Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Rodrigo Alecio.pdf: 5329646 bytes, checksum: 74fcb177f7eeca1140502ad6646743e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The abundance, potential insecticide and evidence of synergism among the major constituents of timbo extracts (Derris and Deguelia) and the need to control of Cerotoma tingomarianus Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) stimulated the realization of this study, which aimed to evaluate the biological effects of timbo extracts and its purified fractions compared to rotenone, as well as combined in different concentrations, on adults of C. tingomarianus and S. frugiperda larvae. Samples timbo roots were collected of plants in the Acre and Amazonas states, and obtained extracts by hot extraction of dry material method. The timbo extracts were grouped into six distinct groups and the bioassays were carried out by means of topical contact, contact by contaminated surface (filter-paper) and intake of contaminated diet in a completely randomized design. The mortality values of two insect species were submitted to Probit analysis to determine the LC50, LD50 and LT50. The other variables were subjected to variance analysis, when possible, using the Scott-Knott test (P> 0.05) for grouping treatment means. The intoxication by intake of contaminated diet/leaves is the most effective mean of contact for adults of C. tingomarianus and S. frugiperda larvae. The toxicity of timbo species extracts is variable and is related to the chemical composition of the extracts, as well as at form of exposure and the target insect species. Rotenone alone was not toxic to adult C. tingomarianus and showed low toxicity to S. frugiperda larvae, enhancing their biological effects on the insects/larvae when associated with the fractions containing timbo extracts, constituent A, constituent B and deguelin. The toxicity of timbo extracts for C. tingomarianus adult may be related to the combined action of several constituents. Extracts containing high levels of rotenone and deguelin are indicators of toxicity to S. frugiperda larvae. The association the constituent A with constituent B probably causes mortalities in the pre-pupal and pupal weight of S. frugiperda. The extract of timbo G1 and G3 showed the highest toxicity to insects and can be considered as the most promising for the development of biotechnology products for the control of C. tingomarianus adults and S. frugiperda larvae. / A abundância, o potencial inseticida e indícios de sinergismo entre os constituintes majoritários de extratos de timbó (Derris e Deguelia) e a necessidade de controle de Cerotoma tingomarianus Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e de Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) estimularam a realização desta pesquisa, que objetivou avaliar os efeitos biológicos de extratos de timbó e de suas frações comparados à rotenona purificada, isoladamente e combinados em diferentes concentrações, sobre adultos de C. tingomarianus e de lagartas de S. frugiperda. Foram coletadas amostras de raízes de plantas de timbó nos estados do Acre e do Amazonas e obtidos extratos a quente utilizando clorofórmio como solvente. Os extratos das plantas de timbó foram agrupados em seis grupos distintos e os bioensaios foram desenvolvidos pelas vias de intoxicação de contato tópico, de contato por superfície contaminada e por ingestão alimentar, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os valores de mortalidade das duas espécies de insetos foram submetidos à análise de Probit para determinação das CL50, DL50 e TL50. As demais variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância, quando possível, utilizando-se o teste de Scott-Knott (P > 0,05) para agrupamento das médias dos tratamentos. A intoxicação por ingestão alimentar é a via de contato mais efetiva para adultos de C. tingomarianus e lagartas de S. frugiperda. A toxicidade dos timbós é variável e está relacionada à composição química dos extratos, a forma de exposição e a espécie de inseto alvo. A rotenona utilizada isoladamente não foi tóxica para adultos de C. tingomarianus e apresentou baixa toxicidade para lagartas de S. frugiperda, potencializando seus efeitos biológicos sobre as lagartas quando associada com as frações dos extratos de timbó contendo deguelina e os constituintes A e B. A toxicidade dos extratos de timbó para adultos de C. tingomarianus pode estar relacionada à atuação conjunta de diversos constituintes. Extratos com elevados teores de rotenona e deguelina são indicadores de toxicidade para lagartas de S. frugiperda. A associação do constituinte A com o constituinte B provavelmente provoca mortalidades na fase pré-pupa e o peso de pupa de S. frugiperda pode ser reduzido pela atuação conjunta de vários constituintes dos extratos de timbó. O constituinte A pode atuar como antagonista de mortalidade de lagartas, provocar deformações e afetar a viabilidade de adultos de S. frugiperda. Os extratos de timbó G1 e G3 apresentam a maior toxicidade para os insetos e podem ser considerados como os mais promissores para o desenvolvimento de produtos biotecnológicos para o controle de adultos de C. tingomarianus e de lagartas de S. frugiperda.

Identifier les leviers permettant de stimuler la régulation naturelle des bioagresseurs tout en préservant la biodiversité est indispensable pour concevoir des paysages agricoles fonctionnels. A partir d’une méta-analyse et d’une étude empirique reposant sur 42 parcelles viticoles localisées dans Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), nous avons cherché à évaluer l’impact du déploiement de l’agriculture biologique à de large échelles spatiales sur 1) les communautés d’ennemis naturels, 2) les services de régulation naturelle, 3) les taux d’infestation par les bioagresseurs. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que la proportion d’agriculture biologique est un facteur structurant plus les communautés d’ennemis naturels que la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels dans le paysage. De plus, nous avons montré que les communautés de bioagresseurs rencontrées dans les vignes ne sont pas influencées par la proportion d’agriculture biologique alors qu’elles répondent plutôt négativement à la proportion d’habitats semi-naturels. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’agriculture biologique, à l’échelle globale et indépendamment du type de culture considérée est un système de culture stimulant la régulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. En viticulture, elle permet de réduire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, comparé à l’agriculture conventionnelle. Enfin, nos analyses ont révélé qu’au-delà de la différence de systèmes de culture, un certain nombre de facteurs locaux (e.g., âge des parcelles, fréquence de traitements, productivité) permettent d’expliquer la structure des communautés d’ennemis naturels et des services de régulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. Tout en produisant des connaissances sur les processus permettant d’expliquer les assemblages des communautés d’ennemis naturels et les niveaux de services de régulation rendus, notre travail suggère des pistes pour l’aménagement des paysages viticoles permettant de concilier préservation de la biodiversité et maximisation des régulations naturelles. / Identifying landscape context and farming systems that enhance natural pest control while maintaining biodiversity is crucial to design functional agricultural landscapes. Using a meta-analysis and an empiric study based on 42 vineyards in Nouvelle Aquitaine (France), we investigated the effect of the deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale on 1) natural enemy communities, 2) natural pest control and 3) pest infestation levels. Here, we showed that the proportion of organic farming structured more natural enemy communities than the proportion of semi-natural habitats. On the opposite, pest and pathogen infestations were never influenced by the proportion of organic farming while they were negatively influenced by the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Furthermore, at a global scale and for every crop types, organic farming, per se, enhances natural pest control. In viticulture, it is less dependent of synthetic agrochemicals than conventional farming. Moreover, local factors such as the treatment frequency index, the field age and the crop productivity had important effects on natural enemy communities and natural pest control. Finally, we yielded knowledge on processes that impact natural enemy assembly and natural pest control in agrosystems. For vineyards-dominated landscapes, our work suggests some tracks for landscape planning that support biodiversity conservation and natural pest control.

No description available.