No abstract available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1996.

This thesis seeks to contribute to the improved understanding of social systems analysis in management effectiveness research on protected areas. It develops and applies propositions for incorporating the analysis of social systems into management effectiveness research. The propositions are designed as theoretical constructs which represent some aspects of social reality in protected area management. They signify an organized way of thinking about the social domain of protected area management. It is argued that an analysis of management effectiveness must recognize the need to take into account the inherent interactive nature of the connections among three variables, relationships, learning and demands. It is suggested that the three variables do not exist in isolation, but are interconnected and exert influence on each other. The interactions among the variables provide this study with a conceptual structure for analyzing the social domain of protected area management. The thesis conceives the management of relationships as a behavioral process in which protected area management agencies influence the decisions and actions of other parties, and vice versa, over a period of time in order to advance shared interests. The effectiveness of relationship management depends on integrated learning, a collective process of managing information in a timely manner so as to enhance the responsiveness of social actors involved with protected areas. Demand management is viewed as a social process in which protected area management agencies develop timely and defensible responses to current and emerging demands from stakeholders. The management of demands is expressed through relationship management and integrated learning. Important in this context is the capability of social actors to cope with complexity, change and surprises. The thesis should be seen as a theoretical premise that focuses on the learning competence of social actors by aligning and fostering their ability to respond timely to the ever-changing demands on protected areas through the effective management of relationships. It should be viewed as making a contribution to the move in protected area management towards developing learning organizations and institutions through a systems approach. This should be interpreted as enhancing learning about the human dimensions of protected area management. And more specifically, effective learning generates timely responses in the management of demands and relationships. The implications of failure to respond quickly enough are epitomized in a number of South African examples such as rivers that stop flowing and conflicts over resource use. The thesis makes a contribution to management effectiveness research by examining in some important ways why research should not be determined solely by biophysical components, but should be extended to the broader social issues that define the nature and quality of management. It is argued that a deep appreciation of management effectiveness requires an understanding of relationships, learning and demands to provide a foundation for systemic social analyses. The thesis illustrates why a behavioral approach to relationships theory provides a foundation for resilient social relationships in collaborative processes. It shows why the establishment and maintenance of an integrated learning system take place in a complex context which links elements of governance learning and management learning. It also evinces why protected area management agencies have to incorporate mental models into adaptive management of demands. These insights imply that the opportunities for effective protected area management are largely contingent on systemic insights into the underlying social structures and processes responsible for emergent problems. By exposing the insights, research on management effectiveness is poised to take new direction. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Since the establishment of the first protected area in 1872, the Yellowstone National Park, the concept of protected areas and their management have witnessed several controversies and conflicts. Generally, ownership and management of most of these protected areas has in the past been restricted to state -governments. Other stakeholders and particularly local communities neighbouring these areas were excluded from their management and ownership. Since the last three decades, however, conservation bodies have been trying to encourage various other protected area governance (management) approaches to address failures in the existing management approach (in which state governments almost solely managed and owned these protected areas ) to achieve the conservation goals. Some of these include co-management and private protected area management approaches. In Component A of this study, "Co-management as an option for private protected areas: A case study of the Shongweni Resource Reserve", attempts were made to explore a selection of literature in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the concepts of private protected areas and co-management. Through this documentary review of literature from various sources (internet, libraries, personal communication, etc) the study identified, examined and documented various issues associated with the concepts. It also explored and documented the historical and current perspectives as well as the legal and policy context of these concepts in South Africa. In addition, the study examined the study area and the methods explored in the study. The study concludes in this Component that: 1. Protected area co-management is a pluralistic approach to the management of protected areas. It recognises a variety of stakeholders that are conducive to the achievement of sustainable conservation goals. 2. Private protected areas have tremendously increased in South Africa, with a total of 13% of the land surface under private protected area management. This is more than double the land surface under public protected area management. 3. South Africa has adequate legal and policy framework provisions that encourage comanagement as well as private protected area management. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas é considerada uma das mais importantes ações desenvolvidas por governos e entidades ambientalistas para a conservação do meio ambiente e de seus recursos naturais. Entretanto, tais áreas, quando estabelecidas em ambientes antropizados, como no bioma Mata Atlântica no Brasil, propiciam o surgimento de conflitos e disputas entre gestores públicos e comunidades residentes no interior ou no entorno das mesmas. Este trabalho aborda a gestão e utilização de recursos naturais por comunidades rurais e, a partir daí, os conflitos socioambientais resultantes da proposta de criação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, localizada na região do Baixo Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, a natureza emerge como centro de disputas, de negociações, onde o caráter mais preservacionista da legislação ambiental se defronta com as complexas interações, historicamente estabelecidas, entre os agricultores e o ambiente onde se inserem. O conflito, assim, não se estabelece tendo como base questões objetivas; é, antes de tudo, uma criação social (HANNIGAN, 1995), de grupos em disputa por legitimação de suas propostas em um ambiente de arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). As propostas, portanto, refletem diversos interesses – econômico, político, social, técnico/científico - por parte das entidades que as propõe. O conflito socioambiental estudado é recente; assim, seu cenário está sendo configurado, as entidades e as comunidades se posicionando em relação a negociar uma natureza que, até então, era concebida apenas como fonte de recursos naturais e de onde se estabeleciam suas relações sociais e, que agora, “deve ser protegida” através da implantação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, uma das categorias mais restritiva de Unidades de Conservação. / The creation of Protected Natural Areas is considered to be one of the most important actions developed by governments and environmentalist organizations for the conservation of the environment and natural resources. However, those areas when established in areas that are habitated by human populations, as is the biomass of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, can lead to a surge in conflicts and disputes between public administrators and resident communities within or around these areas. This work examines the administration and utilization of natural resources for rural communities and, from there, the socioenvironmental consequences of the creation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, located in the region of Baixo Jequitinhonha, in the state of Minas Gerais. In this context, nature emerges as the center of disputes, of negotiations, where the more preservationist character of the environmental legislation meets with the complex interactions, historically established, between agriculturalists and the environment. The conflict, in this way, does not establish itself based on objective questions; it is, above all, a social creation (HANNIGAN, 1995), of groups struggling to legitimize their proposals in a space of arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). These proposals reflect diverse interests – economic, political, social, technical/scientific – on the part of the entities that propose them. The socioenvironmental conflict studied here is recent; as such, the scene is being configured at present, the entities and communities are positioning themselves in order to negotiate a nature that, until now, was conceived as little more than a source of natural resources and where social relations were established and that now “should be protected” through the implantation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, one of the most restrictive categories of Conservation Units.

Submitted by Agnes Dantas (agnesdantas@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T15:25:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agnes_dissertacao UC-MPAP_vf.pdf: 2425731 bytes, checksum: fc10e039af4bfc45a7fc69d80e6babf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-10-29T12:03:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Agnes_dissertacao UC-MPAP_vf.pdf: 2425731 bytes, checksum: fc10e039af4bfc45a7fc69d80e6babf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-10-30T12:16:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Agnes_dissertacao UC-MPAP_vf.pdf: 2425731 bytes, checksum: fc10e039af4bfc45a7fc69d80e6babf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-30T12:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agnes_dissertacao UC-MPAP_vf.pdf: 2425731 bytes, checksum: fc10e039af4bfc45a7fc69d80e6babf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / The participation of social stakeholders in governance and its functions in public policies is a permanent theme in public management discussions (SANTANA, 2011; TENÓRIO, 2002; NASCIMENTO, 1967). It has been advocated by development and protection agencies and environmental institutions as essential for the management of natural territories (VAN DE KERKHOF, 2006; IUCN, 2011; HOCKINGS ET AL, 2006; BRASIL, 2013; ERVIN, 2003a; BRASIL, 2002; 2014). For environmental policy in force in Brazil, the management councils of public policies - traditional consultation spaces and social control of public policies - are legally institutionalized as forums for ensuring participation of stakeholders in the management of so-called protected areas or 'unidades de conservação' (BRASIL, 2000; 2002). However, institutional support does not translate itself in social participation in the management of these territories, and there’s a low level of management councils in activity. This work faced the challenge of identifying the effectiveness of management councils in natural protected area, from the perspective of the actors that compose these spaces in activity and that were identified as effective management councils. It was structured a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews to achieve that objective. From those actors perspective (stakeholders), it was possible to understand determinants and factors such as instruments and dynamics that contribute to effective actions. It was concluded that the legal and institutional framework that supports the existence of the councils in protected areas is significant to promote the involvement of civil society, non-profit organizations and public authorities in managing natural areas. However it does not guarantee the existence of management councils or consultation groups active in protected area management. From the perspective of stakeholders, the effectiveness encompasses both actions that generate results for the preservation and sustainable management of natural resources and the very ability to exist as a legitimate forum for debate and local social participation. / A participação de atores sociais na governabilidade e na aplicabilidade de políticas públicas no Brasil é tema recorrente em debates da gestão pública (SANTANA, 2011; TENÓRIO, 2002; NASCIMENTO, 1967), e tem sido defendida por organismos de defesa da sustentabilidade e da preservação ambiental como elemento imprescindível para a gestão de territórios naturais (VAN DE KERKHOF, 2006; UICN, 2011; HOCKINGS ET AL, 2006; BRASIL, 2013; ERVIN, 2003a; BRASIL, 2002; 2014). Para a política ambiental em vigência no Brasil, os conselhos gestores de políticas públicas, tradicionais espaços de consulta e controle social das políticas públicas, encontram-se legalmente institucionalizados como fóruns para garantir a participação de atores sociais na gestão das chamadas unidades de conservação, as UCs (BRASIL, 2000; 2002). Entretanto, o respaldo institucional não se traduz por si só em participação social na gestão destes territórios e o cenário é o de um grau reduzido de conselhos gestores em atividade. O presente trabalho assumiu o desafio de identificar os aspectos que caracterizam a efetividade dos conselhos gestores em sua atuação, sob a perspectiva dos atores que integram estes espaços. Para tanto, foi aplicada uma metodologia de caráter exploratório, adotando-se métodos de análise qualitativa a partir da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade. Com o apoio de especialistas em gestão socioambiental, identificou-se conselhos gestores apontados como referências por sua efetividade. E, a partir da perspectiva de especialistas e dos atores que integram tais conselhos gestores em atividade (stakeholders), foi possível compreender variáveis determinantes e fatores como instrumentos e dinâmicas que contribuem para uma atuação efetiva. Concluiu-se que o arcabouço legal e institucional que respalda a existência dos conselhos em unidades de conservação é significativo ao favorecer o envolvimento da sociedade civil, organizações sem fins lucrativos e poder público na gestão de áreas naturais, mas não se traduz por si só em conselhos gestores autônomos e em atividade como fóruns de consulta ou deliberação de questões de interesse para a gestão. Sob a ótica dos stakeholders, a efetividade engloba tanto as ações que geram resultados para a preservação e para o manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais quanto a própria capacidade de existir como um fórum legítimo de debates e de participação social local.

Very little is known about the spatio-temporal ecology of the rusty-spotted genet, Genetta maculata. With this study I aimed to describe the activity patterns, resting site use and spatial ecology of G. maculata in Telperion Nature Reserve. I particularly looked at the activity profile and the activity period. I wanted to determine the spatial distribution of resting sites, the number of sites used per individual as well as the index of resting site reuse. I also calculated the distance between resting sites on consecutive days and tested for differences between sexes and seasons. I determined the size of home ranges, as well as that of core areas and compared space use between sexes and seasons as well as vegetation types. A total of six males and nine females were trapped, radio-collared and tracked during continuous night and daytime sessions between September 2015 and August 2016. Rusty-spotted genets were primarily nocturnal (nocturnality index: 0.84) and therefore made use of the darkness for cover when hunting. Overall, male effective activity duration (586 ± 172 min) was greater than for females (564 ± 175 min) possibly because they search for females to mate with as well as due to their larger body size. Seasonal changes in activity were evident – specifically in winter – and were probably a function of both food availability and temperature. Areas with a denser vegetation structure seemed to be more suitable for rusty-spotted genet resting sites. Neither the number of resting sites nor the reuse rate of these resting sites differed between sexes or seasons. The inter-resting site distance on consecutive days was higher for males (938 ± 848 m) than females (707 ± 661 m). This was possibly caused by males travelling larger distances when searching for females to mate with. The inter-resting site distance was higher during autumn, likely due to the decrease in food availability, which made it necessary for genets to increase their hunting efforts. However, a similar increase in hunting effort was not evident during winter as genets decreased their overall activity, possibly in order to avoid colder temperatures. No sexual or seasonal differences in home range size were found. This was attributed to a well-spread and consistent availability of food sources. Core areas only covered on average 7% of the total individual home range which further supports the hypothesis that food was readily available. Both intra- and intersexual home range overlaps were recorded. This was not unusual for carnivores and due to a combination of reproductive and social actions. Home ranges mainly included bushveld vegetation (78%) rather than grassland as these areas provided better cover and likely more abundant food sources. As this was the first exhaustive study of its kind on this species over a full annual cycle, the information gathered is important for the development of conservation strategies for this species, but also for other Genetta species in the rest of Africa. / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas é considerada uma das mais importantes ações desenvolvidas por governos e entidades ambientalistas para a conservação do meio ambiente e de seus recursos naturais. Entretanto, tais áreas, quando estabelecidas em ambientes antropizados, como no bioma Mata Atlântica no Brasil, propiciam o surgimento de conflitos e disputas entre gestores públicos e comunidades residentes no interior ou no entorno das mesmas. Este trabalho aborda a gestão e utilização de recursos naturais por comunidades rurais e, a partir daí, os conflitos socioambientais resultantes da proposta de criação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, localizada na região do Baixo Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, a natureza emerge como centro de disputas, de negociações, onde o caráter mais preservacionista da legislação ambiental se defronta com as complexas interações, historicamente estabelecidas, entre os agricultores e o ambiente onde se inserem. O conflito, assim, não se estabelece tendo como base questões objetivas; é, antes de tudo, uma criação social (HANNIGAN, 1995), de grupos em disputa por legitimação de suas propostas em um ambiente de arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). As propostas, portanto, refletem diversos interesses – econômico, político, social, técnico/científico - por parte das entidades que as propõe. O conflito socioambiental estudado é recente; assim, seu cenário está sendo configurado, as entidades e as comunidades se posicionando em relação a negociar uma natureza que, até então, era concebida apenas como fonte de recursos naturais e de onde se estabeleciam suas relações sociais e, que agora, “deve ser protegida” através da implantação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, uma das categorias mais restritiva de Unidades de Conservação. / The creation of Protected Natural Areas is considered to be one of the most important actions developed by governments and environmentalist organizations for the conservation of the environment and natural resources. However, those areas when established in areas that are habitated by human populations, as is the biomass of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, can lead to a surge in conflicts and disputes between public administrators and resident communities within or around these areas. This work examines the administration and utilization of natural resources for rural communities and, from there, the socioenvironmental consequences of the creation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, located in the region of Baixo Jequitinhonha, in the state of Minas Gerais. In this context, nature emerges as the center of disputes, of negotiations, where the more preservationist character of the environmental legislation meets with the complex interactions, historically established, between agriculturalists and the environment. The conflict, in this way, does not establish itself based on objective questions; it is, above all, a social creation (HANNIGAN, 1995), of groups struggling to legitimize their proposals in a space of arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). These proposals reflect diverse interests – economic, political, social, technical/scientific – on the part of the entities that propose them. The socioenvironmental conflict studied here is recent; as such, the scene is being configured at present, the entities and communities are positioning themselves in order to negotiate a nature that, until now, was conceived as little more than a source of natural resources and where social relations were established and that now “should be protected” through the implantation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, one of the most restrictive categories of Conservation Units.

A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas é considerada uma das mais importantes ações desenvolvidas por governos e entidades ambientalistas para a conservação do meio ambiente e de seus recursos naturais. Entretanto, tais áreas, quando estabelecidas em ambientes antropizados, como no bioma Mata Atlântica no Brasil, propiciam o surgimento de conflitos e disputas entre gestores públicos e comunidades residentes no interior ou no entorno das mesmas. Este trabalho aborda a gestão e utilização de recursos naturais por comunidades rurais e, a partir daí, os conflitos socioambientais resultantes da proposta de criação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, localizada na região do Baixo Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, a natureza emerge como centro de disputas, de negociações, onde o caráter mais preservacionista da legislação ambiental se defronta com as complexas interações, historicamente estabelecidas, entre os agricultores e o ambiente onde se inserem. O conflito, assim, não se estabelece tendo como base questões objetivas; é, antes de tudo, uma criação social (HANNIGAN, 1995), de grupos em disputa por legitimação de suas propostas em um ambiente de arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). As propostas, portanto, refletem diversos interesses – econômico, político, social, técnico/científico - por parte das entidades que as propõe. O conflito socioambiental estudado é recente; assim, seu cenário está sendo configurado, as entidades e as comunidades se posicionando em relação a negociar uma natureza que, até então, era concebida apenas como fonte de recursos naturais e de onde se estabeleciam suas relações sociais e, que agora, “deve ser protegida” através da implantação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, uma das categorias mais restritiva de Unidades de Conservação. / The creation of Protected Natural Areas is considered to be one of the most important actions developed by governments and environmentalist organizations for the conservation of the environment and natural resources. However, those areas when established in areas that are habitated by human populations, as is the biomass of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, can lead to a surge in conflicts and disputes between public administrators and resident communities within or around these areas. This work examines the administration and utilization of natural resources for rural communities and, from there, the socioenvironmental consequences of the creation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, located in the region of Baixo Jequitinhonha, in the state of Minas Gerais. In this context, nature emerges as the center of disputes, of negotiations, where the more preservationist character of the environmental legislation meets with the complex interactions, historically established, between agriculturalists and the environment. The conflict, in this way, does not establish itself based on objective questions; it is, above all, a social creation (HANNIGAN, 1995), of groups struggling to legitimize their proposals in a space of arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). These proposals reflect diverse interests – economic, political, social, technical/scientific – on the part of the entities that propose them. The socioenvironmental conflict studied here is recent; as such, the scene is being configured at present, the entities and communities are positioning themselves in order to negotiate a nature that, until now, was conceived as little more than a source of natural resources and where social relations were established and that now “should be protected” through the implantation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, one of the most restrictive categories of Conservation Units.

This project investigates federal, state and local agencies and organizations that are key sources of information about Peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates) to determine the extent of the agencies' environmental education and awareness programs related to the sheep. The agencies and organizations investigated include: Bureau of Land Management, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Living Desert Wildlife and Botanical Park, Bighorn Institute, Natural Science Collaborative of the Desert Region and California Desert Managers Group. Recommendations about future educational and interpretive programs are included.