Principalement utilisées pour évaluer la performance et rendre compte de la réussite scolaire des individus, les notes sont indicatrices de succès ou d’échec, mais aussi de la valeur comparative des individus. Dans cette thèse nous proposons de tester l’effet des notes lorsqu’utilisées dans des contextes spécifiques de coopération. En effet, si les notes et la comparaison sociale sont pratique courante, les étudiants sont souvent amenés à coopérer en groupe. Cependant, à notre connaissance, point d’études ont testé l’effet des notes sur la coopération; alors que la tendance en milieu éducatif est à l’encouragement des pratiques coopératives. C’est ce que présent les chapitres expérimentaux de cette thèse. Le Chapitre 4 teste l’effet des notes quant à leur capacité à accentuer à la fois visibilité et comparaison sociale. Deux études investiguent l’effet des notes sur un biais motivationnel qui réduit la propension à coopérer: la propension à préférer les informations qui confirment les choix de l’individu. Elles montrent qu’en situation coopérative, les notes accroissent ce biais comparativement à des situations où seule la visibilité individuelle est soulignée, et suggèrent que les notes focalisent les individus sur une comparaison sociale compétitive. Le Chapitre 5 teste l’effet des notes sur les interactions, précisément sur le partage coopératif d’information. Deux études montrent que dans un contexte de travail en groupe coopératif, les notes entravent le bon partage des informations entre individus, et amènent à la rétention d’information. Enfin, le Chapitre 6 teste l’effet des notes sur un autre indicateur de coopération en groupe: la coordination interindividuelle. Il montre que les notes réduisent la coordination inter-individus et les mènent à avoir des comportements de dominance négative entre eux. En somme, les notes entravent la coopération et réduisent les comportements coopératifs entre individus. Nous discutons des implications pour le milieu éducatif. / Widely used to assess achievement and performance in educational contexts, grades provide a clear indicator of success or failure, particularly in comparison to others. In this respect, we study their impact on specific work contexts requiring cooperation. Indeed, students are often exhorted to cooperate in groups and simultaneously are assessed with grades, which bring a focus on inter-individual comparison. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has investigated the effects of grades on cooperation, yet a central question given educational trends encouraging cooperative practices, which we propose to explore in the experimental chapters of this thesis. Chapter 4 tests the effect of grades with regards to their capacity to jointly highlight individual visibility and social comparison. It tries to disentangle which of these facets could affect a motivated bias likely to reduce cooperation, namely individuals’ preference for information confirming their own choice. Results show that a graded-cooperative situation increased this preference effect in comparison to other conditions where only individual visibility was manipulated, and moreover increased individuals’ perception of a competitive atmosphere. Chapter 5 tests the effect of grades on direct cooperative interactions, namely on group information sharing. Results show that grades hindered information exchange between individuals, leading them to withhold crucial task-information. Finally, Chapter 6 tests the effects of grades on another indicator of group cooperation, namely inter-individual coordination. Results indicate that showcasing grades at the onset of a cooperative task necessitating inter-individual coordination decreased group performance and elicited more negative dominant behaviours amongst participants. Together these results provide evidence that grades hamper group cooperation. We conclude by discussing implications for the practice of grading in Education.

abstract: Pro-environmental goals often pit immediate self-interest against future communal interest. Consequently, the motivation to behave in pro-environmental ways can be particularly difficult to maintain over time. By framing environmental ills as threats to one's chronic concerns, I suggest that chronic motivations, such as disease avoidance, can be leveraged to engender longer-lasting pro-environmental motivation. Specifically, I suggest that three distinct categories of environmental ills should be associated with distinct chronic concerns, and that the mechanisms that regulate these concerns should also regulate reactions to related environmental ills: pollution should engage a pathogenic disgust mechanism, wastefulness a moral disgust mechanism, and framing environmental outcomes as posing safety concerns should be linked to fear and anger mechanisms. Results of four experiments did not lend consistent support to the hypotheses. Neither situationally primed concerns nor motivation-relevant individual differences produced consistent results suggesting an association between the proposed motivations and the relevant environmental outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Psychology 2012

Airbnb as one of examples of sharing accommodation is changing the way of travel. More and more consumers from all over the world are attracted to use the platform of Airbnb to book a local individual sharing house to access the authentic and unique local experience. Airbnb has also received attention from scholars recently, and they mainly focus on why consumers choose Airbnb. However, most of the studies have focused on European or American consumers, and there is less attention put on Chinses consumers. We aim to fill in this research gap in this thesis, and we develop a study on the motivation and constrain factors influencing the attitude of Chinese consumers toward Airbnb. Drawing inspiration from previous research (So, Oh and Min, 2018), we employ a mixed-method research design in this thesis to collect empirical data including semi-structure interview and questionnaire. We conduct an online survey with 316 respondents, and analyze it through SPSS. Our qualitative research confirms the 8 factors, price value, enjoyment, trust, insecurity, home benefit, authenticity, social interaction and perceived risk are factors to influence Chinese consumers’ attitude toward Airbnb. For the quantitative research, the first four factors mentioned above are tested as significant factors to influence Chinese consumers and the last four factors are tested as insignificant factors. Comparing with American and Canadian consumers studied by So et al. (2018), “price value” and “enjoyment” take significant influence both on American and Canadian consumers and Chinese consumers. Both the two groups are not influenced by “authenticity”, “social interaction” or “perceived risk” significantly. American and Canadian consumer concern “home benefit”, but Chinese consumers don’t. Insecurity significantly influences Chinese consumers, but not for American and Canadian consumers. Distrust significantly influences American and Canadian consumers, while trust motivate significantly Chinese consumers’ attitude.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and explain how the reward system works and which factors can generate work motivation within one bank, and also to compare and explain resemblances and differences that may exist between two different banks. The object of study is Länsförsäkringar Halland Private Bank, and the comparison object is Nordea. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework mainly consists of: Reward System, Motivation, Principal-Agent Problem and Work Motivation and the Reward System at Nordea. Some of the presented theories are Locke and Latham’s Goal-Setting Theory, Doran’s SMART Criteria, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, McGregor’s Theory X & Y, Sappington’s PrincipalAgent Theory, Bergström and Lindberg’s study regarding work motivation at Nordea. Results: The main motivational factors at LF Halland Private Bank are rise in salary, rewarding work and good social environment. The mainly preferred rewards are rise in salary, positive feedback and increased responsibility. Monetary rewards are preferred over nonmonetary rewards, although a combination of the two is required. The level of work motivation is relatively high among the employees. Conclusions:  The reward system at LF Halland Private Bank cannot be seen as flawed as the work motivation is relatively high, but it cannot be seen as ideally as the reward system is not the main cause of work motivation. There is no apparent Principal-Agent Problem. The reward system at Nordea is considered to have a higher impact on the employee’s work motivation than the reward system at LF Halland Private Bank. Keywords: Work Motivation, Reward Systems, Theories of Motivation, Motivation and Hygiene Factors, Rewards, Principal-Agent Problem, Agency Cost. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förklara hur belöningssystemet fungerar och vad som kan ge upphov till arbetsmotivation inom en bankverksamhet samt jämföra och förklara likheter och skillnader som kan finnas mellan två olika bankverksamheter. Studieobjektet utgörs av Länsförsäkringar Halland Privat Bank, och jämförelsen görs gentemot Nordea. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar fyra huvudsakliga delar: Belöningssystem, Motivation, Principal-Agentproblem samt Arbetsmotivation och belöningssystem på Nordea. Teorier som behandlas är bland andra Locke och Lathams målsättningsteori, Dorans SMART-kriterier, Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori, McGregors X- & Yteori, Sappingtons Principal-Agentteori, Bergström och Lindbergs studie beträffande arbetsmotivation på Nordea. Resultat: De främsta motivationsfaktorerna på LF Halland Privat Bank är löneförhöjning, givande arbetsuppgifter samt trivsel och god social miljö. De främst prefererade belöningarna är löneförhöjning, positiv feedback samt utökat ansvar. Monetära belöningar föredras framför icke-monetära belöningar men en kombination av de båda krävs. Arbetsmotivationen är förhållandevis hög hos medarbetarna. Slutsatser:  Belöningssystemet på LF Halland Privat Bank kan inte ses som bristfälligt då arbetsmotivationen är förhållandevis hög, men det kan heller inte ses som idealt då belöningssystemet inte utgör den huvudsakliga orsaken till arbetsmotivation. Det föreligger inget påtagligt Principal-Agentproblem på arbetsplatsen. Belöningssystemet på Nordea anses ha en större inverkan på medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation än belöningssystemet på LF Halland Privat Bank. Nyckelord: Arbetsmotivation, Belöningssystem, Motivationsteorier, Motivations- och Hygienfaktorer, Belöningar, Principal-Agentproblem, Agentkostnader.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-22T19:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Olivia Dias2.pdf: 7958204 bytes, checksum: 06cde82657a4139e0987aa6b24317b5a (MD5) Dissertacao Olivia Dias 1.pdf: 7879098 bytes, checksum: 3c374b60ba42bf1dea0b2bffc05adf28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-11T15:38:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Olivia Dias2.pdf: 7958204 bytes, checksum: 06cde82657a4139e0987aa6b24317b5a (MD5) Dissertacao Olivia Dias 1.pdf: 7879098 bytes, checksum: 3c374b60ba42bf1dea0b2bffc05adf28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-11T15:38:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Olivia Dias2.pdf: 7958204 bytes, checksum: 06cde82657a4139e0987aa6b24317b5a (MD5) Dissertacao Olivia Dias 1.pdf: 7879098 bytes, checksum: 3c374b60ba42bf1dea0b2bffc05adf28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O estudo analisa as viagens enquanto fenômeno social que obteve expressivo crescimento no mundo ocidental, sobretudo, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. A pesquisa teve como objetivos compreender as motivações das viagens realizadas por diversos estrangeiros que estiveram no Brasil e passaram pela Bahia no período; identificar e analisar o estabelecimento de serviços de hospedagem, alimentação e lazer, viabilizado devido à permanência temporária desses personagens em terras baianas. Constatei que a interface entre viagens, serviços e atrativos possibilitou que a cidade do Salvador se constituísse em núcleo receptor de visitantes das mais variadas nacionalidades. A presença desses atores sociais levou à formação e consolidação de novas atividades comerciais, voltadas para atendê-los. Essa dinâmica exerceu influência na intensificação e reconfiguração das representações do lugar, promovendo novas formas de ver e interagir com o outro. / Salvador

O reconhecimento dos aspectos socioculturais e ambientais da agricultura a partir da década de 1990 promoveram a ascensão de novos conceitos e a percepção da agricultura para além das suas funções produtivas, despontando no meio rural novas ocupações não agrícolas, como o turismo rural. Deste modo, a crescente busca pela integração entre cidade e campo através de atividades como o agroturismo, da mesma forma que o reconhecimento da necessidade de valorização do modo de vida rural e a importância da conscientização de crianças e jovens sobre as atividades de produção agropecuária, em especial a produção de alimentos, despertaram o aparecimento de uma nova modalidade de turismo rural voltada a prática pedagógica e reconhecida como uma ferramenta potencial para o desenvolvimento local, o Turismo Rural Pedagógico (TRP). Assim, esta dissertação propôs-se a investigar as motivações e os benefícios socioeconômicos do TRP para as famílias e a comunidade ao entorno do projeto Viva Ciranda e roteiro Caminhos Rurais, assim como identificar o perfil dos empreendedores e empreendimento, motivações, benefícios e a interação entre empreendedores e suas comunidades rurais. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e abertas com os empreendedores e comunidade local. Já para a identificação das motivações foram utilizadas questões fechadas através da escala de Likert. A análise dos dados qualitativos foi realizada através da categorização das respostas e do software Web-QDA, já os dados quantitativos foram organizados e tabulados no software Excel. Os resultados revelaram que o TRP consolida-se, nas experiências pesquisadas, como uma interessante opção de investimento e de estratégia de desenvolvimento local, atraindo diferentes perfis de empreendedores e de estabelecimentos. Observou-se que, embora represente uma oportunidade de diversificação econômica, as principais motivações para iniciar e permanecer no TRP, bem como os principais benefícios reconhecidos pelos empreendedores, estão vinculados aos aspectos sociais como a valorização do meio rural, a satisfação pessoal e a conexão entre os meios rural e urbano. Além disso, a pesquisa verificou o reconhecimento e a valorização dessa prática pela comunidade ao entorno das propriedades pedagógicas. / The recognition of the socio-cultural and environmental aspects of agriculture from the 1990s brought about new concepts and the perception of agriculture beyond its productive role, emerging non-agricultural activities in rural areas, such as rural tourism. Therefore, the pursuit of integration between city and country through activities such as agritourism as well as the acceptance of the need for rural appreciation and children and young people’s awareness about agricultural production, especially food production aroused the emergence of a new type of rural tourism focused on pedagogical practices, which is recognized as a potential tool for local development: the Pedagogical rural tourism (PRT). Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the motivations and socio-economic benefits of the PRT for families and community around Viva Ciranda project and Roteiro Caminhos Rurais, identifying the profile of entrepreneurs and enterprise, motivations, benefits, and the interaction between entrepreneurs and their rural communities. For this purpose, semi-structured and open interviews with entrepreneurs and local community were designed. Closed questions using Likert scale were applied to identify the motivations. Qualitative data analysis was performed through both categorization of responses and WEB-QDA software. Quantitative data were organized and tabulated in Excel software. The results revealed the PRT establishes itself as an appealing investment option and local development strategy, attracting different profiles of entrepreneurs and institutions. In spite of representing an opportunity for economic diversification, the main inducement to start and stay in the PRT as well as its main benefits are related to social issues such as appreciation of rural environment, personal satisfaction and the connection between rural and urban. Besides that, the appreciation of this practice by the community around the pedagogical properties was observed.

This study examined the beliefs and opinions of U.S university students towards learning foreign languages. Four major areas were explored, including attitudes and motivations towards learning foreign languages, perceptions of foreign languages in the U.S., and favorability of Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Korean, and Spanish. One additional area that investigated participants' opinions in support or against a foreign language requirement in the United States was also examined. The instrument included a survey of 22 items, consisting of 13 quantitative attitude/opinion questions, two qualitative open-ended questions, and seven questions for demographics. The data was analyzed through descriptive, inferential, and content analyses, including Cronbach's Alpha, independent and dependent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. The results of the study showed that participants generally had positive attitudes and high motivations towards learning foreign languages. Their perceptions were slightly critical of Americans' perspectives of foreign languages but indicated the belief that the U.S. education system does provide reasonable opportunities to learn foreign languages. Participants showed high favorability towards learning Spanish, with French also slightly favorable. Participants did not demonstrate positive favorability towards learning Arabic, Chinese, German, or Korean. However, participants commonly referred to Chinese as being particularly useful for business opportunities and consistently indicated low interest or usefulness in Arabic. Few significant differences were observed between genders or foreign language education background. Overall, female participants had slightly more positive views about learning foreign languages, whereas the same was true for participants with higher-level foreign language ability.

Houve um crescimento substancial constatado nos últimos anos no número de pessoas adotando dietas veganas em várias áreas do mundo, incluindo nas Américas, na Europa e em diferentes regiões da Ásia. Em 2012, já existiam cerca de 16 milhões, 5 milhões e 1,68 milhão de pessoas veganas nos Estados Unidos, Brasil e Inglaterra, respectivamente. Questões de saúde, de meio ambiente e de direitos dos animais são algumas das preocupações do consumidor vegano. Essas causalidades também são características do consumo consciente. O consumo de produtos está conduzido por fatores econômicos, sociais, culturais, pessoais e ambientais que atuam sobre o fator a decisão de compra e de o comportamento do consumidor. Nesse sentido, questiona-se qual é o perfil e suas principais motivações que influenciam o comportamento do consumidor vegano no Brasil Para obter essa resposta, foram escritos dois artigos, a fim de atender os seguintes objetivos: Artigo I) contextualizar o estado da arte do consumo vegano; e Artigo II) caracterizar o perfil dos consumidores veganos; e identificar e analisar as motivações que orientam e influenciam o comportamento de consumidores veganos, com base na Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TCP). Para o consumidor vegano, a TCP auxilia na abordagem das motivações que fazem parte para a compreensão do comportamento do consumidor planejado. Os resultados encontrados no primeiro artigo apresentam que as pesquisas sobre o consumo vegano cresce a partir de 2009, sendo um dos países que mais pesquisam sobre o assunto são os Estados Unidos, com 22 artigos. Além disso, ressalta-se que ao longo dos anos foram descobertas novas pesquisas que ratificam a importância de os indivíduos aderirem uma dieta vegana, por questões de saúde, de meio ambiente, corroborando para o consumo consciente Já no segundo artigo, os resultados mostram que a maioria dos consumidores veganos são do sexo feminino, jovens, solteiros, com ensino superior completo e pós-graduação e com menos e mais de um ano de veganismo. As principais variáveis que influenciam e orientam o comportamento do consumidor vegano estão relacionadas a sua saúde, às intenções comportamentais, aos alimentos ecoinovadores, ao direito dos animais e ao meio ambiente. Portanto, o comportamento do consumidor vegano, quando aplicado à TCP, revela que as atitudes, normas subjetivas e controle percebido geram um comportamento do consumidor planejado ao veganismo. Conclui-se que o consumo vegano tornou-se um nicho de mercado, contribuindo para a produção de alimentos ecoinovadores. Sob o ponto de vista do agronegócio, salienta-se que novas cadeias de produção de alimentos, diferenciação de produtos, estímulo à produção de orgânicos, estratégias de mercado e ampliação da oferta para atender a demanda são algumas ações positivas que podem impactar e promover a expansão desse nicho de mercado. / There has been substantial growth in recent years in the number of people adopting vegan diets in various areas of the world, including in the Americas, Europe and different regions of Asia. In 2012, there were already around 16 million, 5 million and 1.68 million vegans in the United States, Brazil and England, respectively. Health, environment and animal rights issues are some of the concerns of the vegan consumer. These causalities are also characteristic of conscious consumption. The consumption of products is driven by economic, social, cultural, personal and environmental factors that act on the buying decision factor and consumer behavior. In this sense, it is questioned what is the profile and its main motivations that influence the behavior of the vegan consumer in Brazil To obtain this answer, two articles were written in order to meet the following objectives: Article I) contextualize the state of the art of vegan consumption; and Article II) characterize the profile of vegan consumers; and to identify and analyze the motivations that guide and influence the behavior of vegan consumers, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TCP). For the vegan consumer, TCP assists in approaching the motivations that are part of understanding the intended consumer behavior. The results found in the first article show that research on vegan consumption grows from 2009, with one of the most researched countries being the United States, with 22 articles. In addition, it is emphasized that over the years new research has been discovered that ratify the importance of individuals adhering to a vegan diet, for health reasons, of the environment, corroborating for conscious consumption. The second article, the results show that the majority of vegan consumers are female, young, single, with full college and postgraduate education and with less than and more than one year of veganism. The main variables that influence and guide the behavior of the vegan consumer are related to their health, behavioral intentions, ecoinovator foods, animal rights and the environment Therefore, vegan consumer behavior, when applied to TCP, reveals that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control generate consumer behavior designed for veganism. Concluded that vegan consumption has become a niche market, contributing to the production of ecoinovadores foods. The point of view of agribusiness, it should be pointed out that new food production chains, product differentiation, organic production incentives, market strategies and supply expansion to meet demand are some positive actions that can impact and promote expansion of this niche market.

No description available.

Background: In the last decades, with a shift in global competitive conditions, increased labor costs, developments in automation and robotics, rising environmental concerns, and increased importance of country of origin from a consumer perspective, manufacturing companies started moving their production back to their respective home countries, while others are staying offshore. To address the above-mentioned changes, reshoring can possibly become a suitable strategy for every firm, which operates in its specific industry and creates a special internal and external environment due to the interaction with its customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders. However, it is yet unexplored how firm-specific factors can influence its motivation to reshore. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore and establish links between motivations to reshore and firm-related contingent factors and develop theoretical propositions which add value for theory and practice alike. The fulfillment of the purpose of the research is done in two stages. Firstly, firm-related factors that have contingent effects on motivations to reshore are identified. Secondly, once the factors and respective motivations are known, the influence of these firmrelated contingent factors on motivations to reshore is established. Method: To fulfill the purpose of the thesis, the qualitative case study method is applied. The chosen method with multiple cases allows to create valid propositions, which can be further tested deductively in separate studies. The data is collected via semi-structured interviews from four Swedish manufacturing companies that recently moved their production back to Sweden. The analysis is held in two stages. Each case is analyzed individually using the explanation building and logic models strategy. Later, with the purpose of developing theoretical propositions, the findings are synthesized in the cross-case analysis. Conclusion: There are two major contributions both of which are novel to the academic area. Nine firm-related factors which have contingent effects on motivations to reshore are derived and 13 theoretical propositions of how these factors are affecting motivations to reshore are developed. The results show that firm-related contingent factors and motivations to reshore are in a causal-effect relationship which depends on the respective case situation and cannot always be generalized. This thesis can be seen as an incremental step for further research possibilities in the field, whereas the firm’s specific context is vital.