A broad research project was conducted into experiences of respect in intergenerational relationships. The focus of this particular study fell on the motivations of respect for older people from the perspective of adults and young adults. Respect has been identified as an important aspect in promoting intergenerational relationships. In this research, intergenerational relations refer to the interaction between older people (60 + years), who form part of generation 1 (G1) and younger people, generation 3 (G3). Adults and young adults who participated in this study share the same historical generation, meaning that they experienced the same historical events. For the purpose of this study respect is defined as the subjective experience of the interactions between two people from different generations. Previous research into respect in intergenerational relationships has mostly been conducted in Asian and Western countries, with the exception of one study in Ghana, Africa. This existing research focused solely on the types of respectful behaviour employed in intergenerational relationships. Fourteen types have been identified. Philosophers regard respect as an important moral consideration. Adults‟ moral development is complex and linked to their cognitive and ego capacities. Moral development evolves during human development and manifests motivation that usually moves from extrinsic to intrinsic. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) defines motivation as the force that moves people to do something. SDT varies in the amount and type of motivation and also distinguishes among intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to doing something because it will lead to a desired outcome, whereas intrinsic motivation is about an inherently pleasing action. A qualitative approach was followed to describe the experiences of adults and young adults and to identity their motivations for respect. The research was conducted at North-West University‟s Potchefstroom Campus in South Africa to obtain participants who are in a transitional context. The adults and young adults who participated in this study were in a transitional phase: being part of a tertiary educational context confronted them with different world views from what they were used to. Twenty-seven white adults and young adults between 22 and 48 years of age participated. A sample of two men and 25 women who are post-graduate psychology students were conveniently chosen for this study. Data-gathering took place over three days and was conducted in a focus group manner by using the Mmogo-method®. The Mmogo-method® requires that participants receive a lump of clay, grass stalks and beads. Participants were asked to build something to show how they experience respect in relation to a person older than 60 years. Prompting questions were then asked, after which the participants had the opportunity to describe verbally what they had built. Data were analyzed by means of sequential and visual analyses. Data were originally analyzed using within-case displays where each case was analyzed individually; next, cross-case displays were done and linked to the visual presentations to plot on the four presented types of motivation. Trustworthiness was ensured by applying four strategies, including: credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability. The research was approved by the ethical committee of North-West University. The researcher applied ethical guidelines as prescribed by the Health Professions Council of South Africa during and after the research was conducted. Findings revealed that adults and young adults were moved to respect older people by four different types of motivation, presented as typologies. The types include extrinsic/conditional motivation, extrinsic/unconditional motivation, self-motivated/conditional motivation and self-motivated/unconditional motivation. These findings may be used to develop programmes to promote sustainable intergenerational relationships. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Over the past 25 years, the role of motivation in sport has increasingly received attention in scientific research. A model that is central to this research, is Ryan and Deci’s (2000b) Self–determination Theory (SDT), which is based on the assumption that human behaviour is motivated by the extent to which it satisfies the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Surprisingly little research has been done to date on the relation between self–determination and performance among South African rugby players. An improved understanding of the role of motivation in performance among university rugby players, as well as the role of bursary awards, can generate better knowledge and may help to identify, manage and motivate players better at an early stage. The goal of this study was to explore the relation between self–determination and performance among a group of university rugby players. The first objective was to establish whether there are performance differences between players who are intrinsically motivated (IM), extrinsically motivated (EM) and amotivated. A second objective was to establish whether players who receive bursaries are more intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated or amotivated, and how this relates to their performance. Participants were an availability sample of 51 u/19 and u/21 university rugby players of the North–West University Rugby Institute who completed the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) (Lonsdale et al., 2008) and who were assessed in terms of performance by themselves, the principal researcher, a sport scientist and the coach. Data was analysed by means of the Spearman ranking correlation coefficient, cluster analyses, the t–test and Chi Square test, to determine the differences in terms of performance between the intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated and amotivated participants, and also between bursary holders and non–bursary holders. Because an availability sample was used, the meaningfulness of results according to effect sizes and their guiding values were determined for practical meaningfulness, rather than focusing on statistical inference and p values. Firstly, it was found that IM correlates positively and practically meaningful with autonomous EM and that it correlates negatively (small to practically visible) with controlled EM and amotivation. Autonomous and controlled EM correlate negatively, and with a small effect. These correlations in general fit appropriately in with Ryan and Deci’s (2000b) self–determination continuum. It was found that IM, autonomous EM and bursary awards correlate positively with performance, in contrast with controlled EM and amotivation. It was indicated that both IM and autonomous EM could possibly contribute to a feeling of agency and subsequently to better performance. However, it is important to note that no cause–effect deductions can be made, and that the results cannot necessarily be generalised to other rugby players. The contribution of this study is that it indicates that all forms of EM are not necessarily bad for performance, and that autonomous EM and discerning bursary awards can appropriately motivate rugby players towards performance. The exact nature and mechanism according to which autonomous EM influences performance should, however, be investigated by means of larger random samples in future research. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Over the past 25 years, the role of motivation in sport has increasingly received attention in scientific research. A model that is central to this research, is Ryan and Deci’s (2000b) Self–determination Theory (SDT), which is based on the assumption that human behaviour is motivated by the extent to which it satisfies the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Surprisingly little research has been done to date on the relation between self–determination and performance among South African rugby players. An improved understanding of the role of motivation in performance among university rugby players, as well as the role of bursary awards, can generate better knowledge and may help to identify, manage and motivate players better at an early stage. The goal of this study was to explore the relation between self–determination and performance among a group of university rugby players. The first objective was to establish whether there are performance differences between players who are intrinsically motivated (IM), extrinsically motivated (EM) and amotivated. A second objective was to establish whether players who receive bursaries are more intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated or amotivated, and how this relates to their performance. Participants were an availability sample of 51 u/19 and u/21 university rugby players of the North–West University Rugby Institute who completed the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) (Lonsdale et al., 2008) and who were assessed in terms of performance by themselves, the principal researcher, a sport scientist and the coach. Data was analysed by means of the Spearman ranking correlation coefficient, cluster analyses, the t–test and Chi Square test, to determine the differences in terms of performance between the intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated and amotivated participants, and also between bursary holders and non–bursary holders. Because an availability sample was used, the meaningfulness of results according to effect sizes and their guiding values were determined for practical meaningfulness, rather than focusing on statistical inference and p values. Firstly, it was found that IM correlates positively and practically meaningful with autonomous EM and that it correlates negatively (small to practically visible) with controlled EM and amotivation. Autonomous and controlled EM correlate negatively, and with a small effect. These correlations in general fit appropriately in with Ryan and Deci’s (2000b) self–determination continuum. It was found that IM, autonomous EM and bursary awards correlate positively with performance, in contrast with controlled EM and amotivation. It was indicated that both IM and autonomous EM could possibly contribute to a feeling of agency and subsequently to better performance. However, it is important to note that no cause–effect deductions can be made, and that the results cannot necessarily be generalised to other rugby players. The contribution of this study is that it indicates that all forms of EM are not necessarily bad for performance, and that autonomous EM and discerning bursary awards can appropriately motivate rugby players towards performance. The exact nature and mechanism according to which autonomous EM influences performance should, however, be investigated by means of larger random samples in future research. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There is a large amount of poverty-stricken people in South Africa, especially among female farm dwellers. Poverty is a problem with many facets that needs a multi-dimensional approach. One of the approaches used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating projects (IGPs). Most IGPs reported participation difficulties which negatively affects the sustainability of these projects. This study focuses on an IGP which forms part of the FLAGH programme in the North West Province. The aim of this study was to explore the motivation of women to participate in an IGP in order to understand why they participate and whether there is an observable difference concerning their motivation over a period of 16 months. In addition, the link between motivation and regular and irregular participation was investigated. A multiple-phased, single case study design, was followed to explore the motivation of purposefully selected women of the IGP. A semi-structured questionnaire was specifically designed for this study to collect data together with field notes, visual media and in-depth interviews. The study consisted of three phases. The socio-demographic information obtained by the semi-structured questionnaires provided the researcher with a profile of women who participated in the IGP during the first phase. The photographs and field notes served as evidence with regards to the socio-demographic and household information obtained through the questionnaires. The semi-structured questionnaires with the structured and open-ended questions provided insight concerning the motivational factors that influenced their participation over a period of 16 months. During the second phase, a comparison could be made between active and non-active participants. Differences in motivational factors were identified which explained the participation behaviour of both groups. In-depth interviews in phase three brought a better understanding of the motivational factors of the regular participants concerning their experiences. Field notes also served as supporting evidence for the results in phase three. Results of this study provided more information and insight regarding the participation difficulties in an IGP. Encouraging as well as discouraging motivational factors were identified that influenced participants to participate regularly or irregular in the IGP. The motivation that changed among participants over a period of 16 months was also identified. These results will be used to improve current IGPs and also in the planning of future IGPs. One of the limitations of this study was the small number of available women to observe. This study contributes as a section in a larger process that attempts to alleviate poverty through research on the subject in order to obtain a better understanding of difficulties found in IGPs. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

There is a large amount of poverty-stricken people in South Africa, especially among female farm dwellers. Poverty is a problem with many facets that needs a multi-dimensional approach. One of the approaches used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating projects (IGPs). Most IGPs reported participation difficulties which negatively affects the sustainability of these projects. This study focuses on an IGP which forms part of the FLAGH programme in the North West Province. The aim of this study was to explore the motivation of women to participate in an IGP in order to understand why they participate and whether there is an observable difference concerning their motivation over a period of 16 months. In addition, the link between motivation and regular and irregular participation was investigated. A multiple-phased, single case study design, was followed to explore the motivation of purposefully selected women of the IGP. A semi-structured questionnaire was specifically designed for this study to collect data together with field notes, visual media and in-depth interviews. The study consisted of three phases. The socio-demographic information obtained by the semi-structured questionnaires provided the researcher with a profile of women who participated in the IGP during the first phase. The photographs and field notes served as evidence with regards to the socio-demographic and household information obtained through the questionnaires. The semi-structured questionnaires with the structured and open-ended questions provided insight concerning the motivational factors that influenced their participation over a period of 16 months. During the second phase, a comparison could be made between active and non-active participants. Differences in motivational factors were identified which explained the participation behaviour of both groups. In-depth interviews in phase three brought a better understanding of the motivational factors of the regular participants concerning their experiences. Field notes also served as supporting evidence for the results in phase three. Results of this study provided more information and insight regarding the participation difficulties in an IGP. Encouraging as well as discouraging motivational factors were identified that influenced participants to participate regularly or irregular in the IGP. The motivation that changed among participants over a period of 16 months was also identified. These results will be used to improve current IGPs and also in the planning of future IGPs. One of the limitations of this study was the small number of available women to observe. This study contributes as a section in a larger process that attempts to alleviate poverty through research on the subject in order to obtain a better understanding of difficulties found in IGPs. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Den här uppsatsen utgår från det upphandlingsdirektiv som Europeiska unionen antog 2014, ett direktiv som skulle modernisera och uppdatera föråldrade upphandlingsregler inom hela den europeiska gemenskapen. Uppsatsen tittar närmare på de direktivartiklar som ställer krav på upphandlande myndigheters motiveringsskyldighet som är en del av det som inom EUrätten kallas för principen om god förvaltning. En rättssäkerhetsprincip som ska garantera den enskildes trygghet emot maktutövare. Beslut som fattas av maktutövare ska motiveras för att öka transparensen och öppenheten. Uppsatsen tar också upp det som inom EU-rätten kallas för medlemsländernas processuella autonomi, ett begrepp som innebär att medlemsländer har rätt till visst självbestämmande när det kommer till hur deras förvaltningsarbete ska skötas och verka, så länge EU-rättens mål och krav genomförs ska medlemsstaterna själva kunna bestämma över genomförandet. För att EU ska kunna rättfärdiga att de gör intrång i medlemsländernas självbestämmande måste de kunna hänvisa till grundfördragens mål. Syftet men den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur artiklarna om motiveringsskyldighet implementerades av Sverige. Uppsatsen ämnar också kommentera förhållandet mellan artiklarna om motiveringsskyldighet och den processuella autonomin som medlemsländerna har i förhållande till unionen. Uppsatsen söker också svar på motiveringsskyldigheten inom offentlig upphandlingsförfarandet kan komma att användas i framtiden. Slutsatsen som uppsatsen leder fram till är att de artiklar som ålägger myndigheter att motivera individuella beslut hade kunnat genomföras med den svenska förvaltningslagen och är således inte nödvändiga för att upprätthålla en god konkurrens inom offentlig upphandling. Däremot är de artiklar som rör normbeslut inte genomförbara med hjälp av Sveriges tolkning av motiveringsskyldigheten och därför nödvändiga försvarbara i förhållande till konkurrensen. Den andra slutsatsen uppsatsen kommer fram till är att EU tenderar att använda motiveringsskyldigheten som ett verktyg för att driva igenom och normalisera deras vision för upphandlingsförfarandet. Om utgångspunkten för motiveringsskyldigheten är att främja rättssäkerheten för den enskilde så har EU använt denna utgångspunkt för att driva igenom sin politiska vision och inte bara för att stärka den enskildes ställning i förhållande till myndigheter. Det är ingen hemlighet att EU ser offentlig upphandling som ett viktigt område där de har stora möjligheter att påverka utvecklingen.

Rewards can be used to navigate a person’s behaviour through stimulation. Knowledge about how humans experience and react to rewards has been of use in many areas, one such example is how retailers use point systems to retain customers. This paper aimed to investigate how users of language learning applications feel that they were motivated by their reward systems. To analyse this earlier research in motivational perspectives was used as well as a model of user technology acceptance. This was researched through a case study, for which a pre-study was done on five chosen applications to identify what rewards systems had been implemented in them. Two applications were picked because of the document analysis, which were then used by the test subjects as part of the study. Before they started using the applications, each test subject was interviewed to ascertain their levels of interest and language skills. They were then asked to use the applications however much they’d like over a two to three-week period. The result showed that all our subjects had noticed in one way or another. What they perceived as most motivating differed between all the subjects, but all of them were affected by at least some of the reward system we asked about. We found that all our subjects agreed that the reward systems compromising of streaks were the most motivating. Our subjects were split in what sort of streak they preferred. Some preferred the sort of streak you collect from using the application daily while others preferred the streak you gain when you answer right to several questions in a row. / Belöningar kan stimulera en person och styra dennes beteende. Kunskaper om hur människan reagerar på och upplever belöningar har använts i olika områden, till exempel återförsäljare som använder poängsystem för att hålla kvar sina kunder. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka hur användare av språkinlärningsapplikationer upplever att belöningssystemen motiverade dem. Teorin som användes var tidigare forskning om olika motiverande perspektiv samt en modell över hur användare accepterar ny teknologi. Undersökningen var strukturerad som en fallstudie där det först utfördes en förstudie av utvalda applikationer för att identifiera de olika belöningssystemen som fanns i språkinlärningsapplikationerna. Genom förstudien bestämdes även de två språkinlärningsapplikationer försökspersonerna fick använda.  Försökspersonerna intervjuades kort för att skapa en profil om vilka de var och vilken tidigare erfarenhet de hade av språk och språkinlärningsapplikationer. Därefter fick de använda båda applikationerna under 2 till 3 veckor. Slutligen utfördes längre intervjuer med varje person för att ta reda på hur de hade upplevt belöningssystemen. Resultatet visade på att alla försökspersoner hade märkt av belöningssystemen på något sätt. Det skilde sig från person till person vad de ansåg var mest motiverande, men alla blev motiverade av någon av de belöningssystemen som det frågades om. Det som försökspersonerna var mest överens om var att Streaks (vilket är när systemet håller koll på när användaren utfört handlingar flera gånger i rad) var motiverande. Författarna kunde också se att vissa av försökspersoner upplevde att den formen av streak som innebar att försökspersonen använde språkinlärningsapplikationen flera dagar i rad var mer motiverande, medan andra ansåg att den formen av streak som innebar att försökspersonen fick flera rätt svar i rad i språkinlärningsapplikationen var mer motiverande.

<p>Bakgrund: När ett bolag ska göra en vinstutdelning efter ett avslutat verksamhetsår, måste styrelsen enligt nya bestämmelser motivera vinstutdelningen. Vid motivering av vinstutdelning skall styrelsen ta hänsyn till bolagets ekonomiska ställning och göra en prövning enligt försiktighetsregeln. Vinstutdelningen får endast genomföras om den uppfyller kravet på försvarlighet.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur icke börsnoterade koncerners moderbolag motiverar sin vinstutdelning enligt den nya ABL. Vi kommer även att granska hur revisorer upplever att icke börsnoterade koncerner följer de nya lagregleringarna.</p><p>Nyckelord: Beloppsspärr, försiktighetsregeln, motivering av vinstutdelning, upplysningsplikt, utdelning, vinstutdelning och värdeöverföring.</p><p>Metod: För att besvara problemformuleringarna valde vi att använda en både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Årsredovisningar i elektronisk form granskades samt så genomfördes det intervjuer med revisorer.</p><p>Teori: I uppsatsen har vi använt oss utav intressentmodellen och agentteorin.</p><p>Slutsatser: Efter genomförd undersökning kom vi fram till att den vanligaste motiveringen av vinstutdelningen är nyckeltal. Alla revisorer anser att bolagen motiverar sin vinstutdelning, då det är tvingande enligt lag. I vissa fall kan det förekomma standardiserade motiveringar av vinstutdelningar, p.g.a. brist på kunskap eller tid hos styrelsen. Den nya lagändringen har bl.a. medfört att tydligheten inom tolkning av vinstutdelning har ökat.</p>

Bakgrund: När ett bolag ska göra en vinstutdelning efter ett avslutat verksamhetsår, måste styrelsen enligt nya bestämmelser motivera vinstutdelningen. Vid motivering av vinstutdelning skall styrelsen ta hänsyn till bolagets ekonomiska ställning och göra en prövning enligt försiktighetsregeln. Vinstutdelningen får endast genomföras om den uppfyller kravet på försvarlighet. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur icke börsnoterade koncerners moderbolag motiverar sin vinstutdelning enligt den nya ABL. Vi kommer även att granska hur revisorer upplever att icke börsnoterade koncerner följer de nya lagregleringarna. Nyckelord: Beloppsspärr, försiktighetsregeln, motivering av vinstutdelning, upplysningsplikt, utdelning, vinstutdelning och värdeöverföring. Metod: För att besvara problemformuleringarna valde vi att använda en både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Årsredovisningar i elektronisk form granskades samt så genomfördes det intervjuer med revisorer. Teori: I uppsatsen har vi använt oss utav intressentmodellen och agentteorin. Slutsatser: Efter genomförd undersökning kom vi fram till att den vanligaste motiveringen av vinstutdelningen är nyckeltal. Alla revisorer anser att bolagen motiverar sin vinstutdelning, då det är tvingande enligt lag. I vissa fall kan det förekomma standardiserade motiveringar av vinstutdelningar, p.g.a. brist på kunskap eller tid hos styrelsen. Den nya lagändringen har bl.a. medfört att tydligheten inom tolkning av vinstutdelning har ökat.

Service quality occurs in service encounters where both customers and employees come together in an interaction. It is therefore important that the staff give their best because the interaction usually takes place in real time, which is referred to as the moment of truth. The aim of this study was to find out how luxury hotels are working to ensure good service quality, and how the staff are motivated to deliver this service. We wanted to examine this from a management perspective, and an employee perspective. Information was gathered through various interviews, where the staff at the Hotel Kämp in Helsinki and at the Sheraton Hotel Stockholm participated. Survey results show that employee motivation, training and empowerment have a significant impact to provide service in high quality. The results also show that the surveyed hotel, to certain level work in the same way, but it reveals some differences even when both hotels are part of the same concern. / Servicekvalitet uppstår i servicemöten där både kunden och anställda möts i en interaktion. Det är därför viktigt att personalen ger sitt bästa då mötet oftast sker i realtid, vilket benämns som sanningens ögonblick. Syftet med vår studie var att ta reda på hur lyxhotell arbetar för att kunna garantera en bra servicekvalitet och hur de anställda motiveras för att leverera denna service. Detta ville vi undersöka utifrån ett ledningsperspektiv samt ett personalperspektiv. Information samlades in genom olika kvalitativa intervjuer, där personalen på Hotel Kämp i Helsingfors och på Sheraton Hotel i Stockholm deltog. Undersökningens resultatet visar att personalens motivering, utbildning och empowerment har en betydande påverkan för att kunna leverera service i hög kvalité. Resultatet visar också att de undersökta hotellen till viss nivå arbetar på samma sätt, men det framkommer vissa skillnader, även då båda hotellen ingår under samma koncern.