<p>This dissertation will examine the motives and intentions of four native men, John Thunder, Peter Hunter, George Flett and John McKay, who participated in the missionary endeavour as native missionaries of the Presbyterian Church in Canada ministering to native people in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan between 1866 and 1912. In examining the lives and careers of Thunder, Hunter, Flett and McKay, it becomes apparent that their goals and their perception of the missionary role were not necessarily those of the Foreign Mission Committee (FMC), the governing body concerned with the missionary work of the Presbyterian Church in Canada.</p> <p>The dissertation follows and extends the theoretical framework delineated by historian Richard White (1991), who argues that in cross-cultural encounters a 'middle ground' may emerge, a common, mutually comprehensible world partaking of aspects of all cultures in the contact situation. It will be shown that the two Dakota men, John Thunder and Peter Hunter, used the office of missionary and the symbols of Christianity to communicate their needs to the dominant white society and to achieve their own goals on behalf of the Dakota people. Likewise, the Country-born men, John McKay and George Flett, appropriated the role of missionary in an attempt to maintain the atmosphere of negotiation and accommodation which characterized the middle ground of the Red River Settlement in which they were raised.</p> <p>In contrast to prevailing views of missions as destructive of native culture and an imposition of the colonial agenda on native life, I demonstrate the various ways in which the missionary endeavour was perceived as valuable by the native people and how, as missionaries, each of these four native men had some degree of influence over the pace, level, and type of adaptation which they and their people would make to white society.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Orientador: Hildebrando Herrmann / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Curi_MelissaVolpato_M.pdf: 2088217 bytes, checksum: ab408a2619ee4d63cf4f804da0a908bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo principal desse trabalho é fazer uma análise jurídica sobre a mineração em terras indígenas para que se possa colaborar com a implementação legal sustentável sobre a matéria. Nesse sentido, sob a ótica do desenvolvimento sustentável, serão levados em consideração os fatores sociais, ambientais e econômicos relacionados com a atividade minerária em terras indígenas para que se obtenham subsídios fundamentados para a proposta de regulamentação do assunto. A mineração em terras indígenas possui um tratamento diferenciado por nosso ordenamento jurídico, pois para que esta ocorra, como prevê o artigo 231, § 3°, da Constituição Federal, haverá a necessidade de autorização do Congresso Nacional, ouvidas as comunidades afetadas e ficando garantida a estas uma participação nos resultados da lavra. Apesar dos longos anos de discussão, ainda hoje não houve uma manifestação definitiva do Congresso Nacional devido, principalmente, ao conflito de interesses que a matéria suscita. O objeto de estudo é a Terra Indígena Roosevelt dos povos Cinta Larga, que compõe uma das quatro aldeias do Parque Indígena Aripuanã, situado entre os Estados de Rondônia e Mato Grosso. Nos últimos anos, a área tem sido palco de muitos conflitos entre garimpeiros e indígenas pela disputa de diamantes na região. O conflito na TI Roosevelt, caracterizado pela entrada ilegal de não índios nas terras dos povos Cinta Larga para a espoliação dos recursos minerais existentes, é um fato atual decorrente de uma continuidade histórica, que denuncia a realidade de diversas outras terras indígenas no país. A ausência de políticas públicas eficazes, aliada ao preconceito e discriminação da sociedade em geral, faz com que o a problemática se perpetue e denuncie a crise de valores e percepção de nossa sociedade ocidental, que não respeita a diversidade cultural e o meio ambiente físico, colocando em risco a existência de vida no planeta / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to perform a legal analysis of mining in native people lands in order to collaborate with the sustainable legal implementation of the matter. In this sense, under the view of sustainable development, it will be taken in consideration the social, environmental and economical factors related to mining activities in native people lands, in order to obtain fundamented subsidies for the regulation proposal of the subject. The Mining in native people lands has a differentiated treatment by our legal system, therefore so that this occur, as is predicted by the article 231, § 3º, of the Federal Constitution, it will be necessary the National Congress' s authorization and hearings from the affected communities, being guaranteed to them a participation in the results of the exploration. Despite many years of discussions, nowadays a definite manifestation from the National Congress has not happened yet, mainly due to conflicts of interests that the subject excites. The object of study is the Native People Land Roosevelt of the Cinta Larga people, which composes one of the four areas of the Native People Park Aripuanã, situated between the States of Rondônia and Mato Grosso. In the past years, the area has been a place of many conflicts between miners and native people in the quarrel for diamonds in the region. The conflict in the Native People Land Roosevelt, characterized by the illegal entrance of non-natives in the lands of the Cinta Larga people for the spoliation of the existing mineral resources, is a decurrent current fact of a historical continuity, that denounces the reality of many other native lands in the country. The absence of effective publics politics, allied to the prejudice and discrimination of the society in general, allow the perpetuation of the problem and expose the value and perception crisis of our western society, that don't respect cultural diversity and the physical environment, putting in risk the existence of life in the planet / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

The structural development of Paiwan tribe traditional social ranks Abstract The Paiwan tribe, a native people in Taiwan, has a perfect traditional social rank. They have maintained their primitive, original tribal ranks in every tribe in Ping-tung county since the Japanese era till now in Taiwan. Before the primitive tribes were forced to move into level ground¡Xnew villages arranged by government, they lived a self-contained and self-sufficient lifestyle, poor and in lack of sources. However, their self-confidence, force of condense in their tribes are very steadily. Under being kept sight of their tribal tendency by Japanese, the common people in tribes always obey and respect their chief¡Xtribal leader, without being affected by the governors. The Japanese government had to face the big secret worries about how to control the conditions, than tried to persuade them to work as an attendant to manage their people. In 1945, the Chinese government ruled the Taiwan islands after World War II. Since the new ruler came from mainland China didn¡¦t have any awareness about the tribal culture in Paiwan primitive society, they regarded them as one kind of barbarian tribe came from China in ancient time. In order to control the conditions in a muddle within three months, they forced the native people in every tribal to accept the Chinese surname given by governor. Due to such kind of discriminative attitude against the tribal dignity, the native people were led to lose their traditional class consciousness and native identification to their original society until the declaration martial law ended in 1987. From 1987 to 1996, the new movement of asking human rights ¡V democracy and freedom like a rising wind and scudding clouds in whole islands. Consequently, the Paiwan tribe was also getting awareness to rebuild their primitive culture, Paiwan tribe consciousness, which had lost for forty-two years. The process of searching movement seems like looking for their relatives who had parted for more than forty years. Though they had their same blood relationship, they had lost the same life experiences for such a long time. Therefore, they could only make up for a few part even they tried to do their best effort. Thus, I¡¦ll try to analysis the phases of structural movement of Paiwan tribe traditional social ranks and the affections under the national policy, social background during these years. Chapter one includes the preface for introduction, the purposes of research, the study of bibliography, the ranges of the research, the methods and structures of the research to present the aspects of this paper. Chapter two discusses the original class forms, system of work, processes of the structural development of Paiwan tribe traditional social ranks to explain how the tribal chiefs manage their people, rule their tribal affairs in their territory before the external governor interrupted their principles of primitive society. Chapter three describes how the Taiwan external government new movement ¡§the policy of national assimilation¡¨ affected the tribal chiefs to control or manage their social orders and how the immigrants new idea ¡§communalism¡¨ works and what the government policy about managing the preservative land for tribal people is. Chapter four states what is the negative results of the traditional tribal ranks and ancestor sacrificial rites under the governor¡¦s plan control of their tribal resident movement and the external religions during the all-rounded communications between the tribal society and current society from 1950 to 1987¡Xthe phases of developing entire economics in Taiwan. Chapter five emphasizes on how the tribal people examined their own feelings and motives, thought deeply themselves critically from 1987 to 2005. Because of accepting the frame of democracy and being conscious of accumulation wealth help them to promote their cultural revives. Then every tribe and village founds one after another its relative groups, community culture associations, and shows their trials of class strength while holding their traditional wedding ceremony to strengthen their traditional awareness of class nature. Above all, we found that Taiwan tribes still maintained their essence of culture without being stoke down by the attack of the current social concepts and polices of government in every stage. That is, the system of firstborn inheritor is the basis of the ranks structure in Paiwan tribes till now. The firstborn inheritor influence the development of all relatives, certainly the other younger brothers and sisters not only give their respect to the original family but also offer all necessary helps to honor their original family. The firstborn inheritor also has the duty to hold the life rite for the relatives and give them supports in any emergency situations. Now, the real leading role and the ownership in traditional Paiwan tribe ranks society has changed into the leadership in spirit. Key words: Paiwan tribe, native people , tribal rank structure, cultural development , Tribal chief, common people.

This thesis looks into the issue of language contact between Spanish and indigenous American languages in a historical perspective. Firstly, the thesis defines fundamental terms for this topic and subsequently explores the situation of Spanish and indigenous languages after the year 1492. The encounter of these two cultures happened unexpectedly and both sides had to deal with complicated communication situation. For that reason this thesis includes the topic of nonverbal communication which was very important especially at the beginning of the contact, as well as the role of an interpreter. The thesis also deals with the topic of evolution of Spanish in America and theories of its particularity. After that this thesis concentrates on the ways of defining new realities of discovered world and enriching Spanish with loanwords from native languages. Then, typology and semantic classification is mentioned.

Comme Karl Marx le résumait, les colonisés « ne peuvent se représenter eux-mêmes ;ils doivent être représentés ». L’Indigène du Brésil a toujours tenu une place de choix dans la littérature brésilienne. Depuis les années 80, il devient sujet de ses oeuvres.A travers Metade Cara, Metade Máscara de Eliane Potiguara (2004) ; La chute du ciel. Paroles d'un chaman yanomami co-écrit par le chaman Davi Kopenawa etl'anthropologue Bruce Albert. (2010) et Geografia indígena rédigé conjointement parles professeurs en formation du Parque Indígena do Xingu (1995), nous abordons laquestion de l'identité indigène et brésilienne, en questionnant la légitimité et la validité de la dénomination « littérature indigène ».De ces publications diversifiées émergent des réflexions éclairantes sur la notiond’identité, notamment en la croisant à la problématique de l’auctorialité. L’adoption de l’écriture alphabétique par les Indigènes du Brésil permet la réappropriation d’un portrait longtemps soumis au regard de l’autre, donc un retour sur les écrits occidentaux et brésiliens.Par ailleurs, la littérature indigène apporte une vision différente de l'Histoire traitée du point de vue du « supersujet occidental » (Saïd, 2000). En nous appuyant sur les théories post-coloniales, nous montrons que la littérature indigène est révolutionnaire car elle propose un angle de vision excentrique (Bhabha, 1994) élargissant le concept européen de l'historiographie (Mignolo, 2003) s'appuyant sur la multiplicité des voix du divers (Glissant, 1981) notamment basées sur l'oralité. / As Karl Marx summarized, the colonized "cannot represent themselves; they must berepresented.” The Natives of Brazil have always held a special place in Brazilianliterature. Since the 80s, they have become the subject of their works.From Metade Cara, Metade Máscara Eliane Potiguara (2004); Falling from the sky.Words of a Yanomami shaman co-written by the shaman Davi Kopenawa andanthropologist Bruce Albert (2010) and Geografia indígena jointly by teachers intraining from Parque Indígena do Xingu (1995), we address the issue of indigenous and Brazilian identity, questioning the legitimacy and the validity of the description "indigenous literature". From these diverse publications emerge enlightening reflections on the notion of identity, notably when crossed with the challenge of authorship. The adoption of alphabetic writing by the Natives of Brazil allows the appropriation of a portrait subject to scrutiny from others, thus a return to Western and Brazilian writings.Moreover, indigenous literature brings a different view of history dealt with from a perspective of "Western super subjects" (Saïd, 2000). Drawing upon post-colonialtheories, we show that Native literature is revolutionary because it offers an eccentric viewing angle (Bhabha, 1994) extending the European concept of historiography (Mignolo, 2003) based on the multiplicity of the voices of the various (Glissant, 1981) in particular based on orality.

<p> The conflict between native people and resource development in the Canadian north is considered within the framework of a colonial model of development. It is hypothesized that the origins of contemporary land use conflicts in the north can be attributed to the colonization of native people, and that the growing discontent among native people can be viewed as a response to the perpetuation of their colonial status. </p> <p> Two phases in the historical relationship between native people and the Canadian government, traditional colonialism and nee-colonialism, are defined and the impacts of these forms of colonialism upon native people, and their role in the future development of the north, are examinedo Alternative native responses to colonial status are identified and each option is discussed in terms of its likelihood as a choice and the effects of that choice upon the native community. Government control over native people is identified as a major constraint on response choice. Various means of government control and their effectiveness are considered. </p> <p> Two alternatives are presented for the future control of political space in northern Canada: continuation of colonial domination or increasing control by natives. It is concluded, on the basis of recent experiences in native communities, that increasing control by natives is the only means through which the political and socio-economic status of native people will be improved. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Ce mémoire présente et analyse les dispositions législatives concernant la reconnaissance étatique de l'adoption coutumière. Afin de bien contextualiser la pratique de l'adoption coutumière, l'auteure s'emploie d'abord à expliciter la notion d'intérêt de l'enfant et à exposer le cadre juridique de l'adoption étatique. Les perspectives internationales de l'intérêt de l'enfant, son historique en droit interne, ainsi que les définitions et appréciations jurisprudentielles, doctrinales et législatives qu'on en retient font l'objet d'une présentation détaillée. Il en va de même du cadre juridique de l'adoption étatique dont l'évolution et les conditions légales sont exposées. Consacrée à l'adoption coutumière autochtone, la seconde partie trace d'abord un portrait général du contexte social et de l'environnement juridique dans lesquels évoluent les Autochtones. En ce sens, est notamment étudiée la Loi concernant les enfants, les jeunes et les familles des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis (L.C. 2019, c. 24.). L'auteure s'attarde à décrire les onze nations autochtones et à exposer l'historique des interventions de l'État auprès des familles autochtones. Elle s'emploie ensuite à décrire et à analyser le cadre dans lequel se déploie l'adoption coutumière, relatant les revendications liées à la reconnaissance étatique traditionnellement recherchées, les modifications législatives auxquelles ces revendications ont récemment donné lieu et les enjeux qui en résultent. L'auteure aborde enfin l'épineuse question de l'intérêt de l'enfant autochtone auquel la reconnaissance étatique de l'adoption coutumière est subordonnée, s'interrogeant sur la pertinence d'un tel critère et sur ses effets régulateurs. / The author presents and analyzes the legislative provisions regarding the state's recognition of Aboriginal customary adoption. In order to contextualize the practice of customary adoption, the author will first explain the notion of a child's best interest and will then elaborate on the legal framework of state adoption. International perspectives on the notion of a child's best interest are studied as well as the history of the notion in internal law. The definitions and interpretations of this notion within case law, legislation and doctrine will be thoroughly examined. The legal framework of state adoption will also be analyzed by exposing its evolution and legal requirements. The second part of the present work is devoted to Aboriginal customary adoption and will begin by tracing a general portrait of the social context and legal environment in which Aboriginal people evolve. The Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, youth and families (L.C. 2019, c. 24.) is particularly analyzed. The author studies the eleven First Nations along with the history of the state's interventions within Aboriginal families. She then describes and analyses the framework within which customary adoption is deployed, detailing the claims for state recognition that have traditionally been pursued, the recent legislative amendments that resulted from these claims along with potential implications that may arise from these amendments. The author will conclude by examining the delicate issue of the best interest of the Aboriginal child upon which the state's recognition of customary adoption is contingent and will question the relevance of such criteria and its regulating effect.

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Objectif: La santé des Indiens inscrits est inférieure à celle des autres Canadiens et dévoile des écarts importants entre les différents groupes qui la composent. La nation crie de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii, signataire de la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois (CBJNQ), bénéficie à cet égard d’un état de santé supérieur à celui des autres Indiens inscrits. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’examiner l’impact de la CBJNQ sur les déterminants sociaux et l’état de santé de ses signataires cris depuis son entrée en vigueur en 1977. Méthodologie : Des analyses comparatives entre les Cris de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii, les Indiens inscrits et les Canadiens ont permis de suivre l’évolution à travers le temps des différences socioéconomiques, d’habitudes de vie et d’état de santé de ces groupes. Résultats : Les Cris ont enregistré, comparativement aux autres groupes d’Indiens inscrits vivant sur une réserve, une plus grande amélioration de leurs déterminants socioéconomiques, une progression relativement limitée de leurs comportements à risque et une préservation à un niveau plus élevé de leurs pratiques traditionnelles. Les Cris ont également vu progresser plus rapidement leur espérance de vie à la naissance que les Canadiens, et leur mortalité infantile a connu une chute encore plus importante que celle enregistrée chez les Indiens inscrits sur réserve. Conclusion : La CBJNQ a vraisemblablement eu un impact significatif sur la santé des Cris de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii. Cette amélioration sanitaire s’explique notamment par la Convention qui a su mettre en place des structures politiques qui ont favorisé l’amélioration des déterminants sociaux et le développement de l’autonomie gouvernementale des Cris. / Objective : The health of Status Indians is below that of other Canadians, showing important gaps among the different Status groups. The Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee, signatory to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA), shows a higher health level than that of other Indian Nations. The objective of this thesis is to examine the impact of the JBNQA, signed in 1977, on the health of the Cree. Method : A comparative health analysis was conduted among the Cree of Eeyou Istchee, other Indian Nations’ levels, and that of non-Native Canadians, in order to examine the evolution of social determinants of health statuses of these groups. Results : The Cree achieved the highest improvement in their socioeconomic determinants, limited progress in reducing their risky behaviors, and better retention of their traditional ways of life, than other Native Nations. The Cree increased their life-expectancy at birth to a higher status than the Canadian status, and their child mortality rates decreased compared to those of other Status Indians. Conclusion : The JBNQA seems to have had a significant impact on the health of the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee. The improvements might be explained by the political structures created by the Agreement. These structures supported both the improvement of the social determinants and the development of the Cree self-governement.

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