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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Alocação adaptativa de banda e controle de fluxos de tráfego de redes utilizando sistemas Fuzzy e modelagem multifractal / Adaptive bandwidth allocation and traffic flow control using fuzzy systems and multifractal modeling

Cardoso, Alisson Assis 26 June 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-24T21:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 finalfinal.pdf: 9639130 bytes, checksum: f602829a491b238a34d40c598dc5893a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-25T10:32:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 finalfinal.pdf: 9639130 bytes, checksum: f602829a491b238a34d40c598dc5893a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-25T10:32:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 finalfinal.pdf: 9639130 bytes, checksum: f602829a491b238a34d40c598dc5893a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Inthispaperweproposeafuzzymodel,calledFuzzyLMScomAutocorrela¸c˜aoMultifractal, whose weights are updated according to information from multifractal traffic modeling. These weights are calculated by incorporating an analytical expression for the autocorrelation function of a multifractal model in the training algorithm of the fuzzy model that is based on the Wiener-Hopf filter. We evaluate the prediction performance of the proposed network traffic prediction algorithm with respect to other predictors. Further, we propose a bandwidth allocation scheme for network traffic based on the fuzzy prediction algorithm. Comparisons with other bandwidth allocation schemes in terms of byte loss rate, link utilization, buffer occupancy and average queue size verifies the efficiency of the proposed scheme. Also, We propose an other adaptive fuzzy algorithm, called Fuzzy-LMS-OBF com alfa adaptivo , for traffic flow control described by theβMWM model. The proposed algorithm uses Orthonormal Basis Functions (OBF) and its training based on the LMS algorithm. We also present an expression for the optimal traffic source rate derived from Fuzzy LMS. Then, we evaluate the performance of the Fuzzy-LMS-OBF com alfa adaptivo algorithm with respect to other methods. Through simulations, we show that the proposed control scheme is benefited from the superior performance of the proposed fuzzy algorithm. Comparisons with other methods in terms of mean and variance of the queue size in the buffer, Utilization rate of the link, Loss rate and Throughput are presented. / Neste trabalho propomos um modelo fuzzy, nomeado Fuzzy LMS com Autocorrela¸c˜ao Multifractal, cujos pesos s˜ao calculados atrav´es de informa¸c˜oes provindas da an´alise multifractal de s´eries temporais. Esses pesos s˜ao encontrados incorporando uma express˜ao anal´ıtica para a fun¸c˜ao de autocorrela¸c˜ao de um modelo multifractal no algoritmo de treinamento do modelo fuzzy que tem como base o filtro de Wiener-Hopf. Avaliamos ent˜ao o desempenho de predi¸c˜ao de tr´afego de redes do modelo fuzzy proposto adaptativo com rela¸c˜ao a outros preditores. Em seguida, propomos um esquema de aloca¸c˜ao de banda para tr´afego de redes baseado no algoritmo Fuzzy LMS com Autocorrela¸c˜ao Multifractal. Compara¸c˜oes com outros esquemas de aloca¸c˜ao de banda em termos de taxa de perda de bytes, utiliza¸c˜ao do enlace, ocupa¸c˜ao do buffer e tamanho m´edio da fila comprovam a eficiˆencia do algoritmo no esquema utilizado. Al´em disso, propomos um outro algoritmo fuzzy adaptativo para controle de fluxos de tr´afego que podem ser descritos pelo modelo multifractalβMWM, que chamamos de Fuzzy-LMS-OBF com alfa adaptivo, o qual utiliza Fun¸c˜oes de Bases Ortonormal (FBO) e tem como base de treinamento, o algoritmo LMS. Propomos tamb´em uma equa¸c˜ao para c´alculo da taxa ´otima de controle derivada do modelo Fuzzy LMS. Em seguida, avaliamos o desempenho do algoritmo de controle adaptativo proposto com rela¸c˜ao a outros m´etodos. Atrav´es de simula¸c˜oes, mostramos que os esquemas de controle e aloca¸c˜ao de taxa se favorecem do desempenho dos algoritmos fuzzy adaptativos propostos. Compara¸c˜oes com outros m´etodos em termos de tamanho m´edio e variˆancia da fila no buffer, Taxa de Utiliza¸c˜ao do enlace e Vaz˜ao s˜ao apresentadas.
42

Percola??o convencional, percola??o correlacionada e percola??o por invas?o num suporte multifractal

Moreira, Darlan Ara?jo 10 March 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DarlanAM.pdf: 1159480 bytes, checksum: d201bf0e3558be6b14b14c9a86a46f20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / In this work we have studied the problem of percolation in a multifractal geometric support, in its different versions, and we have analysed the conection between this problem and the standard percolation and also the connection with the critical phenomena formalism. The projection of the multifractal structure into the subjacent regular lattice allows to map the problem of random percolation in the multifractal lattice into the problem of correlated percolation in the regular lattice. Also we have investigated the critical behavior of the invasion percolation model in this type of environment. We have discussed get the finite size effects / Nesta disserta??o estudamos o problema da percola??o num suporte geom?trico multifractal, em suas diferentes vers?es, e analisamos a conex?o deste problema com a percola??o convencional e com o formalismo dos fen?menos cr?ticos. A proje??o da estrutura multifractal numa rede regular subjacente permite mapear o problema da percola??o aleat?ria no multifractal num problema de percola??o correlacionada numa rede regular. Tamb?m investigamos o comportamento cr?tico do modelo da percola??o por invas?o neste tipo de ambiente e discutimos a quest?o do efeito de tamanho finito
43

Algoritmo de Policiamento de Tráfego para Redes OFDM/TDMA WiMAX Baseado em Modelagem Multifractal e Cálculo de Rede / Network Traffic policing Algorithm to OFDM/ TDMA WiMAX Based in Multifractal Models and Network Calculus

SANTOS JUNIOR, Josemar Alves dos 29 September 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_mestrado_josemar.pdf: 1807801 bytes, checksum: b47a17ed3732deb7f34a3e310ec05477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-29 / The multifractal modeling is more appropriate in describing some features finding in traffic flows in real networks than other models. This work investigates the behavior of the traffic modeling based policing algorithms found in the literature (Leaky Bucket, Fractal Leaky Bucket, Gaussian Multifractal Leaky Bucket) regarding the buffer utilization, the efficiency for the use of buffer efficiency in describing the accumulated traffic (envelope process), packet dropping and data loss (bytes). First, we compare the envelope process of the considered policing algorithms and the proposed algorithm MAPM (Multifractal Arrival Policing Mechanism), with traffic without policing. Next, it was calculated the system loss rate for a finity buffer system with and without policing algoritm. Using the deterministic Network Calculus, it is also estimated the average queue length (backlog) and delay of bytes by applying the concept of the Min-Plus algebra that presents some differences against the conventional algebra. The proposed policing algorithm was applied to a transmission system based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) / TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access) system, where it was evaluated the network performance of the considered policing algorithms. Simulations were carried out with real wireless network trace (Wi-Fi) and wired network trace in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm proposed in relation to policing algorithms in the literature. The simulations shown the efficiency of the MAPM policing algorithm with traces from wired and wireless networks. We also propose the use of deterministic Network Calculus associated to multifractal envelope process to analyze the traffic behavior in terms of delay and backlog before policing algorithms application in the network. Finally we present the results of buffer utilization, link utilization, delay and backlog to a WiMAX system where the policing algorithm MAPM in general shown delay and backlog increasing in the traffic compared with anothers algorithms and low link utilization / A modelagem multifractal tem se mostrado mais apropriada para descrever algumas características encontradas nos fluxos de tráfego de redes reais que outros modelos, tais como o modelo de Poisson e Markov. Este trabalho investiga o comportamento dos algoritmos de policiamento baseados em modelagem de tráfego (Balde Furado, Balde Furado Fractal, Balde Furado Multifractal Gaussiano) em relação à utilização do buffer, eficiência em descrever o tráfego acumulado (processo envelope) e descarte de pacotes e perda de dados (bytes). Primeiramente, compara-se o processo envelope dos algoritmos de policiamento considerados e do algoritmo proposto neste trabalho, o MAPM (Multifractal Arrival Policing Mechanism), com o tráfego sem policiamento. Em seguida, a taxa de perda em um enlace simples com buffer finito com e sem algoritmo de policiamento é calculada. Utilizando o Cálculo de Rede Determinístico, estima-se o tamanho da fila (backlog) e retardo (delay) de bytes, conforme o conceito da álgebra Min-Plus. O algoritmo de policiamento proposto foi aplicado em um sistema de transmissão OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) / TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access) baseado no sistema WiMAX simplificado, onde se avaliou o desempenho da rede com os algoritmos de policiamento considerados. Realizam-se simulações com séries reais de tráfego de redes sem fio (Wi-Fi) e de redes com fio a fim de demonstrar a eficiência do algoritmo proposto em relação aos algoritmos de policiamento encontrados na literatura. As simulações realizadas evidenciam a eficiência do algoritmo MAPM em policiar séries reais de tráfego de redes com fio e redes sem fio. Propôs-se também, a utilização do Cálculo de Rede Determinístico associado ao processo envelope multifractal para se analisar o comportamento do tráfego em termos de retardo e backlog após a aplicação dos algoritmos de policiamento de rede. Por fim, são apresentados os resultados de retardo, backlog, utilização média do buffer e utilização do enlace para um sistema WiMAX onde o algoritmo de policiamento MAPM que apresentou em geral, acréscimo no retardo e backlog do tráfego em relação aos outros algoritmos e baixa utilização do enlace.
44

Alocação de recursos em redes sem fio OFDM multiusuário utilizando modelagem multifractal adaptativa / Resource allocation for multiuser OFDM wireless networks based on adaptive multifractal modeling

Rocha, Flávio Geraldo Coelho 22 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T13:58:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T16:59:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In this work, in order to describe network traffic characteristics, such as long-range dependence among samples, self-similarity and multiscale behavior, we propose a Multifractal Adaptive Model based on a multiscale cascade in the Wavelet Domain. We compare the proposed model performance with those of other models presented in the literature. It is also proposed an envelope process for the network traffic that takes into account parameters of the Multifractal Adaptive Model. Furthermore, we derive an equation in order to estimate the buffer overflow probability for both a simplified communication system with a single server, single queue and finite buffer, and to a wireless network multiuser scenario based on OFDM technology. To this end, we consider the service curve of the round-robin scheduling algorithm of the OFDM network. Taking into account the envelope process and the service curve we obtain, through the Network Calculus theory, the maximum delay experienced by users of the OFDM network. Moreover, assuming a similar network scenario to an LTE network, we propose a joint channel-aware and queue-aware resource scheduling algorithm. Based on the presented scheduler, we propose a minimum service curve for the LTE user and through this we propose an approach to accomplish maximum delay guarantee. / Neste trabalho, com o objetivo de descrever características do tráfego de redes, tais como longa-dependência entre amostras, autossimilaridade e comportamento multiescala, propõe-se um Modelo Multifractal Adaptativo baseado em uma cascata multiescala no domínio Wavelet. O desempenho do modelo proposto é comparado a outros modelos presentes na literatura. Também é proposto um processo envelope para o tráfego de redes que leva em consideração parâmetros do Modelo Multifractal Adaptativo proposto. Além disso, deduz-se uma equação para o cálculo da probabilidade de transbordo do buffer, tanto para um sistema de comunicação simplificado com servidor único, fila única e buffer finito, quanto para um ambiente multiusuário de rede sem fio baseado na tecnologia OFDM. Para tanto, utiliza-se a curva de serviço do escalonador round-robin da rede OFDM. Utilizando-se do processo envelope e da curva de serviço, obtém-se por meio do Cálculo de Rede a estimativa para o retardo máximo experimentado pelos usuários da rede OFDM. Em seguida, assume-se um ambiente de rede similar ao de uma rede LTE e propõe-se para essa rede um escalonador de recursos sensível às condições do canal de comunicação e à probabilidade de transbordo do buffer. Com base no escalonador apresentado, propõe-se uma curva de serviço mínima para o usuário da rede LTE e por meio dessa, propõe-se uma abordagem para garantia de retardo.
45

Contributions à la modélisation des données financières à hautes fréquences / No English title available

Fauth, Alexis 26 May 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein de l’entreprise Invivoo. L’objectif principal était de trouver des stratégies d’investissement : avoir un gain important et un risque faible. Les travaux de recherche ont été principalement portés par ce dernier point. Dans ce sens, nous avons voulu généraliser un modèle fidèle à la réalité des marchés financiers, que ce soit pour des données à basse comme à haute fréquence et, à très haute fréquence, variation par variation. / No English summary available.
46

An introduction to multifractal geometry of wave sea states on the west and south-east coasts of South Africa

MacHutchon, Keith Robert 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: All of the Ports along the South African coastline are subject to bound infragravity wave action to a greater or lesser degree, for example, at the Ports of Saldanha Bay on the west coast and Ngqura on the south-east coast. Saldanha Bay harbour principally services loose- and liquid-bulk carriers and the Ngqura harbour mainly services container ships. The long wave actions when severe cause moorings to be broken, ships to leave the quay and loading to stop. This research has confirmed that the sea surface is a multifractal structure characterised by many singularities ranging from highly irregular or rough features to smooth or calm features. Any wave train is comprised of the full range of these features to various degrees and in varying percentages of occupancy. Notwithstanding this problem, relatively little is known about them in the South African context due to the fact that they cannot be visually detected and specialised, sophisticated equipment is required to physically measure them. The country is currently planning the development of a new port and the expansion of others for larger ships. Under these circumstances this research is seen to be appropriate from the point of view of obtaining a new method for the characterisation of these hazardous wave conditions. The objective of the research was achieved. This was to identify a set of fractal dimensions that describe the surface geometry of a hazardous bound infragravity wave sea state. In order to achieve the objective, a set of fractal dimensions was firstly determined from video imagery of an open water wave field, by analysing a set of single point time series data derived from the imagery. This has been done in order to be able to visually compare the derived set of fractal dimensions with video imagery of the sea surface that they represent. It also has the advantage of proving that fractal methods of analysis are applicable for the study of sea surface single point time series data. Secondly, periods when long wave action occurs at both Saldanha Bay and Ngqura harbours were identified by the presence of their actions in the harbours. Thirdly, single point time series data recorded by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) were obtained during the identified periods as well as two days before these times and fractal sets of dimensions for the periods were determined. This was achieved by means of the following methods of analysis: ● The rescaled range (R/S) method, ● The Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MDFA) method, ● The Power Spectral Density (PSD) method in both the Fourier and the wavelet domains, and ● The Wavelet Transform method. Fourthly, the fractal data sets from each harbour were compared to confirm that the sets of dimensions for the hazardous sea state are clearly different from those of the non-hazardous sea state and can be used to describe the condition. Finally, the fractal sets of dimensions for hazardous sea states at both harbours were compared to identify any variances between them. During the research it was found that a hazardous sea state could be profiled for identification purposes and for complementing the currently determined significant wave height and peak period details by means of fractal indices. These indices were identified by comparison with a similar set of indices for nonhazardous sea states at the same location, as part of a ‘calibration’ process and clearly identified shifts in the Holder exponents of the sea states enabled the unambiguous identification of the hazardous condition. Having completed the research and analysis work, the author has identified other areas of coastal engineering, besides the identification of hazardous bound infragravity wave sea states, where a study of multifractal geometry could be applied advantageously. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alle hawens langs Suid Afrika se kuslyn is tot ‘n meerdere of mindere mate onderworpe aan gebonde infragravitasie golf aksie. Hierdie probleem is egter veral straf by die hawens van Saldanhabaai aan die weskus en Ngqura, aan die suidooskus. Saldanhabaai voorsien dienste hoofsaaklik aan massa draers van los stowwe en vloeistof, terwyl Ngqura hoofsaaklik houerskepe bedien. Die lang golf aksies veroorsaak dat ankertoue breek en die skepe die kaai verlaat, sodat laai van die skepe tot stilstand kom. In die loop van hierdie navorsing is gevind dat die seevlak ‘n multifraktale struktuur is, met singulariteitseienskappe wat wissel van hoogs onreëlmatig of rowwe eienskappe tot gladde, reëlmatige eienskappe. Enige golfreeks behels die volle omvang van hierdie eienskappe in verskillende grade en wisselende teenwoordigheids persentasies. Die navorsing is gefokus op die geometrie van gebonde infragravitasie golfaksie seetoestande, wat oral langs die Suid Afrikaanse kuslyn voorkom, en in twee hawens ‘n beduidende bedreiging vir vasgemaakte skepe is. Ondanks die probleem, is min bekend oor hierdie toestande in Suid Afrikaanse konteks, omdat hulle nie visueel bespeur kan word nie en spesiale gesofistikeerde gereedskap nodig is om hulle fisies te kan meet. Daar word tans beplan om ‘n nuwe hawe te ontwikkel, wat hierdie navorsing veral gepas maak, met die doel om ‘n meer volledige beskrywing van hierdie bedreigende golftoestande te weeg te bring. Die doel van die navorsing is om ‘n stel fraktale dimensies te identifiseer wat die oppervlakgeometrie van ‘n bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf-seetoestand omskryf. Hierdie dimensies kan dan gebruik word om ‘n indentifiserende profiel van die seetoestand te teken om die inligting tans beskikbaar oor beduidende golfhoogte en piektye, aan te vul. Om hierdie doel te bereik is ‘n stel fraktale dimensies eerstens bepaal deur middel van videobeelding van ‘n oopwater golfveld. ‘n Stel enkelpunt tydserie data, afgelei van die beelding, word dan ge-analiseer. Dit het visuele vergelyking tussen die afgeleide stel fraktale dimensies en die videobeelding van die seevlak wat dit verteenwoordig het, moontlik gemaak. ‘n Verdere voordeel is dat dit bewys het dat fraktale analisemetodes toepaslik is vir die bestudering van seevlak enkelpunt tydreeks data. Tweedens is die tye wanneer lang golfaksie teenwoordig was in die hawens by Saldanha en Ngqura, vasgestel deur die uitwerking daarvan in die hawens. Derdens is enkelpunt tydreeks data wat deur die WNNR aangeteken is vir die vasgestelde tydperke, sowel as twee dae voor elke tydperk, verkry en is fraktale dimensiestelle vir elke tydperk vasgestel. Vierdens is die fraktale datastelle van albei die hawens vergelyk om te bevestig dat die stelle dimensies vir bedreigende seetoestande duidelik verskil van die vir niebedreigende toestande, en dus geskik is om die seetoestand te beskryf. Ten slotte is die fraktale dimensiestelle vir bedreigende seetoestande in die twee hawens vergelyk om enige verskille tussen hulle te bepaal. Na voltooiing van die navorsing en analise is ander gebiede van kusingenieurswese behalwe die bepaling van bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf seetoestande, identifiseer waar multifraktale geometrie ook tot voordeel aangewend kan word.
47

Analyse 2-microlocale et application au débruitage

Echelard, Antoine 28 November 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Afin d'analyser des signaux dont la régularité varie, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des outils caractérisant leur comportement en un point.<br /><br />La frontière 2-microlocale donne un point de vue général sur ces outils. A chaque point du domaine de définition d'une fonction est associée une courbe qui caractérise de façon complète sa régularité en ce point. Nous rappelons dans une première partie sa définition et ses propriétés.<br /><br />Dans la deuxième partie, nous en donnons une forme "temporelle" qui permet de la considérer comme une généralisation naturelle des exposants de Hölder. Nous montrons ses propriétés directement à partir de cette expression. Nous introduisons également un spectre 2-microlocal en temps qui facilite son calcul et traitons quelques exemples.<br /><br />Dans la troisième partie, nous explicitons un cadre commun au le spectre 2-microlocal et au spectre multifractal. Nous montrons dans ce cadre commun des résultats nouveaux concernant leur prescription. <br /><br />Dans une quatrième partie, nous appliquons l'analyse 2-microlocale au débruitage de signaux. Nous proposons une méthode permettant de retrouver la régularité globale, puis une méthode permettant de retrouver le spectre 2-microlocal initial en un point, et d'éviter ainsi les oscillations. Les méthodes de débruitages sont illustrées par des applications numériques sur des fonctions classiques.<br /><br />Enfin, nous exposons dans la dernière partie un travail, de nature appliquée, effectué en collaboration avec l'ENILIA Surgères : il s'agit de l'application d'outils fractals décrivant la régularité globale à la classification automatique d'images microscopiques de beurre.
48

Multifraktální analýza cen benzínu a motorové nafty v České republice / Multifractal analysis of petrol and diesel prices in the Czech Republic

Baletka, Martin January 2013 (has links)
This thesis examines scaling properties of petrol and diesel prices in the Czech Republic and a crude oil price over the period from January 2004 to February 2013. Using generalised Hurst exponent and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis techniques we find out that crude oil market is efficient, do not contain long memory and the returns exhibit monofractal behaviour. On the other hand, petrol and diesel markets in the Czech Republic are not efficient, because their returns contain long-range dependence in autocorrelations and exhibit multifractal behaviour caused mostly by fat-tailed distribution. Thus, fuels can be modelled by complex methods like Markov switching multifractal model. JEL Classification C15, C16, C46 Keywords petrol, diesel, crude oil, long memory, multifrac- tality, GHE, MF-DFA Author's e-mail martin.baletka@ies-prague.org Supervisor's e-mail kristoufek@ies-prague.org Abstrakt Tato práce zkoumá škálování cen benzínu a motorové nafty v České repub- lice a ceny ropy na datech v období od ledna 2004 do února 2013. Použitím metod zobecněného Hurstova exponentu a multifraktální detrendované fluk- tuační analýzy jsme zjistili, že trh s ropou je efektivní, bez přítomnosti dlouhé paměti v autokorelacích a výnosy na trhu s ropou vykazují monofraktální...
49

Approche multifractale de la modélisation stochastique en hydrologie

CHAOUCHE, Keltoum 04 January 2001 (has links) (PDF)
La plupart des séries d'observations hydrologiques possèdent des caractéristiques peu communes (grande variabilité sur une large gamme d'échelles spatiales et temporelles, périodicité, corrélation temporelle à faible décroissance), difficiles à mesurer (séries tronquées et intégrées sur des pas de temps qui ne respectent pas la nature du phénomène) et compliquées à intégrer dans un modèle stochastique classique (ARMA, Markov). Le modélisateur doit aussi faire face aux problèmes liés à l'échelle : en hydrologie (et en météorologie) où les données sont issues de pas de temps très divers, il est particulièrement intéressant de disposer de modèles à la fois capable d'intégrer des données à pas de temps différents et de fournir des résultats à un pas de temps différent de celui des entrées (désagrégation ou agrégation de séries temporelles).Ce travail de thèse explore les possibilités d'application d'un nouveau type de modèle, les modèles multifractals, qui traduisent le plus simplement possible des propriétés d'invariance de certains paramètres (invariance spatiale, temporelle ou spatio-temporelle). En particulier, dans les modèles de cascades multifractales de générateur algébrique, c'est le coefficient de décroissance algébrique qui est un invariant d'échelle. Des résultats issus de la théorie probabiliste des valeurs extrêmes sont dès lors très utiles pour estimer ce paramètre. L'élaboration d'un outil statistique capable de détecter un comportement algébrique et d'estimer le paramètre de décroissance algébrique constitue une étape préalable au développement de cette thèse. Il est aussi montré dans ce travail, que la forme de dépendance (longue ou courte) des modèles en cascade multifractale diffère selon le générateur de la cascade.<br />L'étude exploite une base de données de 232 séries annuelles de divers sites, de nombreuses séries de pluie à divers pas de temps (mois, jour, heure, minute) ainsi que quelques séries de débits. Elle conduit aux résultats suivants :<br />- Les lois de type algébrique sont adaptées à la modélisation des grandes périodes de retour des séries de pluie étudiées.<br />- Sur ces mêmes séries, le coefficient de décroissance algébrique est un paramètre invariant d'échelle (sur des gammes d'échelles supérieures à l'heure).<br />- L'estimation de ce coefficient en divers sites à travers le monde est très peu variable.<br />- La propriété de longue dépendance est décelable au sein de certaines séries de débits, notamment des séries de rivières sur craie.<br />Ces résultats incitent donc à l'emploi de cascades multifractales pour la modélisation des séries de pluie, bien qu'un travail concernant la détection et l'estimation de longue dépendance reste à accomplir pour que le choix du générateur respecte la forme de dépendance de la série.
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De la méso-échelle à la micro-échelle : désagrégation spatio-temporelle multifractale des précipitations

Biaou, Angelbert 13 December 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Le passage de la méso-échelle, échelle des modèles de circulation générale GCM, de l'anglais "General Circulation Models", à la micro-échelle (échelle hydrologique), pour les précipitations, est un exercice assez complexe. Les champs de précipitations comme la plupart des champs géophysiques turbulents obéissent au concept d'invariance d'échelle, qui est une caractéristique principale des champs multifractals. Par ailleurs, il a été prouvé que le transfert d'énergie des grosses structures aux plus petites structures au sein d'un phénomène géophysique turbulent s'effectue de façon multiplicative (Kolmogorov, 1962; Mandelbrot, 1974 ...): un facteur aléatoire déterminant la fraction de flux transmis d'un gros tourbillon à un plus petit. Le travail que nous présentons ici s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet EDF "Prévisions saisonnières et Hydraulicité" dans la gestion de son parc hydroélectrique et a pour objectif la construction d'un modèle de désagrégation basé sur le principe d'invariance d'échelle des champs de précipitation, donc utilisant les propriétés des champs géophysiques mentionnées ci-dessus. Dans un premier temps, nous conduisons une analyse multifractale (Schertzer et Lovejoy , 1991) sur des séries pluviométriques de la France (243 séries pluviométriques au pas de temps de six minutes, constituées sur une dizaine d'années distribuées sur la France métropolitaine), ce qui nous permet de déduire les paramètres multifractals, dans le temps, dans l'espace ou dans le cas spatio-temporel. La seconde étape consiste à construire des cascades multifractales, à partir des valeurs saisonnières de pluies avec les paramètres déterminés dans la première étape. Le principe de cette deuxième partie consiste, à partir d'une prévision mensuelle sur des mailles de dimensions 243km×243km×32jours (correspondant à une anisotropie espace-temps de l'ordre de H=2/3 :x=y=t (3/2) ) voisines de celles des modèles de circulation générale (dimensions de l'ordre de 250km×250km×30jours) et à conduire la cascade multifractale, avec les paramètres multifractals préalablement déterminés, pour atteindre des valeurs de prévision sur des mailles de l'ordre de 1km×1km×1j. Les résultats obtenus devront faire l'objet d'un conditionnement orographique avant d'être comparés avec les valeurs réelles obtenues.

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