The main purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of social workers working with unaccompanied children within municipal social service in Sweden. In particular, this study seeked better understanding of the possibilities and challenges social workers experience in their work and also highlight the differences and similarities in the work with unaccompanied children and children who are not unaccompanied. An abductive approach was used, moving between empirics and theories. The empirical data was collected through qualitative interviews with ten social workers with experience of working with both unaccompanied and children who are not accompanied. The results showed that the social workers working with the target group unaccompanied children felt that the work was more rewarding, in comparison to those who didnt work with the target group. Further, the social workers experienced that the unaccompanied children were not as prioritised as other children and that the language within the social services categorized the unaccompanied children as an own group. Accordingly the social workers felt there were more challenges in working with unaccompanied children. The hope is that this study will be an eye opener for the social work, and stop the separation of unaccompanied children into its own group.

This thesis is a study of the Weatherford Municipal Light and Power Plant. An attempt has been made to trace the history of electric service in Weatherford, Texas, and to reveal why this present, and previous, service has culminated in a municipally owned system.

Praktisering av brukermedvirkning krever at sykepleierne ser på brukerne som likeverdige partnere. Det bryter med det tradisjonelle sykepleier–pasientforholdet og krever andre arbeidsmetoder og holdninger. For å kunne få til en slik endring forutsetter det at sykepleierne har nødvendig kunnskap og forståelse for brukermedvirkning og den bakenforliggende ideologien. Hensikt: Hensikten med studiet var å studere sykepleiernes teoretiske forståelse av begrepet brukermedvirkning og kartlegge hvordan sykepleierne selv opplever at de praktiserte brukermedvirkning i kommunens omsorgstjeneste. Metode: Det har blitt gjennomført en kvalitativ studie med halvstrukturerte intervjuer. Analysemetode var meningsfortettning og meningskategorisering etter beskrivelse av Kvale. Studien har 20 respondentern fra sykehjem og hjemmetjenesten i en stor norsk kommune. Resultater: Sykepleiernes kunnskap om brukermedvirkning var i stor grad situasjonsbestemt. Den ble beskrevet ut fra pasientene de selv arbeider med, situasjonene og konteksten. Det ble knyttet usikkerhet til den teoretiske forståelse av begrepet. Brukermedvirkning blir i hovedsak beskrevet som samråd og må forstås som symbolsk deltagelse der pasientenes deltar og gir uttrykker behov eller gir råd uten at de har reell innflytelse eller myndighet. Langt færre beskrev brukermedvirkning som brukerinnflytelse i form av partnerskap der pasienten gis anledning til å ta avgjørelse og oppleve kontroll.I hvilken grad brukermedvirkning praktiseres avhenger av avveininger i tjenesteutforming, institusjonelle forhold og strukturelle rammer. Sykepleiere opplevde ved håndtering av meningsforskjeller mellom pasient og pårørende en lojalitet overfor pasienten samtidig som de viser forståelse overfor pårørende. Konklusjon: Sykepleiernes forståelse av brukermedvirkning handler i stor grad om symbolsk deltagelse fordi de gis mulighet til å uttrykke ønsker men ikke fatte endelig avgjørelse. Implementering av brukermedvirkning på systemnivå og en kombinasjonen av teoretisk kunnskap og refleksjon over praksis, vil kunne styrke bevisstheten og vektleggingen av brukermedvirkning. / The practice of user participation requires nurses to regard users as equal partners. It breaks with the traditional nurse-patient relationship and demands different working methods and attitudes. Achieving such a change requires nurses to have the necessary knowledge and understanding of user participation and the ideology behind it. Objective: This study aimed to investigate nurses’ understanding and practice of user participation in the municipal care service. Method: We implemented a qualitative study by conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 respondents from nursing homes and home care services in a major Norwegian municipality.Analysis involved consolidating and categorizing the subjects’ intent, as described by Kvale. Results: The nurses’ knowledge of user participation was situational (i.e., they based their descriptions on current patients, situations, and context). Their theoretical understanding of the concept was uncertain. Most described user participation as a consultation that must be understood as symbolic participation, where the patients express their needs or give advice without having any real influence or authority. Far fewer nurses described user participation as user influence in the form of a partnership, where patients are given the opportunity to make decisions and experience control. The extent to which nurses practice user participation depends on trade-offs among services, institutional situations, and structural frameworks. When faced with differing opinions between patients and their relatives, nurses experienced loyalty toward their patients and simultaneously showed empathy for the relatives. Conclusion: Nurses’ understanding of user participation largely deals with symbolic participation because it enables patients to express desires without making any final decisions. Implementing user participation at the system level and combining theoretical knowledge and reflection in practice would strengthen awareness and focus attention on user participation / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-73-3</p>

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine advantages and barriers that can appear when the municipal employment service and daily activity center work together in close collaboration. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with managers and employees in three municipalities in Värmland. The questions were:  How does the municipal employment service and the daily activity center work together?  Are the respondents experiencing any barriers in the collaboration processes between the municipal employment service and daily activity center?  Are the respondents experiencing any advantages when the municipal employment service and daily activity center work close together? If so, are the advantages primarily economical, professional or individual?  Does the collaboration processes in the three municipalities reflect the factors that supports as well as impedes collaboration that Danemark and Kullberg´s identified in their report (1999)? The results are analyzed from the new-institutional theory by Grapes (2006) and the factors that support and impede collaboration by Danemark &amp; Kullberg (1999). The study shows three completely different ways of collaboration. In Hagfors the two sectors collaborate primarily in daily job tasks, in Grums there are no collaboration at all and in Kristinehamn they collaborate at some extent regarding external work training sites. Furthermore, the results show some of the barriers the municipalities experience such as inadequate information, differences in knowledge as well as economy. The respondents could see great advantages for the individual in enhanced quality, teamwork among staff and in work performance. The summary that compiles factors who supports and impedes collaboration shows that in comparison, Hagfors is best prepared when it comes to collaboration between the two sectors and Grums is least equipped for working together.

Nästan allt vi gör på internet kräver att vi identifierar oss med e-legitimation. Ändå erbjuds nästan uteslutande bankernas e-legitimation (BankID) via offentliga e-tjänster, trots att BankID inte är något alla har möjlighet att få. Det innebär att människor som inte kan, eller vill, vara bankkunder utesluts från vårt digitala välfärdssamhälle och hindras från att använda e-tjänster de har rätt att använda. Problematiken tydliggjordes ytterligare under coronapandemin, inte minst i vaccinationskaoset som uppstod i början, eftersom BankID krävdes i flera regioner för att kunna boka tid för vaccination. Huvudsyftet med denna kandidatuppsats i Informatik är att identifiera och förklara kommunala och nationella faktorer som bidrar till digital inkludering vid användning av e-legitimationer via kommunala förvaltningars e-tjänster. Bisyftet är att jämföra två DIGG-godkända e-legitimationer för att identifiera och beskriva vilka skillnader det finns som påverkar medborgarnas möjligheter att skaffa e-legitimation. I studien har fallstudiemetoden tillämpats och en litteraturstudie har genomförts för att inhämta kunskaper och erfarenheter från tidigare forskningsstudier. Primära empiriska data har samlats in genom intervjuer via Zoom. Fem olika rollinnehavare har intervjuats beträffande deras erfarenheter och uppfattningar om faktorer som påverkar medborgares möjligheter att använda kommunala e-tjänster med e-legitimation som identifieringsmetod. De viktigaste slutsatserna från studiens analys är: att erbjuda samtliga DIGG-godkända e-legitimationer via de kommunala e-tjänsterna främjar digital inkludering, det beror på att tröskeln för människor att skaffa en e-legitimation minskar. Utan faktorn nationell styrning är sålunda kommunal styrning och kommundirektörens kunskap och prioritering av digitaliseringsfrågan av högre betydelse, speciellt om faktorn medarbetarnas inställning och kunskap inte är särskilt hög. Både nationell och kommunal styrning behövs för att e-förvaltningen ska kunna hålla en likvärdig standard oavsett ekonomiska eller personella förutsättningar. I dagsläget finns bara en DIGG-godkänd e-legitimation som aktivt arbetar för alla människors rätt att få tillgång till en e-legitimation.