El turismo en áreas naturales protegidas no sólo debe brindar beneficios económicos sino también sociales y ambientales; teniendo este último que generar conciencia sobre la importancia de las riquezas naturales y fomentar buenas prácticas en los visitantes. Asimismo, todo tipo de turismo tiene que fomentar acciones para la conservación medioambiental, sobre todo si este se desarrolla en áreas protegidas, pues estas han sido creadas principalmente para contribuir a la generación de conciencia sobre la importancia del cuidado de la biodiversidad. Se analiza el conocimiento sobre el aporte de las visitas turísticas a espacios protegidos en el desarrollo o fortalecimiento de la conciencia ambiental. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión bibliográfica pues se consultaron fuentes académicas que permitieron conocer los beneficios de las visitas turísticas a áreas protegidas. El primer hallazgo es que se fomenta la valoración medioambiental mediante el uso de los centros de interpretación, los sentidos del lugar y el contacto con la naturaleza. Por otro lado, las visitas turísticas en las que se interactúa con la naturaleza promueven conductas pro-ambientales que generan preocupación y acciones a favor del medio natural. Finalmente se encontró que las comunidades que tienen como fuentes de ingreso al turismo aplican buenas prácticas ambientales, y que existen factores que limitan la aplicación de las mismas por parte de los operadores de turismo. En conclusión, las visitas turísticas a áreas naturales protegidas generan conciencia en los turistas respecto a los problemas ambientales así como acciones para su mitigación, el cuidado y la valoración medioambiental. / Tourism in protected natural areas not only must give economic benefits, also social and environmental ones; having the last one to generate awareness about the importance of natural wealth and to encourage good practices in visitors. Likewise, all kind of tourism have to contribute to encourage positive actions in favor of environmental conservation, especially if it takes place in protected natural areas, because those have been created mainly to generate awareness about the importance of biodiversity care. This research analyzes the knowledge about contribution of tourism in the development or strengthening of environmental awareness. The research methodology used was literature review because was consulted academic resources that allow to know about the benefits that tourism to protected natural areas generates. The first finding showed that tours in protected spaces encourage the environmental value through tools such as visitors’ centers, sense of place concept and the interaction with nature, which ones allow to sensitize tourists about the importance of environmental care. The second finding showed that tourism in which is interacted with nature encourages pro-environmental conducts that generate worry and actions in favor of natural environment. The last finding showed that mainly local communities that get incomes from tourism applied good environmental practices and that there are elements that limit its application by tour operators. To conclude, tourism in protected natural areas generates more awareness in tourists about environmental problems as well as actions to mitigate it, environmental care and value. / Trabajo de investigación

Den 11 mars 2020 klassificerade Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) covid-19 viruset som en pandemi. I Sverige infördes restriktioner för att begränsa smittspridningen av viruset genom att minska människans fysiska kontakt. Under pandemin började allt fler människor besöka naturområden och besöksantalet ökade kraftigt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förhållandet mellan människa och natur i relation till stödjande- och kulturella ekosystemtjänster som människan tillgår när hon vistas i naturen. Studiens metod utgjordes av en kvalitativ intervjustudie som bestod av två delar för att inkludera flera perspektiv. Den första intervjumetoden begränsades till fyra naturområden belägna i Skåne och en naturvårdsförvaltare från vardera område samt en vaktmästare från ett av områdena intervjuades. Den andra intervjumetoden inkluderade fem individer som vistats i skånska naturområden under pandemin. Studiens resultat visade att besöksantalet ökat markant i tre av fyra naturområden och störningen från mänsklig aktivitet har varit kraftig i vissa områden. Effekten på hur stödjande ekosystemtjänster påverkats till följd av störningar gick inte att fastställa då det inte gått tillräckligt lång tid sedan besökstrycket ökade till följd av pandemin. Människan har kunnat nyttja naturområden för avslappning, återhämtning och sociala aktiviteter och därmed har kulturella ekosystemtjänster haft en större betydelse för människan under pandemin. Studiens slutsats är att vidare forskning behövs för att undersöka vilka långtgående konsekvenser som covid-19 pandemin haft på människans och naturens mående eftersom kunskap inom området saknas. / The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the covid-19 virus a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. Sweden introduced restrictions to limit the spread of the virus and to restrict people's physical contact with each other. During the pandemic people started to visit natural areas and the number of visitors in these places increased. The purpose of the study was to examine the relation between human and nature and the affiliation with the supportive- and cultural ecosystem services that people utilize when they spend time in nature. A qualitative interview method was chosen to fulfill the purpose of the study. We interviewed four nature conservation managers in four different natural areas in Skåne county, a caretaker in one of the areas, and five individuals who had visited natural areas during the pandemic. The result of the study displayed that the number of visitors had significantly increased in three out of four natural areas and the disturbance from human activity was potent in some of the areas. It was not possible to determine how human disturbance affected the supportive ecosystem services since not enough time had elapsed since the increase of visitors. People have used the natural areas to relax, be restored, and to engage in social activities. The cultural ecosystem services have thus been of greater importance for people during the pandemic. The study also concluded that more research is needed to examine the long-term effects of the pandemic on human’s and nature's wellbeing.

Shark Bay is an extensive marine embayment located on the central coast of Western Australia that is recognised as a World Heritage Property on the basis of the Outstanding Universal Value of the natural environment of the region. This thesis examines the history of science at Shark Bay between the arrival of the first European explorers in the seventeenth century through to the official recognition of Shark Bay as a World Heritage Area in 1991. Each of the seven chapters is devoted to a different period in the development of scientific investigations, beginning with Dutch and English mariners and naturalists, passing on to French scientific explorers and British surveyors naturalists, and explorers, continuing through a variety of investigations in marine science and research in biogeography and evolution carried out by foreign expeditions and Australian field-workers, and culminating in the transformation of scientific investigations as a result of the rise and development of modern ecological science in the second half of the twentieth century. This development of science at Shark Bay is considered in light of existing frameworks for the development or spread of science in Australia, and in relation to current literature concerning the development or emergence of ecology in Australia. After evaluating the history of science at Shark Bay relative to existing knowledge of the spread of science and the emergence of ecology, the thesis concludes by proposing a new framework for the development of science and the emergence of ecology based on the experience at Shark Bay and with wider application to the history of science in Western Australia.

La tesis se enmarca en la relación entre espacios naturales protegidos, turismo y desarrollo sostenible. Y lo hace desde la óptica de la planificación de las prácticas turísticas, un tema bastante novedoso en nuestro país y que está de plena actualidad. Los objetivos fundamentales de la investigación son los siguientes:Determinar, de manera genérica y en clave de sostenibilidad, el papel del turismo en los ENP españoles.Estudiar con detalle dos instrumentos de planificación del turismo en las áreas protegidas españolas: la Carta Europea del Turismo Sostenible en los espacios protegidos y los Planes de Desarrollo Sostenible andaluces derivados de la Ley 2/1989.Evaluar el alcance de dichos instrumentos en dos territorios concretos: el Parque Natural de la Zona Volcánica de la Garrotxa (Girona) y el Parque Natural Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería). / The PhD thesis framework is the connection between protected areas, tourism and sustainable development. The main approach is the Tourism Planning, a quite new and current topic in our country. The research has got the following main aims:To set the role of tourism in the Spanish protected areas, both in general and under a key of sustainability.To study in great detail two Tourism Planning tools in the Spanish protected areas: the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism and the Sustainable Development Plans in Andalucía which are a requirement from Law 2/1989.To avaluate the scope of both tools in two specific territorios: the Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa Nature Park (in Girona) and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Nature Park (in Almería).

The study was conducted in the Amazizi Traditional Administrative Council Area, in the Obonjaneni community, which is the closest community to the Royal Natal Park, KwaZulu-Natal. The aim of the research was to evaluate how trust-based relationships can affect the ability of protected area managers to meet the objective of biodiversity conservation. The objectives of the study involved determining the nature and basis of the current relationship between communities and park authorities in the Royal Natal Park; determining the resilience of their relationship and commenting on how these relationships might be better developed. Data collection was undertaken using focus groups from the community; key informant interviews with Park authorities (represented by the Officer in Charge), the Community Conservation Officer, and the Tribal Authority (represented by the inkosi). Three dimensions of trust, adapted from Grunig and Hon (1999), were used as a conceptual framework in investigating the extent to which trust can be assessed in the case study. The dimensions of trust are: integrity, competence, and dependability. The researcher found that there is no forum for the exchange of ideas where the Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (EKZNW) authority can act to address community concerns and facilitate the formulation of greater levels of trust. Several issues came up during data collection which showed that all the three dimensions of trust were under serious threat. There was inadequate communication amongst all the parties involved. Misunderstanding and the lack of adequate communication are key threats to trust between these parties. Findings draw attention to deficiencies in the competence and dependability of all parties and in the ability to develop and maintain trust-based relationships. In order to develop a better relationship between the community of Obonjaneni and the Royal Natal Park authorities, it is recommended that the Park involves the community members of Obonjaneni, who are the interested and affected party, in decision-making processes that directly affect them. This entails the formation of a forum for the exchange of ideas and one where the EKZNW authority can act to address community concerns – and where the community can voice its concerns. Furthermore, success in meeting the main objective of the park, that of biodiversity conservation; requires recognition among all stakeholders that the Park alone cannot solve poverty and underdevelopment in the surrounding areas. Other Government Departments also need to be involved in poverty reduction. The Park also needs to continue to play its role of providing resources and improving the communication with surrounding communities: these are critical areas of competency of the park authorities. Communities, because they have different levels of understanding and capacity, need to be helped to understand issues of conservation. Sharing the same set of values, which in this case is biodiversity conservation, may be successful if people, despite issues of poverty, are made to understand the critical importance of such a conservation ethic. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Global economy is going through a transition where investments in extractive industryprojects have drastically slowed down, which results in a competition among governments for establishing regulatory incentives to make their jurisdictions more attractive. In this context, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has created a Specialized Team to Track Investment Execution, which is intended to identify all the issues and obstacles that hinder the execution of investments so as to adjust their regulatory frameworks. As a result, the aforementioned Team submitted a bill that the Congress has recently approved, Law N° 30230, known as Economic Recovery Package, which provides for a set of measures relatedto the private investment and environmental regulations.Based on the analysis of the aforementioned measures, the authors propose that this Law does not intend to reduce the environmental standards or requirements but to provide such legal security that gives investors certainty and predictability as to the regulatory framework. / La economía mundial viene atravesando una fase de transición donde la inversión en proyectos de industrias extractivas se ha desacelerado drásticamente, lo cual conlleva a que muchos gobiernos compitan por generar incentivos regulatorios que vuelvan más atractivas sus jurisdicciones. En ese contexto, el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas creó un Equipo Especializado de Seguimiento de la Inversión, cuyo propósito es identificar todos aquellos problemas y trabas que afectan la ejecución de las inversiones, a fin de proponer la adecuación de los marcos normativos. Es así que, a propuesta del referido equipo, recientemente fue aprobada por el Congreso la Ley No. 30230, conocida como el Paquete de Reactivación Económica, que contempla una serie de medidas vinculadas con la regulación ambiental y la inversión privada.Partiendo del análisis de las referidas medidas, los autores proponen que la Ley no busca reducir los estándares o exigencias ambientales, sino mas bien alcanzar aquella seguridad jurídica que permita otorgar certeza y predictibilidad a los inversionistas respecto del marcoregulatorio.

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental. / Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.

Cette thèse a un double propos. Tout d’abord, elle cherche à identifier comment les expériences de protection de l’Environnement au sein d’Espaces naturels protégés habités (ENPH) peuvent se développer. Puis, elle examine, dans le contexte des démarches de conservation de la nature « ordinaire », de quelles manières « l’Environnement » peut organiser et intégrer les dynamiques sociales et politiques d’un territoire donné. Pour cela, nous avons effectué une série d’entretiens, de séjours d’observation, de recherches d’archives et une large revue de presse. En faisant appel à une histoire croisée des rapports locaux au milieu naturel et au milieu politique et de leur mobilisation lors du traitement d’une affaire contemporaine mettant en jeu les politiques de protection – à savoir, des infrastructures routières –, nous avons identifié des points de repère pour saisir les contextes de sens bâtis au sein de et par le biais du Parc naturel régional du Marais poitevin (France) et de l’Aire de Protection environnementale de Guaraqueçaba (Brésil). À travers notre recherche, nous montrons l’importance des situations problématiques dans l’émergence d’« expériences publiques de l’Environnement », comprises par nous comme toute expérience dérivée de l’incorporation de l’enjeu environnemental dans différents champs d’interaction. Que ces expériences soient générées par des actions ou arènes publiques, qu’elles procèdent du ressenti de « troubles » ou d’une procédure enquête, elles deviennent publiques dans la mesure où (i) elles font de la « nature » un objet d’attention, d’action ou de débat et (ii) elles engagent la relation de différents « publics » à leurs « environnements ». Incorporant des enjeux à la fois internationaux, nationaux et locaux, les expériences « de l’Environnement » deviennent ainsi publiques et privées au fur et à mesure des expérimentations sociales, des déstabilisations et des réaménagements de ces espaces. / This thesis has a double purpose. First, it seeks to identify how the experiences of environmental protection can be developed within inhabited protected natural areas (ENPH). Then, it examines how the “Environment” can organize and integrate the social and political dynamics of the territories touched by approaches of conservation based on “ordinary” nature. To this end, we conducted a series of interviews, observation visits, archival research and a broad press review. By appealing to a cross history of local relationships with the natural and political environment and their mobilization in dealing with contemporary affairs involving protection policies – namely: the construction of roads – we have searched the benchmarks of how the contexts of meaning could be built within and through the Marais poitevin Regional Natural Park (France) and the Guaraqueçaba Environmental Protected Area (Brésil). Through our research, we show the importance of problematic situations – whether or not they result from nature conservation approaches – in the emergence of “public experiences of the Environment”, which is understood by us as any experience derived from the incorporation of the environmental issues into different fields of interaction. Whether these experiences are generated by public actions or arenas, whether they stem from the feeling of “troubles” or from a procedure of “inquiry”, they become public to the extent that (i) they make of “nature” an object of attention, action or debate and (ii) they involve the relationship of different “publics” to their “environments”. Incorporating international, national and local issues, “Environmental” experiences become public and private throughout the social experiments, and the processes of destabilization and reformulation of these protected areas. / Esta tese tem um duplo propósito. Primeiramente, ela busca identificar como as experiências de proteção do Meio Ambiente podem se desenvolver em Unidades de Conservação (UC) habitadas. Em seguida, ela procura examinar, no contexto de iniciativas de conservação de naturezas “ordinárias”, de que maneira o “Meio Ambiente” pode organizar e integrar as dinâmicas sociais e políticas de determinados territórios. Para tanto, efetuamos uma série de entrevistas, de estadias de observação, de pesquisa de arquivos e uma extensa revisão de documentos de imprensa. Recorrendo a uma história cruzada entre as relações locais ao meio natural e ao meio político, assim como a uma identificação da mobilização de tais relações quando do tratamento de problemas contemporâneos colocando em questão as políticas de proteção – a saber, a construção de estradas –, pudemos identificar como o Parque Natural Regional do Marais poitevin (França) e a Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guaraqueçaba (Brasil) orientaram a formação de sentido ambiental através de sua existência e de sua ação. Através nossa pesquisa, mostramos a importância da confrontação a situações “problemáticas” – que elas decorram ou não de atividades de conservação da natureza – para a emergência de “experiências públicas do meio ambiente”, compreendidas por nós como toda experiência derivada da incorporação da questão ambiental em diferentes campos de interação. Que estas experiências sejam geradas por ações ou arenas públicas, que elas resultem de “distúrbios” ou de um procedimento de “enquete”, elas tornam-se públicas na medida em que (i) elas fazem da “natureza” um objeto de atenção, de ação e de debate e (ii) elas envolvem a relação de diferentes “públicos” a seus “ambientes”. Incorporando questões ao mesmo tempo internacionais, nacionais e locais, as experiências do “Meio Ambiente” tornam-se assim públicas e privadas ao longo das experimentações sociais, assim como das desestabilizações e das reformulações de tais espaços.

K. Kaprová (2019): Revealed preferences for outdoor recreation in natural areas - Czech and European perspective Abstract of the Doctoral Dissertation The dissertation thesis focuses on the investigation and synthesis of recreation welfare benefits associated with natural areas in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The dissertation thesis consists of five case studies. These represent various geographic levels of analysis: the level of one single recreation locality, the national level that takes into account large natural recreation sites in the Czech Republic (including protected areas), and a synthesis of results of studies on the European level. The methodological approach is based on the theory of environmental economics and employs non-market valuation techniques based on methods of revealed preferences, namely the hedonic pricing method and two types of travel cost modelling. In Study I, we examine how the presence and characteristics of urban greenery affect property prices in Prague. The results confirm that proximity to greenery and its area are important determinants of housing prices in Prague, which means that residents realize the positive values provided by urban greenery, including recreational ecosystem service. Benefits to residents differ with the type of greenery. Urban forests have the...