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This article explores who the people in the mountain world are and what makes them choose the activities they do through a questionnaire survey with information about gender, age, place of birth, education level, mountain habit and the sense of accessibility, self-esteem and factors that influence the choice of mountain activities. The results from the study show that most people who visit the mountains come from southern Sweden and from outside the Nordic countries. Many of these visit the mountains several times a year. A majority of respondents also feel included in the target groups that they think nature tourism is focusing on, which are those with good economics, high level of education, associated middle or upper classes, and already introduced in the mountain environment. Non-white persons were some who, according to the interviewees, were not prioritized by nature tourism, and among the interviewees were also non-white in extreme minority. Factors that affect the interviewees' choices about what they choose to do for activities in the mountains are above all the tour company, but also the economy and old habit. As to what makes the respondents choose not to do certain activities in the mountains, there is also a society that is the biggest factor, followed by ignorance, economy and uncertainty.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse sémiologique du Vide dans l’espace pictural du minhwa, genre artistique populaire coréen, et plus particulièrement dans les peintures ayant pour thème le paysage ‘montagne-eau’ du 18e au 20e siècle de l’ère du Chosŏn. Nous étudions cette notion, qui s’est développée à partir des philosophies traditionnelles telles que le taoisme, le bouddisme et le confucianisme par exemple, en la considérant comme l’un des fondements de la pratique de la peinture et de la culture coréenne. De nos jours, le minhwa est devenu un genre reconnu pour sa valeur artistique propre : l’espace pictural du minhwa est un véritable lieu d’expérimentation pour ses styles innovants et populaires tout en conservant des éléments traditionnels imposés par la philosophie esthétique : le thème, ou l’utilisation de la notion de Vide, par exemple. C’est pourquoi nous avons centré notre attention sur les fonctions de l’espace non peint afin d’étudier l’emploi de la notion du Vide, spécifique au genre du minhwa. Dans cette analyse, nous faisons l’hypothèse que la notion de Vide, sous la forme de surface non peinte, est significative en ce qu’elle exerce des fonctions particulières dans l’espace constitué par la peinture. L’étude de cet espace non peint ainsi que d’autres expressions picturales nécessite l’élaboration d’une grille d’analyse constituée de septs critères : elle s’appuie sur des notions philosophiques traditionnelles, comme la ‘voie’ du tao, mais aussi sur d’autres propres à la philosophie esthétique contemporaine, comme la ‘cinquième dimension’ (Cheng), l’‘entre-deux’ (Buci-Glucksman), ou à l’analyse théorique de l’espace (‘cible/site’ de Vandeloise), afin de pouvoir cerner les fonctions et le sens du Vide dans la symbolique de notre corpus. / The purpose of this thesis is to provide a semiological analysis of Void in the pictural space of Minhwa, a Korean folk art genre, most particularly in the landscape paintings with the theme of the 'mountain-water' from the 18th to the 20th century in the Chosŏn era. We study this notion, which has proceeded from traditional philosophies such as Taoism, Buddhism or Confucianism for example, examining it as one of the fundamental principles of both Korean painting and Korean culture. Nowadays Minhwa has become a genre acknowledged for its intrinsic artistic value: the pictural space of Minhwa is a true experimentation field for innovating and popular style founded on traditional elements imposed on by esthetic philosophy: the theme, the scope of the notion of Emptiness, for instance. Thus we have focused on the roles of unpainted space in order to study the ways of the notion of Void specific to Minhwa genre. The hypothesis of this analysis is that the notion of Void visible as an unpainted place is meaningful in so far as it plays some significant roles within the space created by painting. The study of this unpainted space as well as other pictorial expressions requires to produce an analytic grid based upon seven criteria: it relies on traditional philosophical notions such as the one found in Taoism, the “Way”, or the notion of contemporary esthetic philosophy, the “Fifth dimension” (Cheng), the “Entre-deux” (Buci-Glucksman) and or the notion coming from the theoretical analysis of space, “Trajector / Landmark” (Vandeloise) so as to be able to encompass their roles and their meanings within our corpus.

La nucléation hétérogène de la glace est un processus, entre autres, qui concerne les phénomènes complexes de l'Atmosphère terrestre, cependant son impact est déterminant pour les propriétés et le temps de vie des nuages : ce processus affecte l'épaisseur optique et la durée de vie des nuages en phase mixte et froide et il est responsable d'une proportion significative des précipitations à l'échelle mondiale. La nucléation hétérogène de la glace est liée à la présence de particules d'aérosol spécifiques, nommées noyaux glaçogènes (acronyme INP depuis l’anglais), avec la propriété de réduire l’énergie de seuil exigée pour la formation des cristaux de glace, et dont le rôle est influent pour des températures de nuage >-38 °C. Dans les dernières décennies, des avancements significatifs ont été faits dans la description des noyaux glaçogènes, cependant leur compréhension reste incomplète et ceci influence les incertitudes sur les estimations de forçage radiatif dans les modèles climatiques. Il manque un grand nombre d’observations sur les distributions et propriété des 'INP' à l’échelle globale, spécialement en région éloignée. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, sont présentées des mesures de noyaux glaçogènes faites à l'Observatoire Climatique Italien "O. Vittori" sur la Montagne Cimone (2165 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer), pendant le printemps 2014 et l’automne 2015, sous les projets Bacchus et Air Sea Lab. Pour la première fois des mesures de INP hors ligne, reliés à un site de haute altitude du bassin méditerranéen sont présentées. Pendant la période du 19 au 29 mai 2014, une autre campagne a eu lieu en parallèle à la station San Pietro Capofiume, un site rural de basse altitude dans la Vallée du Po. Pendant quelques jours, les deux campagnes ont été concernées par un phénomène de Transport de Poussière Saharienne, qui a été enregistré simultanément dans la station de bas et de haute altitude. Nous avons examiné la concentration atmosphérique de INP activés à travers une congélation par condensation de vapeur (à -18°C et au-dessus de la pression de vapeur saturante). Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, sont présentées les observations qui ont été menées pendant la campagne arctique Parcs-Maca, dans la période de transition entre la nuit polaire et le jour polaire. Pour la première fois on reporte la caractérisation des propriétés glaçogènes et physiques/chimiques de l’aérosol marin primaire Arctique, dans une approche de génération contrôlée en laboratoire, qui a été combinée à une expérience de mesocosm. Le but de l'expérience de mesocosm était d'adopter une approche pluridisciplinaire afin d’étudier l'effet de la pollution marine sur les émissions marines. Nous avons trouvé une diminution modérée mais significative de la concentration de noyaux glaçogènes dans l'eau de mer polluée (par rapport à l'eau de mer du contrôle) pour des noyaux glaçogènes actives en congélation par immersion entre -8.5 et -19 °C. En ce qui concerne le spray marin, nos mesures indiquent une relation parmi les INP actifs à des températures chaudes (en congélation par immersion et au-dessus de -15 °C) et un enrichissement du Calcium détecté dans les filtres PM1 (suivi par un apparent épuisement du Chlorure). Sur la base de nos observations et des résultats publiés en littérature, quelque indication a été suggéré sur la nature de ces noyaux glaçogènes marins. En conclusion, les mesures effectuées dans cette thèse fournissent des nouvelles informations sur les concentrations de noyaux glaçogènes pour des particules d’aérosols en régions éloignées (un observatoire à haute altitude dans la région méditerranéenne centrale) et par rapport à une source spécifique (le spray marin Arctique). / Heterogeneous ice nucleation is one element inside the overall complexity of the Earth's atmosphere, however, it has a profound impact on our representation of cloud properties: this process affects the optical thickness and lifetime of mixed-phase clouds and cirrus clouds, and it is responsible for a significant proportion of precipitations formed globally. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is related to the presence of specific aerosol particles, named ice nuclei particles (INP), with the unique ability of lowering the energy barrier required for the formation of ice crystals, especially where cloud’s temperatures are >-38 °C. In the last decades, significant advancements have been made to the fundamental understanding of ice nucleation, however the lack of knowledge on the cloud ice phase still contributes to major uncertainties in climate model prediction of radiative forcing. This is partly due to limited observational data quantifying INP distributions and properties all over the world, especially in remote locations. In the first part of this thesis, field observations of ice nucleating particles have been performed at the Italian Climate Observatory “O. Vittori” on Mountain Cimone (2165 m above sea level), in the spring 2014 and autumn 2015, within the Bacchus and Air Sea Lab projects. For the first time we report the results of offline INP measurements, performed at a high altitude site within the Mediterranean basin. In the period 19-29 May 2014, a parallel campaign took place at the low-altitude station San Pietro Capofiume, a rural site in the Po Valley. The two campaigns were concerned, for a few days, by a Saharan Dust transport Event, which was recorded simultaneously at the high and the low-level station. We investigated the ambient number concentration of INP under condensation freezing activation mechanism (at -18 °C and above water saturation). In the second part of this thesis, we present the observations that were performed during the Arctic campaign Parcs-Maca, in the period of transition among the polar night and the polar day. We could characterise for the first time the ice nucleating and physical/chemical properties of the Arctic Primary Marine Aerosol, in a laboratory-controlled generation approach, that was combined to a mesocosm experiment. The aim of the mesocosm experiment was to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to study the effect of marine pollution on marine emissions. We found a moderate but significant decrease of the ice nuclei concentration in the polluted seawater (with respect to the control seawater) recorded in the freezing range between -8.5 and -19 °C and activated through immersion-freezing. Within the seaspray our measurements have indicated a relation among INP active at warm temperature (above -15 °C through immersion-freezing) and a calcium enrichment detected in PM1 filters (and followed by an apparent Chloride depletion). On the basis of our observations, and the results reported from other studies, a few suggestions on the nature of these marine ice nuclei have been suggested. In summary, the measurements made for this thesis provide new information on the concentrations of ice nuclei in ambient aerosol particles in remote regions (a high-altitude observatory in the central Mediterranean region) and in relation to a specific source (the Arctic sea spray).

O tombamento de áreas naturais constitui-se num importante instrumento jurídico de proteção aos remanescentes florestais e às paisagens de destaque do Estado de São Paulo. Esse pressuposto permitiu o estabelecimento da Área Natural Tombada (ANT) da Serra do Boturuna, localizada próxima à Capital Paulista. Sua estrutura geomorfológica diferenciada a destaca na paisagem regional, juntamente com os atributos vegetacionais. Os remanescentes florestais e a frágil estrutura paisagística da região justificaram a criação da ANT pelo Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo (CONDEPHAAT). Na ocasião do tombamento, a principal atividade econômica na Serra relacionava-se à exploração minerária. Apesar do parecer técnico desfavorável a essa atividade, a resolução de tombamento optou por manter as mineradoras no perímetro de tombamento. Entretanto, tal ato constitui-se numa contradição no âmbito da jurisprudência do tombamento. Este trabalho analisou as razões ambientais favoráveis ao tombamento e a eficácia desse instrumento de preservação; a importância mineral da Serra do Boturuna e as propostas de recuperação descritas nos Planos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas (PRADs) das mineradoras que atuam na região da Serra. Ao avaliar os principais atributos que conduziram ao tombamento da Serra, é possível afirmar que o ato do tombamento justifica a importância ambiental da região. A análise dos dados sobre a cobertura vegetal demonstrou que o tombamento foi eficaz para a preservação e o restabelecimento da cobertura florestal na área tombada. Porém, o impacto sobre o relevo, fruto da exploração minerária, interfere em outros objetivos do tombamento. O estágio atual da atividade e os métodos de lavra empregados comprometem um dos principais atributos que conduziram ao tombamento da Serra, a topografia. As propostas de recuperação topográfica, dificilmente, atribuirão um padrão paisagístico aceitável para as áreas mineradas na ANT. Porém, alguns PRADs pressupõem que a mineração contribuirá para a recuperação ambiental da região, em virtude do incremento de cobertura vegetal com espécies nativas numa área já degradada. Essa ênfase minimiza os efeitos da alteração topográfica e descaracteriza um dos principais fundamentos do tombamento: a preservação do relevo. Diante dessas características, a preservação ambiental da Serra deve pressupor ações de planejamento e de controle sobre a atividade de exploração mineral. / The creation of nature heritage area is a lawful form to protect the forest remainders and the landscapes Theses attributes helped to consider the mountain range of Boturuna, in São Paulo State, as a nature heritage. Its geomorphology structure and its vegetation are the condition to prominent of the mountain in the regional landscape. The forest remainders and the landscape structure fragile justified the creation this nature heritage by Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo (CONDEPHAAT). When the area was protected, the economic activity main was the mineral exploration. The technical opinion was unfavorable to this activity, by the law opted to maintain the mine companies in the protection area. In the meantime, this is a contradiction in the law. This work analyzed the favorable environment aspects to the establishment this nature heritage area, what was the efficiency this preservation instrument, the importance the mine activity in the mountain, and the suggestions the assessment of mine reclamation procedures. The attributes to the establishment this nature heritage justify the environment importance of region. The action to protect the area was efficient and helped the preservation and the vegetation cover restoration. However, the alteration on relief due to exploration activity mine created interferences in the protection objectives. The exploration methods caused a great deal of damage in the mountain topographic. Some recuperation planes describe that mine exploration will contribute to recuperation of the area, because will contribute to increase in vegetation cover with native species. It affirmation reduce the importance of topographic alteration cause by exploration mine. The mountain range preservation depends on planning actions and miner exploration control.

O problema da previsão da resistência ao escoamento em canais tem atraído a atenção dos engenheiros há longo tempo. Durante os últimos decênios a resistência ao escoamento em canais abertos de fundo fixo tem sido amplamente investigada, usando rugosidade artificial nas superfícies de canais experimentais. A adoção do coeficiente de rugosidade para um canal natural significa estimar a resistência de este ao escoamento. A utilização de um valor incorreto deste coeficiente pode ter grandes impactos na estimação da vazão e em conseqüência no dimensionamento dos projetos de obras hidráulicas. Apresenta-se, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, os métodos de cálculo para avaliação do coeficiente de rugosidade ou coeficiente de resistência, dando ênfase a aqueles desenvolvidos para canais naturais com rugosidade de grande escala, sem os efeitos do transporte de sedimentos. Em modelo físico avaliam-se os efeitos da distribuição, tamanho e forma dos elementos geométricos na resistência ao escoamento. Espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa proporcionem ao engenheiro os critérios necessários para a avaliação do coeficiente de rugosidade. Os métodos diretos de medição de vazões nos rios nem sempre podem ser levados a cabo em rios de montanha , especialmente na época de cheia, devido às grandes declividades (i>1%), material de grandes dimensões no leito (pedras, seixos, matacões), submersão relativa menor do que 1, condições estas de escoamento que podem ser perigosas para os equipamentos de medição. Em tais circunstâncias é necessário o uso de métodos indiretos. A aplicação das relações de resistência ao escoamento em rios de montanha torna-se difícil pelos escassos conhecimentos na avaliação do coeficiente de resistência. Faz-se uma comparação das diferentes formulações existentes da resistência ao escoamento com dados de um rio dos Andes peruanos, determinando-se uma equação de ajuste. / The flow resistance estimation problem in channels has attracted the engineer's attention for a long time. During the last decades the flow resistance in open channels with rigid bed has been research with the use of artificial roughness in bed flumes. Adapting a natural channel roughness coefficient means the estimation of the corresponding resistance to flow. The use of an incorrect value in this coefficient might produce a big impact in the discharge estimation, as well as in the hydraulic work project. The calculation methods to estimate the roughness coefficient or resistance coefficient are showed through this bibliographic research, attaching importance to those developed for channels with large scale roughness; this without the sediment transport effects into account. The distribution, size and shape effects of the geometric elements in the flow resistance are evaluated in a physical model. It is expected that the research results provide the engineer with the required criteria to estimate the roughness coefficient. The direct methods of the discharge measurement in rivers can not always take place in mountain rivers, owing to the following reasons: high gradients (i>1%), big dimension material (cobbles and boulders), relative submergence lower than unit; flow conditions that might be dangerous for the measuring equipment. Under these circumstances it is necessary the use of indirect methods. The application of flow resistance relations in mountain rivers turns very difficult, due to the limited knowledge in resistance coefficient evaluation. In the following research has been made a comparison of the different existing flow resistance equations in mountain rivers, for a river in the Peruvian Andes by establishing a fitting curve.

Esta tese compreende estudos filogenéticos e taxonômicos em Syngonanthus e em Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae). O capítulo I apresenta hipóteses filogenéticas, testando a monofilia dos gêneros, de suas seções e subgêneros, bem como suas relações com os demais gêneros de Paepalanthoideae. A partir dos resultados, as sinapomorfias morfológicas e as implicações taxonômicas e biogeográficas são avaliadas. 62 espécies foram incluídas no grupo interno e 15 no grupo externo. Os resultados mostram que Syngonanthus e Comanthera são ambos monofiléticos e irmãos, formando um clado irmão de Leiothrix. Comanthera subg. Comanthera e C. subg. Thysanocephalus também são monofiléticos e irmãos, entretanto Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus emerge polifilética, no interior de uma parafilética S. sect. Syngonanthus. O capítulo II revisa a taxonomia das 15 espécies anteriormente aceitas em Comanthera subg. Thysanocephalus, reconhecendo 9 espécies. Elevamos 1 variedade ao nível de espécie e descrevemos 1 nova espécie, propomos 18 novos sinônimos, efetuamos 3 lectotipificações e excluímos 4 táxons do subgênero. São apresentadas descrições do gênero, do subgênero e das espécies, chave de identificação, ilustrações e fotos, mapas de distribuição, listagem completa do material examinado, além de comentários diagnósticos, ecológicos e taxonômicos. O capítulo III apresenta uma sinopse de Syngonanthus, com lista completa de espécies e sinônimos. Excluímos 4 táxons do gênero, elevamos 7 variedades ao nível de espécie e propomos 1 combinação nova a nível de variedade. Propomos 75 novos sinônimos e efetuamos 42 lectotipificações. Finalmente, 106 espécies, 2 sub-espécies e 9 variedades são aqui aceitas, incluindo 176 sinônimos heterotípicos. Para cada espécie, apresentamos uma breve descrição da distribuição geográfica, além de caracterização morfológica e comentários taxonômicos / The present thesis concerns phylogenetic and taxonomic studies in Syngonanthus and Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae). Phylogenetic hypotheses are presented in Chapter I. The monophyly of both genera, their subgenera and sections are tested, and the relationships of Syngonanthus and Comanthera to the other genera in the Paepalanthoideae are evaluated. In light of a resolved phylogeny, we then discuss their taxonomy and supporting synapomorphies as well as the biogeographical implications. We included 62 species belonging to the ingroup and 15 belonging to the outgroup. Results show that Syngonanthus and Comanthera are both monophyletic and are sister groups, together forming a clade sister to Leiothrix. Comanthera subg. Comanthera and C. subg. Thysanocephalus are also monophyletic and sister. However, Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus emerges as polyphyletic, embedded within a paraphyletic S. sect. Syngonanthus. Chapter II is a taxonomic revision of Comanthera subg. Thysanocephalus. Nine species are recognized, a decrease from the 15 previously accepted. One variety is elevated at species status, 1 new species is described, 18 new synonyms are proposed, 3 lectotypes are designated and 4 taxa are excluded from the subgenus. Descriptions of the genus, subgenus and species were provided as well as an identification key, illustrations and photos, distribution maps, a complete list of examined material, and comments on diagnosis, ecology and taxonomy for each species. Chapter III consists of a synopsis of Syngonanthus, with a complete list of species and synonyms. Four taxa are excluded from the genus, 7 varieties are raised to species status, and 1 new combination is proposed. In addition, 42 lectotypes are designated and 75 new synonyms are proposed. In total, 106 species, 2 subspecies and 9 varieties are here accepted, including 176 heterotypic synonyms. We provide geographical, diagnostic and taxonomic comments for each species

O problema da previsão da resistência ao escoamento em canais tem atraído a atenção dos engenheiros há longo tempo. Durante os últimos decênios a resistência ao escoamento em canais abertos de fundo fixo tem sido amplamente investigada, usando rugosidade artificial nas superfícies de canais experimentais. A adoção do coeficiente de rugosidade para um canal natural significa estimar a resistência de este ao escoamento. A utilização de um valor incorreto deste coeficiente pode ter grandes impactos na estimação da vazão e em conseqüência no dimensionamento dos projetos de obras hidráulicas. Apresenta-se, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, os métodos de cálculo para avaliação do coeficiente de rugosidade ou coeficiente de resistência, dando ênfase a aqueles desenvolvidos para canais naturais com rugosidade de grande escala, sem os efeitos do transporte de sedimentos. Em modelo físico avaliam-se os efeitos da distribuição, tamanho e forma dos elementos geométricos na resistência ao escoamento. Espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa proporcionem ao engenheiro os critérios necessários para a avaliação do coeficiente de rugosidade. Os métodos diretos de medição de vazões nos rios nem sempre podem ser levados a cabo em rios de montanha , especialmente na época de cheia, devido às grandes declividades (i>1%), material de grandes dimensões no leito (pedras, seixos, matacões), submersão relativa menor do que 1, condições estas de escoamento que podem ser perigosas para os equipamentos de medição. Em tais circunstâncias é necessário o uso de métodos indiretos. A aplicação das relações de resistência ao escoamento em rios de montanha torna-se difícil pelos escassos conhecimentos na avaliação do coeficiente de resistência. Faz-se uma comparação das diferentes formulações existentes da resistência ao escoamento com dados de um rio dos Andes peruanos, determinando-se uma equação de ajuste. / The flow resistance estimation problem in channels has attracted the engineer's attention for a long time. During the last decades the flow resistance in open channels with rigid bed has been research with the use of artificial roughness in bed flumes. Adapting a natural channel roughness coefficient means the estimation of the corresponding resistance to flow. The use of an incorrect value in this coefficient might produce a big impact in the discharge estimation, as well as in the hydraulic work project. The calculation methods to estimate the roughness coefficient or resistance coefficient are showed through this bibliographic research, attaching importance to those developed for channels with large scale roughness; this without the sediment transport effects into account. The distribution, size and shape effects of the geometric elements in the flow resistance are evaluated in a physical model. It is expected that the research results provide the engineer with the required criteria to estimate the roughness coefficient. The direct methods of the discharge measurement in rivers can not always take place in mountain rivers, owing to the following reasons: high gradients (i>1%), big dimension material (cobbles and boulders), relative submergence lower than unit; flow conditions that might be dangerous for the measuring equipment. Under these circumstances it is necessary the use of indirect methods. The application of flow resistance relations in mountain rivers turns very difficult, due to the limited knowledge in resistance coefficient evaluation. In the following research has been made a comparison of the different existing flow resistance equations in mountain rivers, for a river in the Peruvian Andes by establishing a fitting curve.

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse) are a species of conservation concern in the rangelands of western North America due to their dramatic decline over the last half century. Effective conservation and management of sensitive species requires an understanding of how species respond to management actions. We examined two aspects of the reproductive phases of sage-grouse: nest predation, and habitat selection by female sage-grouse with chicks. In Chapter 1, we developed resource selection functions to assess the influence of mechanical treatments of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana) on habitat selection by greater sage-grouse with chicks. Post-treatment sage-grouse showed stronger selection for treatments and treatment edges than did pre-treatment sage-grouse. This altered pattern of selection by sage-grouse with broods suggests mechanical treatments may be a suitable way to increase use of mountain big sagebrush during the brooding period. In Chapter 2, we assessed the effect of habitat edges on nest predation of sage-grouse. The "edge effect" hypothesis states that habitat edges are associated with reduced nest success for birds. We tested the edge effect hypothesis using 155 nest locations from 114 sage-grouse. We derived edge metrics for 11 habitat cover types to determine which variables may have affected nest predation. We found support for the edge effect hypothesis in that nest predation increased with increasing edge density of paved roads. We provide evidence that the edge effect hypothesis may apply to greater sage-grouse and their habitats. Based on our results, we recommend minimizing disturbances that fragment critical nesting habitat of greater sage-grouse.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on student use of electronic information systems when teachers have been given instruction on their use. By providing teachers with a solid introduction to the technology, a handy reference book, and an easy-to-use evaluation tool, it is expected that they will incorporate information found on the internet into their lessons at least twice a month. In addition, teachers will allow students to access information on their own, provided computers and Internet access are available, at least once a month.