The theoretical and experimental investigations presented in this thesis are primarily related to the dynamic response of inelastic multi-storey building frames subjected to strong ground motions. The main purpose is to investigate, both analytically and experimentally, those aspects of the dynamic response characteristics which are of importance in aseismic design. In the first part of the thesis, the various parameters pertaining to the structural system are varied in a systematic manner and an assessment is made of the influence of this variation on the maximum response characteristics of the dynamic system. The second part of the thesis consists of an experimental investigation into the inelastic dynamic response of multi-storey frames. The comparison of experimentally obtained inelastic response and that predicted theoretically indicated a good agreement between the two. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Работа посвящена изучению работы сварных двутавров с гофрированной стенкой в качестве элементов многоэтажных рамных каркасов различного назначения. Проанализированы существующие практические решения таких конструкций, обобщены теоретические подходы и методики расчета изгибаемых и внецентренно-сжатых элементов с гофрированной стенкой. Приведен пример численного расчета многоэтажного рамного каркаса, состоящего из ригелей и колонн с гофрированными стенками. Разработаны узлы крепления элементов каркаса друг к другу и к смежным конструкциям. В рамках исследования установлено, что применение сварных двутавров с гофрированной стенкой позволяет снизить металлоемкость реализации решения как для ригелей, так и для колонн многоэтажных рам зданий без снижения требуемой несущей способности и эксплуатационной надежности конструкции. / Present work is devoted to the study of the operation of welded I-sections with a corrugated web as elements of multi-storey frame structures for various purposes. The existing practical solutions for such structures are analyzed, theoretical approaches and methods for calculating of bending and eccentrically compressed elements with a corrugated web are generalized. An example of a numerical calculation of a multi-storey frame structure consisting of girders and columns with corrugated webs is given. The joints for fastening the frame elements to each other and to adjacent structures have been developed. Within the framework of the study, it was found that the use of welded I-sections with a corrugated webs makes it possible to reduce the metal consumption of the solution as for girders and as columns of multi-storey building frames without reducing the required bearing capacity and operational reliability of the structure.

Работа посвящена изучению многослойных наружных ограждающих конструкций наружных стен многоэтажных жилых каркасных зданий. В современном строительстве такие конструкции выполняются как правило на основе блоков из ячеистого бетона (газозолобетонные блоки). Применение подобных решений оправдано благодаря своей тепловой эффективности. Однако дискуссионным остается вопрос о рациональности использования существующих решений стеновых ограждений, так как необходимость устройства нескольких слоев из различных конструкционных материалов приводит к увеличению трудоемкости возведения. Кроме того, многослойные решения наружных стен зданий предъявляют повышенные требования к качеству выполнения работ, к качеству решений по обеспечению совместной работы нескольких разнообразных по физическим параметрам слоев, и порой такие решения снижают эксплуатационную надежность стенового ограждения, что, к сожалению, нередко приводит к авариям и обрушениям конструкций. Основным вопросом, решенным в исследовании является нахождение наименее трудозатратного варианта ограждающей конструкции, который бы имел сопоставимые с существующими стенами характеристики, а также снижал вероятность ошибки при сооружении наружных стен, которые могут приводить к авариям конструкций. / Present work is devoted to the study of multilayer external enclosing structures of external walls of multi-storey residential frame buildings. In modern construction, such structures are usually made on the basis of aerated concrete blocks. The use of such solutions is justified due to its thermal efficiency. However, the question of the rationality of using existing solutions for wall fences remains debatable, since the need to install several layers of various structural materials leads to an increase in the complexity of construction. In addition, multilayer solutions for the outer walls of buildings place increased requirements for the quality of in place works and overall construction technical quality to ensure the proper action of joints consisted of several layers with various physical parameters, and sometimes such solutions reduce the operational reliability of the wall enclosure, which, unfortunately, often leads to accidents and collapse of structures. The main issue solved in the study is to find the least labor-intensive version of the enclosing structure, which would have characteristics comparable to existing walls, and also reduce the likelihood of errors in the construction of external walls, which can lead to structural failures.

Didėjant šiluminės energijos ir kuro sąnaudoms, jų taupymas darosi aktualus daugeliui vartotojų. Vis daugiau žmonių domisi energijos taupymo priemonėmis gyvenamuose namuose. Ne tik privačių namų, bet ir privatizuotų butų savininkai daugiabučiuose namuose besikurdami į bendriją, imasi konkrečių veiksmų pastatų šilumos nuostoliams mažinti. Jiems svarbi ne tik finansinė parama, bet ir techninė bei informacinė pagalba. Energijos suvartojimas pastatams šildyti priklauso nuo šalies klimato ypatumų, energetinių resursų įsigijimo galimybių ir kainų, statybos tradicijų ir aplinkosaugos reikalavimų. Energetinių sąnaudų mažinimas gyvenamiesiems pastatams šildyti svarbus ne tik ekonominiu, bet ir ekologiniu požiūriu. Namų modernizavimas pagerina gyvenimo komforto parametrus. Pastato modernizacijos tikslas – padaryti pastatą ekonomiškesnį, komfortiškesnį ir taip pailginti jo eksplotacijos laiką bei padidinti vertę. Šiame darbe pateikiami duomenys apie pastatų atitvarinių konstrukcijų defektus, jų įvertinimo būdus, pastatų šiluminės modernizacijos technologijas ir ekonominę naudą, tyrimų metodus, pastatų konstrukcijose vykstančius šilumos ir masės mainų procesus, įvertinus jų poveikį pastatui. Darbą suraro 97 puslapiai, 55 paveikslai, 11 lentelių, 43 literatūros šaltiniai, priedai. / With the increase of thermal energy and fuel costs, saving is becoming an important issue for many consumers. More and more people are taking an interest in energy – saving measures in their living quarters. Not only owners of private houses but private flat owners in a multi-storey block of flats when setting up a society/community tend to take concrete action to reduce heat losses. They take an interest not only in posssible financial support but also in technical and information assistance. The energy consumption for heating buildings depends on the specific factors of a given country, the possibilities of acquiring energy resources and its price, the building traditions and environmental requirements. Reducing energy costs for heating residential buildings is an important economical and environmental issue. Modernizing houses improves life quality standards. The aim of modernising a building – to make the building more economically efficient, more comfortable and to prolong its lifecycle also to increase its value. This paper presents data on box construction building defects, their assessment methods, thermal modernizing technology and economic benefits, research methods, the heat and mass exchange processes occurring in building constructions, having assessed their impact on the building. Thesis consist of: 97 p. text, 55 pictures, 11 tables, 43 bibliographical entries, references.

Pastatu apšiltinimas, renovacija nagrin(jama jau daug metu, tai aktuali tema daugelyje šaliu. Renovuotuose pastatuose maž(ja šilumos suvartojimas, did(ja busto kaina. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti šilumos taupymo daugiabuciame pastate galimybes gerinant atitvaru charakteristikas, galimybiu analizei taikant ArchiCad EcoDesigner programini paketa, nustatyti programos galimybes, parenkant renovuojamu pastatu atitvaru charakteristikas. Pastatams pritaikomi trys energijos taupymo paketai: standartinis, vidutinis ir maksimalus, paketai lyginami tarpusavyje. Darba sudaro 6 dalys: ivadas, trys skyriai, išvados ir literaturos sarašas. Darbo apimtis - 69 puslapiu be priedu, 68 paveikslas, 11 lenteliu, 35 literaturos šaltiniai. / House heating and renovation has been the topic of research for many years and is an important issue in many countries today. House renovation brings savings over a certain period of time and it is very important that the resident would feel the benefits. The purpose of this work is to identify heat saving posibilities in multi-storey houses by bettering the characteristics of external house walls, comparing them to the ones of houses under renovation and by using the ArchiCad EcoDesigner software package for the possibility analysis establishing the capabilities of the software package. The houses are introduced with three energy saving packages: standard, medium and maximal, the packages are compared with each other as well. The work consists of 6 parts: Introduction, Three chapters, conclussion and the bibliography. The volume of the work- 69 pages without apendixes, 60 picture, 9 tables, 35 bibliography.

<p>Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise.</p><p>Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully.</p><p>The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest.</p><p>The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units.</p><p>Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.</p>

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe yra sprendžiama teisės aktais reglamentuoto, tačiau Lietuvoje pasyviai įgyvendinamo daugiabučių pastatų modernizavimo, panaudojant atsinaujinančius energijos išteklius (šiuo atveju saulės energiją), problema. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti maksimalias saulės energijos sistemų panaudojimo galimybes, modernizuojant daugiabučius pastatus, įrodant tokių sistemų tinkamumą esamoms Lietuvos klimatinėms sąlygoms. Susipažinus su esama pasirinktos krypties padėtimi, apžvelgus kitose šalyse įgyvendintus saulės energijos sistemų panaudojimo daugiabučiuose pastatuose sprendimus, galimus tokių sistemų analizės metodus, pasirinktas tyrimo būdas – naujų sistemų modeliavimas. Reikalingų duomenų kaupimas apėmė ne tik literatūros apžvalgą, faktinių duomenų sisteminimą, bet ir realiai veikiančios saulės sistemos stebėseną, parametrų fiksavimą bei jų analizę. Naudojant licenzijuotą modeliavimo programą, tiriamajam objektui, esančiam Birštone, sukurtas energinės analizės modelis, kurio rezultatai vėliau panaudoti ekonominiuose bei pirminės energijos srautų skaičiavimuose. Išanalizavus 7 skirtingus scenarijus, kuriuose tarpusavy derinamos dvi saulės energijos sistemos – saulės kolektoriai ir saulės elementai – pagrįsta tezė, jog saulės energija gali būti sėkmingai, tiek energiniu, tiek ekonominiu požiūriu, naudojama Lietuvos klimatinėmis sąlygomis. Įdiegus šias sistemas į daugiabučius pastatus juos renovuojant ir taip bent iš dalies atsisakant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This final master thesis is dealing with the problem that concerns passive RES (in this case solar energy) application in the multi-storey buildings’ modernization process in Lithuania, although it is regulated by legal acts. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate all the possibilities of maximal possible solar energy gain application in in the multi-storey buildings’ modernization process and to prove, that such systems are suitable for Lithuania’s climate conditions. Based on acquaintance with present situation of analysed area, overview of similar already embodied projects in the other countries, possible analysis methods of solar energy systems, for further analysis modelling of new systems was chosen. Collection of the data, needed for modelling, involved not only overview of literature or processing of actual parameters data series, but also monitoring and analysis of already operating solar energy system with flat-plate solar collectors that is used for domestic hot water preparation. For the object of analysis in Birštonas town, by using licenced program, the model of energy was created. Final modelling results were used in further economic and primary energy related calculations. In total 7 different scenarios, comprising two main active solar energy systems – solar collectors and photovoltaics – were analysed. The results validated the statement, that solar energy can be successfully employed in old multi-storey buildings’ refurbishment in Lithuania based on both... [to full text]

Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise. Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully. The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest. The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units. Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.

The Master’s thesis concerns a design of load bearing multi-storey steel construction of scientific institution in Brno. This thesis contains three different solutions of a draft proposal and for the elected solution is processed technical report, structural analysis, material list and drawings.

This diploma thesis deals with design of Multipurpose building located in the proximty of the town Popůvky u Brna. This buidling consists of 3 seperate structures. The first structure SO01 is intendet to be used for manufacturing an storage purposes. It is steel warehouse with plane dimensions 69,5 x 44 m. Height in the top is 10,4 m. The second structure SO02 is a 3 - storey steel building given up to office building. It's plane dimensions are 24,85x14,00 m. Height in the top is 10,69 m. The third structure SO03 is designed from timber and it's purpose is to serve as the company's showroom. It's plane dimensions are 20,08 x 21,05 m. Height in the top is 10,69 m.