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Studien handlar om att undersöka native- och hybrid-applikationer från utvecklarens perspektiv. Vilka viktiga skillnader finns det mellan applikationstyperna, och hur resonerar utvecklarna kring dessa två? Dessa två applikationstyper har fördelar och nackdelar som måste övervägas innan utvecklingen börjar, beroende på applikationens uppgifter. Studien upplyser och ger läsaren kunskap om de två applikationstyperna och viktiga aspekter som skiljer demåt. Vi har utfört nio intervjuer med applikationsutvecklare från fem olika företag. Dessa respondenter är Androidutvecklare som har olika roller inom respektive företag. Dessa roller är konsult, utvecklare, chef, arkitekt och user experience lead. Med deras hjälp har vi kommit fram till en slutsats där native-applikationer föredras av utvecklare på grund av att slutprodukten blir bättre jämfört med hybridapplikationer. Utöver att slutprodukten är bättre, är det även lättare att utveckla en native-applikation samtidigt som det finns större kunskap inom detta område. / This study takes a closer look on native- and hybrid applications from a developer’s perspective. Which important differences are there between these two application types and how do the developers reason between the two? These two application types have advantages and disadvantages that must be considered before the development starts, depending on the application’s tasks. The study enlightens and gives the reader knowledge about the two application types and important aspects that separates them. We have conducted nine interviews with application developers from five different companies. These respondents are Android developers that have different roles within the respective company. The roles are consultant, developer, superior, architect and user experience lead. With their help, we have come to the conclusion that native applications are preferred by developers because of the final product being better compared to hybrid applications. Other than just the final product being better, it is also easier to develop a native application as well as there is more knowledge within this area.

This dissertation is an inquiry into two disciplines: recreation ecology and geospatial analysis. The dissertation consists of three journal article manuscripts focusing on the sustainability of recreational infrastructure components in backcountry and wilderness settings. Two articles focus on campsite conditions, nodal areas of visitor use and impact. The third article focuses on trail conditions, linear corridors of visitor use and impact. Campsites and trails comprise the most visited and impacted components of recreation infrastructure; locations where protected natural area visitors spend the majority of their time and where the majority of resource impacts occur. Resource conditions at these locations affect the quality of recreational experiences and are the focus of management and scientific efforts to measure and manage visitation-related resource impacts. The articles provide a strong scientific background to understanding ecological processes and better preparing recreation planners and managers for sustainable infrastructure management decision-making. The first article assesses the sustainability of campsites over thirty-two years of use in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) in northern Minnesota. Differences in vegetation composition, tree cover and groundcover from 1982 to 2014 were measured. Paired t-tests analyzed significant ecological differences on campsites and paired controls over time. Best management practices for managing campsites for the long-term are suggested. The second article analyzes the extent of non-native plants on campsites over thirty-two years. Paired t-tests were used to look at cover and abundance on campsites and control areas between 1982 and 2014. This paper explores ecological benefits and degradation incurred by non-native plants on campsites over time and discusses implications for wilderness character at BWCAW. The third article is interdisciplinary, incorporating ground-based recreation ecology measurements with technical spatial analyses and modeling to improve understanding of erosional processes on trails. Fine resolution terrain data was used to examine terrain metrics as they relate to amount of soil loss. Multiple Linear Regression was used to test a number of variables taken from the field and derived from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software using a 1m Digital Elevation Model. This paper explores relationships between different terrain variables and soil loss observed on the Appalachian Trail. It provides insights on which terrain features influence erosion and provides recommendations to trail managers to design more sustainable trails. / Ph. D.

The immigrant paradox is the empirical trend that immigrants have better mental health than second and subsequent generations. Mossakowski (2007) found that Filipinos follow this trend, and using the same data this study builds upon the previous research by examining the relationship between cultural (ethnic identification, native language) and structural (nativity, age at immigration, and poverty in city of birth) variables. The results indicate that cultural variables are important in understanding psychological distress among Filipino Americans. Relative deprivation was not associated with psychological distress, and the effect of selective migration is explained away when language and ethnic identification are controlled. Use of native language benefits U.S. born and adult immigrant Filipinos, but is damaging to child immigrants with low ethnic identification. Suggestions for future research are discussed. / Master of Science