Different neurons and glial cells in the Drosophila olfactory circuitry have distinct functions in olfaction. The mechanisms to generate most of diverse neurons and glial cells in the olfactory circuitry remain unclear due to the incomprehensive study of cell lineages. To facilitate the analyses of cell lineages and neural diversity, two independent binary transcription systems were introduced into Drosophila to drive two different transgenes in different cells. A technique called ‘dual-expression-control MARCM’ (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) was created by incorporating a GAL80-suppresible transcription factor LexA::GAD (GAL4 activation domain) into the MARCM. This technique allows the induction of UAS- and lexAop- transgenes in different patterns among the GAL80-minus cells. Dual-expression-control MARCM with a ubiquitous driver tubP-LexA::GAD and various subtype-specific GAL4s which express in antennal lobe neurons (ALNs) allowed us to characterize diverse ALNs and their lineage relationships. Genetic studies showed that ALN cell fates are determined by spatial identities rooted in their precursor cells and temporal identities based on their birth timings within the lineage, and then finalized through cell-cell interactions mediated by Notch signaling. Glial cell lineage analyses by MARCM and dual-expression-control MARCM show that diverse post-embryonic born glial cells are lineage specified and independent of neuronal lineage. Specified glial lineages expand their glial population by symmetrical division and do not further diversify glial cells. Construction of a GAL4-insensitive transcription factor LexA::VP16 (VP16 acidic activation domain) allows the independent induction of lexAop transgenes in the entire mushroom body (MB) and labeling of individual MB neurons by MARCM in the same organism. A computer algorithm is developed to perform morphometric analysis to assist the study of MB neuron diversity.

The social brain hypothesis predicts that larger group size and greater social complexity select for increased brain size. In ants, social complexity is associated with large colony size, emergent collective action, and division of labor among workers. The great diversity of social organization in ants offers numerous systems to test social brain theory and examine the neurobiology of social behavior. My studies focused on the Australasian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, a polymorphic species, as a model of advanced social organization. I critically analyzed how biogenic amines modulate social behavior in ants and examined their role in worker subcaste-related territorial aggression. Major workers that naturally engage in territorial defense showed higher levels of brain octopamine in comparison to more docile, smaller minor workers, whose social role is nursing. Through pharmacological manipulations of octopaminergic action in both subcastes, octopamine was found to be both necessary and sufficient for aggression, suggesting subcaste-related task specialization results from neuromodulation. Additionally, I tested social brain theory by contrasting the neurobiological correlates of social organization in a phylogenetically closely related ant species, Formica subsericea, which is more basic in social structure. Specifically, I compared brain neuroanatomy and neurometabolism in respect to the neuroecology and degree of social complexity of O. smaragdina major and minor workers and F. subsericea monomorphic workers. Increased brain production costs were found in both O. smaragdina subcastes, and the collective action of O. smaragdina majors appeared to compensate for these elevated costs through decreased ATP usage, measured from cytochrome oxidase activity, an endogenous marker of neurometabolism. Macroscopic and cellular neuroanatomical analyses of brain development showed that higher-order sensory processing regions in workers of O. smaragdina, but not F. subsericea, had age-related synaptic reorganization and increased volume. Supporting the social brain hypothesis, ecological and social challenges associated with large colony size were found to contribute to increased brain size. I conclude that division of labor and collective action, among other components of social complexity, may drive the evolution of brain structure and function in compensatory ways by generating anatomically and metabolically plastic mosaic brains that adaptively reflect cognitive demands of worker task specialization and colony-level social organization.

The thesis is focused on the theme of mushrooms and their importance in nutrition. The theoretical part deals with the chemical composition of higher mushrooms in general and describes their significance for human health. It focuses mainly on the positive effects of mushrooms on the human body. The practical part consists of questionnaires on the subject and their evaluation. The aim of my work was to find out what knowledge about mushrooms people have and how often they consume them.

O protozoário flagelado, Trichomonas vaginalis, causa a tricomonose, a doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) não viral mais comum no mundo. Metronidazol e tinidazol são os dois fármacos de escolha recomendados pelo Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) para o tratamento da tricomonose humana. Entretanto, isolados de T. vaginalis clínicos ou laboratoriais resistentes e reações adversas comuns têm sido reportados. Sabe-se que fungos produzem moléculas bioativas podendo ser uma fonte em potencial de novas moléculas antiparasitárias, sendo assim, a busca por compostos naturais bioativos em basidiomicetos pode ser uma abordagem interessante para descoberta de fármacos alternativos. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a presença, purificar e identificar substâncias com atividade anti-Trichomonas no meio de cultivo de micélios de basidiomicetos. Para a obtenção dos compostos bioativos, os basidiomicetos Amauroderma camerarium, família Ganodermataceae, e Gymnopilus pampeanus, família Cortinariceae, foram cultivados em meio caldo extrato de malte (CEM) com variação da fonte de nitrogênio e tempo de cultivo. O extrato bruto com maior atividade anti-T. vaginalis para A. camerarium (CEM + KNO3 28 dias de cultivo) foi escolhido para ensaios de purificação e caracterização, que indicaram que o composto bioativo é de natureza protéica. Uma proteína sem alta identidade com outra proteína foi purificada e foi denominada amaurocina. Amaurocina apresenta atividade contra isolados clínicos de T. vaginalis – TV LACH1 e TV LACM2 – (CIM= 62,4 μg/mL), sendo um isolado resistente ao metronidazol (TV LACM2), e contra o isolado ATCC 30236 (CIM= 31,2 μg/mL). A Amaurocina também apresenta atividade próinflamatória por induzir aumento da liberação de óxido nítrico de neutrófilos, o qual é um importamente mecanismo de defesa do hospedeiro durante a infecção parasitária. Para G. pampeanus, os extratos mais ativos foram produzidos em meio CEM + KNO3 por 28 dias de cultivo e CEM + KNO3 por 21 dias de cultivo, porém a purificação desses extratos é necessária. Esses resultados estão em concordância com o alto potencial de produção de biocompostos dos basidiomicetos, o qual tem sido reportado na literatura por décadas. / The flagellated protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis, causes trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexual transmitted disease (STD) in the world. Metronidazole and tinidazole are two drugs of choice recommended by Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) for treatment of human trichomonosis. However, clinical or laboratory-generated drug-resistant isolates of T. vaginalis and common adverse reactions have been reported. It is known that fungi produce bioactive molecules and they can be a potential source of new antiparasitic molecules. Thus, in order to improve the current chemotherapy of T. vaginalis infection, the search for natural bioactive compounds in basidiomycetes can be an interesting approach to discover alternative drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence, to purify and to identify substances in cultivation of basidiomycetes’ mycelia, which have anti-Trichomonas activity. Mycelia of basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium, family Ganodermataceae, and Gymnopilus pampeanus, family Cortinariceae, were transferred to flasks containing malt extract broth (MEB) medium with variation of the nitrogen source and time of growth. The preparation with higher anti-T. vaginalis activity (MEB + KNO3 28 days of growth) for A. camerarium basidiomycete was chosen for purification and characterization assays, that indicated that the bioactive compound is a protein-like molecule. A protein without high homology with any other protein was found and was named amaurocine. Amaurocine presents activity against clinical isolates of T. vaginalis – TV LACH1 and TV LACM2 – (MIC=62.4 μg/mL), one of these a metronidazole-resistant isolate, and it presents activity against the T. vaginalis ATCC 30236 isolate (MIC=31.2 μg/mL). Amaurocine also presents proinflamatory activity. Since it was able to enhance nitric oxide release from neutrophils, which is an important host defense mechanism during the parasitic infection. For G. pampeanus, the most active extracts were produced in MEB + KNO3 28 days of growth and MEB + KNO3 21 days of growth, but further steps of purification are necessary. These results are in agreement with the high potential of biocompounds production of basidiomycetes that has been reported in the literature for decades.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to process an overview of previously known knowledge about acute mushroom poisonings. Thesis draws mainly from foreign literature. Provides basic information about mushrooms, their toxins and syndromes that cause. Beside the general information, one part of the thesis is devoted to the cases and studies from around the world. They describe individual clinical cases of mushroom poisoning or deal with their epidemiological situation mostly between the years 2001 - 2016. Obtained information is processed into overview tables. Thesis is particularly focused on the situation of macromycete poisonings in the Czech Republic and contains data from specialised facilities. The most intoxications occurs after ingestion of the edible fungi species. The most common intoxications by mushrooms containing toxins are after ingestion A. phalloides, A. pantherina and Psilocybe. The most frequent reported symptoms are gastrointestinal. According to the severity, mushroom poisonings are classified as less dangerous with onset of symptoms within 6 hours and life-threatening with the onset of symptoms after more than 6 hours. Mushroom poisonings should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems. Key words: macromycetes, mushroom poisonings, mushroom...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kopytowskifilho_j_dr_botfca.pdf: 937520 bytes, checksum: bde78fc1e3f141927ac7ed3d0c134a81 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A. blazei tem sido comercializado como um produto natural, sem aplicação de agrotóxicos e livre de resíduos tóxicos. De outro modo, elevados teores de elementos metálicos com potencial tóxico tem sido detectados em basidiomas. Outrossim, além da possibilidade de causarem danos á saúde, acarretam grandes prejuízos na comercialização. Avaliou-se o efeito de três tipos de compostos (orgânico, e semi-sintético and sintético) sobre a produtividade e teores de elementos metálicos em basidiomas de A. blazei. O Experimento 1 conduzido em câmara climatizada, constou de seis tratamentos (15 repetições), dispostos inteiramento ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2, (três tipos de composto e duas linhagens de A. blazei). Avaliou-se a produtividade, a eficiência biológica, o massa média de basidiomas, os teores de Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb e Ni nos compostos e basidiomas e, o fator de acumulação no píleo e no estípete, em dois fluxos de colheita. Durante o processo de compostagem e de colonização, determinou-se o massa fresca e seca, teor de carbono, nitrogênio, pH densidade e umidade dos compostos. Constatou-se que os teores de elementos metálicos nos basidiomas não são proporcionais aos teores dos mesmos nos compostos cultivados, ocorre uma maior concentração destes no píleo em relação ao estípete e há variação em função do fluxo de colheita, a densidade e a umidade dos compostos ao final das Fases II e III, foram maiores nos compostos sintético e semi-sintético e as maiores produtividades de 7,24 e 7,09% para as linhagens ABL 99/30 e ABL 04/49, respectivamente, foram alcançadas quando cultivadas no composto orgânico certificado. Para o Experimento 2, 2 foram avaliados a produtividade e a massa média de basidiomas da linhagem... / A. blazei has been commercialized as a natural product, without use of pesticides and free from toxic waste. However, high contents of potencially toxic metallic elements in the basidiomata have usually been detected. Besides the health hazzard, they may cause great loss for comercialization. The effect of three different types of compost was evaluated (organic, semi-synthetic and synthetic) on the productivity and metallic elements contents in basidiomatas of A. blazei. The Experiment 1 was carried out in a climatized room, with six treatments (15 repetitions), arranged in a factorial scheme 3x2, (three differents types of compost and two strains of A. blazei). Productivity, biological efficiency, mean weight of basidiomatas, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and Ni contents in the compost and basidiomata and the accumulation factor in the pilei and stalk, in two flushes were evaluated. During composting and colonization, fresh and dry weight, carbon and nitrogen contents, pH ,density and moisture of the compost were evaluated. No direct relationship between the metallic elements contents in the mushroom and in the compost was found. The concentration of metallic elements was greater in the pileus then in the stalk, varying during the flushes. Density and moisture of the compost Phase II and III, were greater in the synthetic and semi-synthetic composts. The greatest productivities, 7.24 and 7.09% for the strains ABL 99/30 and ABL 04/49, respectively, were reached when cultivated in organic compost. For the Experiment 2, productivity and medium weight of the basidiomatas of the strain ABL 04/44, cultivated in synthetic compost added or not with two diffrents types of supplement (soybean meal and Champ food®), in two cultivation phases (at spawning and before casing) were evaluated. There was a tendency for greater productivity on the supplemented compost ... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-12T16:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÓVIS GOUVEIA DA SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2009..pdf: 22748657 bytes, checksum: e1dcd6c6e6af54e382c5201f81d2b788 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T16:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÓVIS GOUVEIA DA SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2009..pdf: 22748657 bytes, checksum: e1dcd6c6e6af54e382c5201f81d2b788 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O mundo, está cada vez mais focado no rápido crescimento da população, no aumento da demanda alimentar e, na necessidade urgente de se aumentar a oferta de alimentos sem prejudicar o meio ambiente. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização das etapas de produção da aguardente de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora Sw DC) e aproveitar os resíduos resultantes, em produtos alimentícios. Estudos anteriores comprovam teores de açúcares fermentescíveis em seus frutos, que proporcionam elevados rendimentos na produção de aguardente. Fundamentado nesses pré-requisitos, este estudo, avaliou a matéria-prima, os procedimentos operacionais e o sistema de aproveitamento aplicado ao resíduo durante as principais etapas de fabricação da aguardente de algaroba. Na primeira etapa, as vagens foram caracterizadas. Na segunda etapa, se desenvolveu um sistema para extração dos açúcares. A metodologia de extração foi dividida em: seleção, pesagem, sanitização, fragmentação, hidratação, prensagem e centrifugação.. Na terceira etapa, o caldo foi padronizado, e submetido a uma fermentação submersa por batelada simples em um sistema formado por sete reatores de polietileno. Esse processo constou das seguintes etapas: preparo do inoculo, adição do inoculo e estudo cinético das variáveis envolvidas no processo (ART, biomassa, SST, temperatura, acidez, pH, teor alcoólico). Na fermentação foi aplicado um planejamento fatorial para avaliar a influência das variáveis sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e do agente fermentativo para três concentrações diferentes nos resultados: produtividade, rendimento teórico, rendimento em biomassa e % conversão para as linhagens de leveduras selecionadas no caldo de algaroba (ALG-3) e levedura comercial. O fermentado obtido foi centrifugado, destilado e, posteriormente, bidestilado, para produção de aguardente. O produto final foi armazenado em garrafões de polietileno até a retirada das amostras para a realização das análises fisico-químicas, cromatográficas e sensoriais. A fração sólida (resíduo), resultante da extração, foi seco, moído, peneirado e transformado em farinhas. A farinha que apresentou as melhores propriedades foi submetida aos testes de panificação para produção de pão de forma. A aguardente obtida com a levedura comercial atingiu o rendimento industrial de 56,40% enquanto a ALG3 foi de 40,80. Sensorialmente, as aguardentes produzidas com as leveduras comercial e ALG3 não apresentaram diferença significativa a 5% de probabilidade; já o pão de forma, cuja concentração de farinha de algaroba foi 10%, obteve melhor aceitação em relação aos 5 e 15% testados. De acordo com os resultados, se conclui que pode ser usada qualquer uma das leveduras testadas no estudo sem causar nenhuma rejeição por parte do consumidor final. / The world is focused more and more on rapid population growth rate and on the urgent need to increase the food supply without harming the environment. This study has as its objective the optimization of the production steps of cachaça from carob {Prosopsis juliflora Sw DC) and use of the resulting residuals as food products. Prior studies indicate the presence of fermentable sugars in carob fruit that could lead to high yields of cachaça. Based on these prerequisites, this study evaluated raw material, operational procedures, and the system of utilization applied to the residue during the principle stages of carob liquor production. In the first stage, the carob pods were characterized. In the second stage, a system of sugar extraction was developed. The extraction methodology was divided into various steps: selection, weighing, sanitization, fragmentation, hydration, compression, and centrifugation. In the third stage, the substratum was standardized and submitted in simple batches to submerged fermentation in a system formed by seven polyethylene reactors. The process was composed of the following steps: inoculant preparation, inoculation, and kinetic study of the variables involved in the process (Total Reducing Sugars, Biomass, Total Soluble Solids, Temperature, Acidity, pH, and Alcohol content). In the alcoholic fermentation study, a multifactorial analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of three different concentrations of the variables Total Soluble Solids and the fermenting agent on the following results: productivity, thereoretical yield, biomass yield, and percent conversion. The fermenting agents included a line of yeast selected from the carob substrate (ALG-3) and a line of commercial yeast. The yeast lines that were used were centrifuged, distilled, and later distilled again to produce the cachaça. The final product was stored in large polyethelene bottles until the removal of samples for physical-chemical, chromatographic and organoleptic analyses. The solid fraction (residual), resulting from the extraction, was dried, ground, sifted, and transformed into flour. The flour that presented the best properties was submitted to baking tests to produce loaf bread. The cachaça that resulted from the commercial yeast reached an industrial yield of 56.40% while the ALG3 was 40.80% Organoleptically, the cachaças produced with the commercial yeast and the ALG3 did not present significant differences at the 5% level of probability. The bread loaves made with a concentration of 10% carob flour had the best acceptance when compared to the loaves tested containing 5% and 15%. According to the results, we conclude that one could use either of the yeasts tested in the study without causing any rejection from consumers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianeTML.pdf: 2113007 bytes, checksum: bca6e876ace0dbfe30a0861199114512 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Polymers of mushroom cellular wall are recognized for presenting a lot of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumoral action. Polysaccharides from mushrooms of different molecular mass obtained mushrooms can activate leucocytes, stimulate fagocitic, citotoxic and antimicrobial activity including oxygen reactive species production. In this study were investigated chemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory action in an acute inflammation model of the polysaccharides extracted from Tylopilus ballouii. Results showed that were mainly extracted polysaccharides and that it primarily consisted of mannose and galactose with variable amounts of xylose and fucose. Infrared analysis showed a possible interation between this polysaccharides and proteins. In addition, molecular mass was about 140KDa. Antioxidant activity was tested by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation assay. For superoxide and hydroxyl radical generation inhibition, polysaccharides have an IC50 of 2.36 and 0.36 mg/mL, respectively. Lipid peroxidation assay results showed that polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii present an IC50 of 3.42 mg/mL. Futhermore, anti-inflammatory assay showed that polysaccharides cause an paw edema decreasing in 32.8, 42 and 56% in 30, 50 and 70 mg/Kg dose, respectively. Thus, these results can indicate a possible use for these polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. / Pol?meros da parede celular de fungos s?o conhecidos por possu?rem muitas atividades biol?gicas como suas a??es antiinflamat?rias, antioxidante e antitumoral. Polissacar?deos de diferentes pesos moleculares obtidos de cogumelos podem ativar os leuc?citos, estimular a atividade fagoc?tica, citot?xica e antimicrobiana, incluindo a produ??o de esp?cies reativas de oxig?nio. No presente estudo, foi investigada a caracter?stica qu?mica dos polissacar?deos extra?dos de Tylopilus ballouii sua atividade antioxidante in vitro e a sua atividade antiinflamat?ria no modelo de inflama??o aguda. Os resultados mostraram que foram extra?dos predominantemente polissacar?deos e esses consistiram primariamente de manose e galactose e possui quantidades vari?veis de xilose e fucose. As an?lises de infravermelho mostraram a poss?vel intera??o entre estes polissacar?deos e prote?nas. Al?m disso, seu peso molecular ? de cerca de 140 kDa. A atividade antioxidante foi testada com rela??o ao seq?estro sobre os radicais super?xido e hidroxila, atividade antioxidante total e peroxida??o lip?dica. Com rela??o ? inibi??o da forma??o dos radicais super?xido e hidroxila, os polissacar?deos atingiram um IC50 de 1,64 e 1,25 mg/ml, respectivamente. Os resultados do ensaio de peroxida??o lip?dica mostraram que os polissacar?deos de Tylopilus ballouii apresentam um IC50 de 1,65 mg/ml. Al?m disso, a atividade antiinflamat?ria mostrou que eles agem reduzindo o edema em 32,8, 42 e 56% nas doses de 30, 50 e 70 mg/kg, respectivamente. Assim, estes resultados podem indicar o poss?vel uso dos polissacar?deos de Tylopilus ballouii como antiinflamat?rio e antioxidante.

Orientador Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade / Banca: Eduardo Bagagli / Banca: Adriana Zanin Kronka / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Geysiany Maria de Queiroz-Fernandes / Resumo: Entre os cogumelos cultivados comercialmente, destacam-se o Agaricus bisporus e Pleurotus ostreatus (cogumelo ostra). A preparação do substrato de cultivo é a etapa mais crítica da produção, determinante para a produtividade e custos de produção. O método de preparo do substrato mais utilizado pela indústria de cogumelos é a compostagem curta, seguida de pasteurização e condicionamento. Como ponto chave da compostagem, a comunidade microbiana tem papel fundamental no processo, conferindo seletividade final do substrato de cultivo e, consequentemente, a produtividade. Desta forma, avaliou-se, o manejo da compostagem (tempo de compostagem e temperatura de pasteurização) e o efeito sob a comunidade microbiana, composição final do substrato e produtividade de cogumelos. Para isto, foram realizados três experimentos. Nos experimentos 1 e 2, avaliou-se a influência do tempo de compostagem (fases I e II), a comunidade microbiana (bactérias e fungos), variáveis físico-químicas, produtividade, número de cachos e precocidade do cogumelo P. ostreatus. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o manejo da compostagem influenciou a comunidade microbiana e, consequentemente, a seletividade final do substrato de cultivo, com reflexos na produtividade e número de cachos. A comunidade microbiana apresentou menor diversidade na compostagem com menor duração e, menor perda de carbono, nitrogênio e açúcares solúveis, resultando em substrato mais seletivo ao cogumelo P. ostreatus, demostrando melhores resultados de produtividade. No experimento 3, avaliaram-se, a comunidade microbiana e indicadores químicos do composto final, em diferentes situações de pasteurização durante a preparação do substrato para o cultivo do cogumelo A. bisporus. Para isto, foram simuladas em biorreatores três diferentes situações de pasteurização (57°C por 6 horas, 60°C por 2 horas e 68°C por 2 horas). ... / Abstract: Among many commercial mushrooms cultivated, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) are the most important for mushroom industry. The cultivation substrate preparation is the most critical step in mushroom production, determining productivity and production costs. The substrate preparation method most used by mushroom industry is short composting, followed by pasteurization and conditioning. As key point of composting, microbial community plays an important role during the process, determining final substrate selectivity and mushroom yield. Thus, aimed evaluate the influence of composting management (composting time and pasteurization temperature) in microbial community, final substrate composition and mushroom yield. For this, were conducted three experiments. In experiments 1 and 2 were evaluated the influence of composting time (phases I and II), microbial community (bacteria and fungi), physicochemical variables and P. ostreatus yield. The results showed that composting management (time of phases I and II) influenced the microbial community, substrate selectivity and consequently mushroom yield and number of cluster. The microbial community showed less diversity in composting with shorter duration, as well as the losses of carbon, nitrogen and soluble sugars, showing higher selectivity of substrate for P. ostreatus, as observed in yield results. In experiment 3, were evaluated the microbial community (bacteria and fungi) and some physiochemical variables in different pasteurization conditions during substrate preparation for A. bisporus cultivation. Were simulated in bioreactors three different pasteurization conditions (57°C for 6 hours, 60°C for 2 hours and 68°C for 2 hours). The sequencing of microbial community revealed the predominance of phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes during phase I and II composting, respectively. The most abundant bacterial genera were ... / Doutor

CAPES / O cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis vem ganhando espaço no meio agrícola em todo o país, contribuindo assim com uma nova opção de produto no mercado de alimentos. A atividade está ligada a manejos culturais e artesanais com princípios ambientalmente sustentáveis e gera renda para a pequena propriedade rural. Neste contexto, o presente estudo avaliou as potencialidades do cultivo artesanal do Shiitake como uma atividade para agroecossistemas sustentáveis. Para tanto, foi realizado um resgate do histórico da implantação e evolução do cultivo artesanal do cogumelo Shiitake em propriedades consideradas modelos, localizadas nos municípios de Pato Branco, Guarapuava e São José dos Pinhais no estado do Paraná e Frei Rogério em Santa Catarina. Na sequência, uma análise comparativa entre os sistemas de cultivo das propriedades e o aproveitamento de áreas de fragmentos florestais ou reflorestamento foi conduzido. Foram avaliados também aspectos de produção, renda da atividade e pluralismo do estabelecimento rural, bem como, efetuada uma caracterização dos parâmetros de qualidade nutricional dos cogumelos produzidos nas diferentes propriedades. Os resultados obtidos revelam potencialidades econômicas na produção do Shiitake. A atividade também possui potenciais para o aproveitamento sustentável de áreas de mata nativa e de reflorestamento, contribuindo para a otimização do uso do espaço físico na pequena propriedade. A cultura artesanal do Shiitake interage de forma sistêmica, aproveitando à madeira oriunda do próprio estabelecimento rural, evitando a contaminação através de agroquímicos no produto e no ambiente e auxiliando na renovação da biomassa do agroecossistema. Por fim, ficou constada a elevada qualidade nutricional dos cogumelos produzidos nos diferentes substratos utilizados nas propriedades estudadas. As amostras de Shiitake apresentaram elevados conteúdos de proteínas, fibras, minerais e baixos conteúdos de gordura. / Edible mushroom cultivation has been gaining ground in the agricultural environment throughout the country, creating a new product option in the food market. This activity is linked to cultural and artisanal management with environmentally sustainable principles and generates income for small farms. In this context, the present study evaluated the potential for artisanal cultivation of Shiitake as an activity for sustainable agroecosystems. Initially, the historic of implementation and evolution of artisanal cultivation of Shiitake mushroom on properties considered models in Pato Branco, Guarapuava and São José dos Pinhais (Paraná) and Frei Rogerio, (Santa Catarina) were carried out. Consequently, a comparative analysis between the cultivation systems of these properties and the use of small wooded areas and reforested areas was conducted. Aspects of production, income and pluralism of the farms, were also performed. At the end, the nutritional quality parameters of mushrooms produced in different properties were evaluated. The results show economic potential in Shiitake production. The activity also has potential for the sustainable exploitation of native forest and reforested areas, contributing to the optimal use of physical space small properties. In artisanal cultivation of Shiitake there is a systemic interaction verified by the use of wood from the same farm, assisting in the renewal of biomass of the agroecosystem. Finally, it was found that mushrooms produced on different substrates used in the studied properties have high nutritional quality. Shiitake samples exhibited high contents of protein, fiber, minerals and low fat content.