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Ungefär 30 miljoner barn beskrivs vara på flykt ifrån sina hemländer. Många av dessa barn har kommit hit till Sverige eller kommer att komma hit, med sig har de en annan kulturell bakgrund och ett annat språk. Dessa barn som kommit hit till Sverige har rätt att gå i förskola på samma villkor som svenska barn. Förskolan ses som en kulturell mötesplats som ska arbeta för kulturell förståelse och accepterande av barns olika kulturer och språk. Därför blir frågan hur man som förskollärare på bästa sätt kan möta alla dessa barn och deras olika språk och kulturella bakgrunder. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att ta reda på vad tidigare forskning säger om estetiska uttrycksformer och hur dem kan vara ett stöd i språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga barn. Studien har även som syfte att ta reda på vad tidigare forskning säger om språkutvecklingens roll för att skapa förståelse mellan olika kulturer. Resultatet visar att den tidigare forskningen talar för ett multimodalt lärande, där olika språkliga uttryck används samtidigt och integrerar med varandra. Det är användandet av flera uttryck för kommunikationen som tas upp som det centrala, och det som kan ge stöd i språkutvecklingen. Estetiska uttrycksformer beskrivs kunna stödja språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga barn, bland annat genom att användandet av estetiska uttrycksformer erbjuder möjlighet till kommunikation som inte behöver vara verbal. Estetiska uttrycksformer beskrivs kunna erbjuda kommunikation som inte ställer lika höga krav på kunskaper i ett visst språk, som skriftspråk eller talspråk kan göra. Studiens resultat visar att språkutvecklingen har en stor roll i att skapa förståelse mellan olika kulturer. Eftersom språket ses som ett verktyg för tänkandet och som en länk mellan en person och dennes omgivning. Men även om etnicitet, språk och kultur är viktiga delar i en människas identitetsutveckling, ger min studie exempel på att miljön har påverkan på identitetsutvecklingen och att den kan förändras. Men kan därför inte anta bara för att föräldrarna är invandrare och har en viss kulturell identitet och språk, att barnen kommer känna samma kulturella tillhörighet som föräldrarna eller se deras språk som deras modersmål. I denna studie beskrivs estetiska uttrycksformer och lek bidra till att skapa förståelse mellan olika kulturer. I leken och användandet av estetiska uttrycksformer kan barnen kommunicera med varandra och omgivningen på ett sett som inte måste vara verbalt. Även pedagogernas syn och användning av olika språk och språkliga uttryck i verksamheten påverkar hur olika kulturer och språk accepteras i förskolan.

La rencontre permanente des langues et des identités culturelles est une évolution incontournable qui fait suite à l’accroissement de la mobilité des populations au cours de ces dernières années. Elle entraîne une évolution de la composition des sociétés qui implique une éducation linguistique adaptée aux nouveaux besoins de communication plurielle des individus. Les alliances interlinguistiques et l’intercompréhension de plusieurs langues sont des stratégies favorisant le plurilinguisme et permettant de gérer les conflits éventuels dus aux chocs interculturels et interlinguistiques. Les compétences métacognitives transversales et les capacités intellectuelles polyvalentes que ces stratégies plurilingues développent semblent parfaitement adaptées aux besoins de notre société mondialisée qui demande des capacités de réflexion stratégique pour faciliter la résolution des problèmes interculturels. / The permanent contact between languages and cultural identities is an incontrovertible evolution that results from the last few years’ increase in the population mobility. It brings an evolution in the composition of societies that involves a linguistic education which is adapted in the people’s need for plural communication. Interlinguistic alliances and intercomprehension of several languages are strategies that promote pluringuism and permit to settle the disputes resulting from intercultural and interlinguistic shocks. Metacognitive transversal skills and the polyvalent intellectual abilities developed by these plurilingual strategies seem to be perfectly adapted in the needs of our globalized society which demands abilities of strategic reflection in order to facilitate solving intercultural problems.

Culture tends to be misplaced as a secondary instructional goal in most foreign language classrooms. Although research has suggested that a strong link exists between language and culture, the problem resides in how best to teach culture in the classroom. While this problem impacts all learners, it may affect high school students more because they are entering a multilingual and multicultural world through higher education, study abroad, and employment. Based on Moran's conceptual framework of culture, this study addressed a gap in the literature by examining the effects of 2 innovative technologies, wikis and eBoards, and their potential to improve high school Spanish students' cultural proficiency. The research questions examined whether or not there is a difference in level of cultural proficiency between those students using wikis and those using eBoards. In addition, this study observed whether differences exist in satisfaction levels for students learning about Spanish culture via eBoards and wikis. The research method was a quasi-experimental quantitative design that involved approximately 150 Spanish 3 students at a suburban high school. Three instruments were used to gather the data: a demographic survey, a pre- and posttest instrument, and an attitudinal survey. Independent t tests and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in gains in student cultural proficiency. However, the attitudinal survey results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in student levels of satisfaction between the 2 groups in favor of students using wikis. These results provide classroom-based evidence of the use of collaborative instructional technology to teach culture in the Spanish classroom and, more importantly, to further student understanding of the interconnected global society of the 21st century.

Minority students lag Caucasian students in science performance and are underrepresented in the fields of science and technology. It is therefore pivotal for minorities, African American and Hispanic students, to show improved performance in science education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of cooperative learning strategy on physics achievement by high school minority students. Constructivism formed the theoretical framework for the study. Independent learning, the traditional strategy, and cooperative learning dyads, the novel intervention, were the independent variables, and the dependent variable was achievement in physics. A repeated measures design and a convenient sample group of students were used in this study. Difference of scores obtained from the performances of the group as independent and cooperative learners was subjected to a repeated measures t test. A significant relationship between cooperative learning dyads and physics achievement by high school minority students was found. By learning in small groups, students were able to help each other construct meaning and make sense of their learning. Further study was recommended to foster cooperative learning strategy in minority classes and among science teachers of high schools with a majority of minorities. Social change is embedded in the study as increased achievement in science by minority students could possibly lead to advancement in science and technology careers for minorities and possibly close the gap that exists in science performance between minority and Caucasian students. This change could lead to a better social status for minorities.

Although numerous studies have documented the connection between early language and academic achievement, there is much less information available about the effects of teacher/student relationships on language development. Based on Vygotsky's theory that all learning takes place in the context of relationships, this quasi-experimental study examined language scores for students in an early education classroom who stayed with the same teacher for 2 years compared with those in a classroom with two different teachers for each of the 2 years. Pre- and posttest scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) and language scores on the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-3 (DIAL-3) were compared using an independent samples t test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for the effects of student gender, family income, maternal education, teacher education, and teacher years of experience. The results revealed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Future studies should include examination of possible associations between qualitative aspects of student/teacher relationships and language development. The current study contributes to social change by raising awareness of the importance of relationships in early childhood and by encouraging educators in the development of environments that most effectively support early language development for students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

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Les personnes immigrantes font face à de multiples défis lorsqu’ils s’établissent dans une société d’accueil. Pour certains d’entre eux, apprendre une langue additionnelle sera l’un de ces défis. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous nous intéressons à l’apprentissage du français comme langue additionnelle chez des parents issus de l’immigration qui ont de jeunes enfants, puisque ces parents disposent généralement de moins de temps que les parents d’enfants plus vieux (Bradbury, 2008), ce qui peut constituer un obstacle à leur apprentissage de la langue de la société d’accueil. En outre, nous avons constaté que la réussite scolaire de leur enfant était au coeur du projet migratoire de plusieurs parents issus de l’immigration (Charette, 2016, 2018). Nous avons également remarqué des lacunes dans les connaissances scientifiques en lien avec les apprentissages langagiers que pouvaient réaliser des parents qui participaient à des activités de littératie familiale plurilingues avec leur enfant, donc nous avons décidé d’évaluer l’apprentissage du vocabulaire de ces parents dans un tel contexte. Le vocabulaire, qui est la base de la communication (Dodigovic et Agustín Llach, 2020) constitue un élément essentiel pour la compréhension (Billard et al., 2010; Nation, 2000) et serait encore plus important que la connaissance de la grammaire pour l’apprentissage d’une langue additionnelle (Meara, 1992). Nous avons donc mis en oeuvre une intervention visant l’apprentissage du vocabulaire chez des parents immigrants qui sont aussi parents de jeunes enfants (enfants inscrits à la maternelle 4 ans plus spécifiquement). À l’aide de deux épreuves, toutes deux réalisées en prétest et en posttest, nous avons pu démontrer que les parents-participants réalisaient des apprentissages liés au vocabulaire après notre intervention. Plus précisément, après l’intervention, ils ont été en mesure de produire davantage d’unités lexicales et de mieux définir, expliquer et exemplifier le vocabulaire ciblé, ce qui était également lié à leur présence aux activités de littératie familiale plurilingues. / Immigrants face numerous challenges when they settle in a new society, and for some of them, learning an additional language is one of those. In this thesis, we focus on French learning as an additional language among immigrant parents with young children. These parents generally have less time, compared to parents of older children, which can be an obstacle to their language learning in the host society (Bradbury, 2008). Furthermore, we observe that the academic success of their children was central in the migratory project of many immigrant parents (Charrette, 2016, 2018). We also noted a gap in scientific knowledge regarding the language learning assessement of parents engaged in multilingual family literacy activities with their children. Consequently, we decided to assess the vocabulary learning of these parents in such a context. Vocabulary, being the base of communication (Dodigovic et Agustín Llach, 2020), is crucial for comprehension (Billard et al., 2010; Nation, 2000), and may be even more critical than grammar knowledge for learning an additional language (Meara, 1992). Thus, we implemented an intervention targeting the vocabulary learning of immigrant parents of young children (specifically of four-year-old kindergarten). Using non-standardized tools (two examinations, both conducted as a pre and post-tests) we demonstrated that the participating parents had learned some vocabulary after our intervention. Specifically, after this intervention, they were able to produce more lexical units, and give better definitions, explanations, and examples of the targeted vocabulary. This improvement was also associated with their participation in multilingual family literacy activities.