros países, necessitando de pesquisas científicas para a geração de conhecimento local. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho de dois sistemas de cultivo, orgânico e convencional, em pomares de laranjeiras ‘Valência’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb), enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata Raf. Os pomares foram instalados no município de Montenegro, em julho de 2001, em solo Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico espessarênico, em espaçamento de 2,5 m x 5,0 m, cada um possuindo uma área de 0,25 ha e distantes 300 m um do outro. Foram coletados dados sobre a fertilidade do solo e nutrição das plantas, o crescimento das plantas, volume da produção e qualidade dos frutos, a evolução da maturação, a aceitação dos frutos e sobre a incidência de cancro cítrico e outras pragas desde a implantação das áreas experimentais até janeiro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e/ou à MANOVA. As laranjeiras conduzidas sob cultivo convencional apresentaram maior crescimento, produção e eficiência de produção, também apresentaram menor alternância de produção. A qualidade das laranjas foi muito semelhante entre os tratamentos, observando-se apenas que os frutos do sistema convencional apresentaram casca mais brilhosa e maior conteúdo de vitamina C que os frutos do sistema orgânico e estes apresentaram maturação interna antecipada em relação aos do convencional. Não houve diferença na aceitação dos frutos pelos consumidores. Portanto, o sistema de cultivo influencia em diversas características agronômicas em pomares de laranjeiras ‘Valência’ nas condições edafoclimáticas do Vale do Rio Caí, RS. / At the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, the citrus production is predominantly from family farmers which means that there is heterogeneity in the production systems. The organic farming in Brazil is based on the farmer’s empirical knowledge, techniques and experiences in other countries, requiring scientific approach to generate local knowledge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of two cropping system, organic and conventional, of the ‘Valência’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.), grafted onto Poncirus trifoliata Raf. The orchards were established in July 2001, on a sandy soil (Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico espessarênico), at spacing of 2,5m X 5,0m between plants, both with an area of 0,25 ha and 300 m distant one each other. Data from soil fertility and plant nutrition, plant growth, yield and yield efficiency indicators, fruit quality and ripening evolution, fruit consumer’s acceptance, citrus canker incidence and others pests were collected since the experiment establishment until January 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The results were submitted to ANOVA and/or MANOVA. The orange trees from the conventional production system showed more growth, yield and yield efficiency in comparison to the organic system and also showed lower alternate bearing. The quality of the oranges from both production systems was very similar. However, only oranges from the conventional oranges showed peel brighter and more vitamin C content in comparison to organic oranges. These fruits demonstrated earlier internal ripening in relation of conventional fruits. There was no difference on the oranges consumer’s acceptance. The production systems influence in several agronomical features of ‘Valência’ oranges orchards under the climatic and soil conditions in Vale do Rio Caí, RS, Brazil.

O estudo teve como objetivo o inventariamento da comunidade de artrópodes predadores presentes em um pomar orgânico de Citrus deliciosa Tenore, var. Montenegrina (29º37’51”S e 51º28’10”W), situado no Município de Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas quinzenalmente, de 29 de março de 2004 a 14 de março de 2005. Em cada uma das ocasiões, de 24 plantas sorteadas, era retirada uma unidade amostral de ambas as faces da copa voltadas para as entrelinhas, totalizando 48 unidades por ocasião, utilizando-se um pano-de-batida de 1m2. As 26 ocasiões de amostragem resultaram na captura de 3.787 artrópodes predadores, dos quais 3.129 pertencentes a Arachnida e 658 a Insecta, distribuídos num total de 112 espécies. Leptus sp. 1 (Acari: Erythraeidae), Amblyseius saopaulus Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Camponotus sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Com base nos adultos de Araneae, foram reconhecidas 53 espécies distribuídas em oito famílias; em Acari, considerando jovens e adultos, registraram-se oito espécies em três famílias e em Insecta constataram-se indivíduos das ordens Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera e Hemiptera, perfazendo dez famílias e 51 espécies. Com relação à sazonalidade, os artrópodes foram mais abundantes no inverno (521 indivíduos) e a maior riqueza foi verificada durante a primavera, com 76 espécies. Considerando apenas os aracnídeos, o inverno foi a estação que apresentou maior abundância de indivíduos (42,1%), enquanto a primavera foi a mais rica em número de espécies (41). Quanto aos índices de diversidade nesse grupo, Margalef foi mais elevado na primavera e Shannon-Wiener e Simpson no verão. Em relação aos insetos, a maior abundância (29,3%) e riqueza (35) foram verificadas na primavera, assim como os maiores valores de Shannon-Wiener e Margalef; já os de Simpson foram semelhantes entre as estações. Tais registros evidenciam a grande diversidade de artrópodes predadores neste agroecossistema e fornecem subsídios para o manejo e a conservação destas espécies. / The study aimed to survey the community of predatory arthropods in an organic orchard of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, var. Montenegrina (29º37’51”S and 51º28’10”W), located in Montenegro County, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samplings were carried out fortnightly, from March 29th, 2004 to March 14th, 2005. At each sampling occasion, a sample was taken from each one of 24 randomly selected trees, at both sides of the canopy facing the inter-rows. Henceforth, 48 sampling units/occasion were obtained shaking a branch of the plant with a wood stick and collecting the arthropods that fell on a sheet of white cloth (1m2) laid under the canopy tree. The 26 sampling occasions rendered 3,787 individuals of predatory arthropods, 3,129 belonging to Arachnida and 658 to Insecta, distributed in 112 species. Leptus sp. 1 (Acari: Erythraeidae), Amblyseius saopaulus Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Camponotus sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the most abundant species. Based upon the adults, 53 species of Araneae were recognized, belonging to eight families. Among Acari, considering immatures and adults, eight species were recorded in three families. In Insecta, it was found individuals of the Orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera e Hemiptera, amounting to ten families and 51 species. Arthropods were most abundant in winter (521 individuals), whereas the greatest richness was verified during spring, attaining 76 species. Considering only arachnids, individuals were more abundant in winter (42.1%), meanwhile the greatest richness was registered in spring (41 species). Relative to the diversity indices, in this group, Margalef was higher in spring, and Shannon-Wiener and Simpson in the summer. Relative to insects, both abundance (29.3%) and richness (35 species) were more elevated in spring, as well as the values of Shannon- Wiener and Margalef. Nevertheless, the Simpson’s values were similar among seasons. These findings evidence the high diversity of predatory arthropods occurring in this agroecosystem and furnish clues to the management and conservation of these species.

This study aims to answer two interlinked central questions with respect to Montenegrins’ divide over statehood and identity: Why and how Montenegrins, whom were once called ‘the purest and the best of Serbs’, sought to end their century-long common state experience with Serbia and instead establish their own nation-state in 2006, and what explains the rise of Montenegrin national identity and its transformation into nationalism? In attempting to answer these questions, it traces the historical development of Montenegrin national thought dating back to the early 20th century when Montenegro was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Through the use and examination of opinion polls, newspaper articles, political and ethno-cultural state policies implemented by the ruling political elites, and their interviews, public speeches, and press conferences, this study also seeks to unveil how Montenegrin-ness evolved over time. The central argument running through this thesis is that Montenegrin nationalism as a political phenomenon was precipitated through elite competition. In their competition over social, political, or economic resources, the Montenegrin elites, through the implementation of political and ethno-cultural state policies and the active use of media outlets, managed to turn certain facts and events into points of reference for the citizens of Montenegro in the way they identify themselves. Thus, those events have become the basis of people’s belonging to a certain community and helped demarcate that specific community (Montenegrins) from that of Serbs. Backed by the reconstructed meaning of Montenegrin-ness, this emerging Montenegrin national consciousness facilitated the breakup with Serbia and the declaration of independence on 21 May 2006.

The Western Balkans have had a unique and complex negotiation process with the European Union. Montenegro and Serbia are two countries whose negotiation process has been most successful. This comparative case study wants to examine which rewards and warnings the Union has used on the countries and identify which similarities and differences inapplication there are. What the study further wants is to explain how the structure can help in understanding of the negotiation process. The study uses Gateva's stage structured conditionality model as an analysis tool to answer the study's questions. The result shows that the EU used similar rewards and warnings on Montenegro and Serbia and that the biggest difference is that the Union financially sanctioned Serbia more often. It is clear that the Union used the structure to varying degrees and that it comes as a result of countries meeting slightly different conditions. This may explain the differences in the negotiation process.

No description available.

This thesis presents a critical overview of a supernatural being, the South Slavic vila, as she figures in the oral traditions of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian peasants collected in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The thesis returns to the conceptual frame of older primary texts (here titled survey studies) used by comparative scholars and updates this work with the knowledge gleaned from a century of research and theory in the fields of folkloristics and historical anthropology. These materials are presented in a distributive frequency analysis model such as those often employed by the Historical-Geographic school of folklore research, but the study is built on a foundation informed by the insights of Milman Parry and Albert Lord’s researches into the diffusion of oral traditions. These traditions are further refined by focusing on the singers, storytellers and believers who used the vila in an emic manner balanced at a nexus point between artistic innovation and traditional dictates. The data is also further contextualized with a focus on the embedded nature of these cultural expressions and a clear portrait of the contexts surrounding their collection and publication in a wider cultural sphere. The aim of the thesis is to present a comprehensive description of the vila’s role in oral traditions to serve as a primary source for scholars doing comparative or interpretive work, as well as to provide a clearer picture of the contexts of the materials to refine such research. In doing so, this thesis produces a comprehensive method and model that can be applied to other supernatural beings, repatriates oral arts back to their original purveyors by undoing academic silencing of subaltern voices and returns critical context to inherited traditions once stripped of them by romantic academic theories. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

Nationalist discourse has played an important role in the breakup of Yugoslavia, with particularly extensive influence on the future of the republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The tensions raised by ethno-nationalist rhetoric would lead to a 1992-1995 War that effectively segregated the population of Bosnia into three ethnic camps and destroyed the country's trademark multiculturalism. Bosnia emerged from the war as a weak union of two ethno-territories; the Bosniak-Croat Federation (FBiH) and the Serb-dominated Republic of Srpska (RS). During the first post-war decade, it made considerable progress towards reconciliation and Euro-Atlantic integrations. However, in May of 2006 the Prime Minister of RS Milorad Dodik made first of a series of comments that advocated the right of RS to hold independence referendum, signalizing a major return of inflammatory and divisive ethno-nationalist rhetoric. What we can call "RS Referendum Discourse" is not exactly a new object or desire, but its articulation and expression from 2006 onwards deserves careful consideration on its own merits. This thesis seeks to document the emergence and performative structure of the RS Referendum Discourse through a textual analysis of how it was registered and recorded in two Bosnian daily newspapers. The research is an empirical study of nationalism as expressed in discourse on the future of the Bosnian state. / Master of Arts