The first part of thesis is focused on teoretical basis of selected issues, which is importnant for understanding. The following second part deals with the analysis and the current situation of the processes to be optimized. The next chapter of the thesis focuses on the optimization design itself using modern technologies and modified Dynamics NAV 2018 modules.

This thesis deals with the creation of the application for sales process support on Android mobile platform. It describes the application concept and the consequent implementation of solution for Allium Catalogue based on Microsoft Dynamics NAV. It also explains the importance of ERP systems for sales process and includes the familiarization with already existing applications for their support. It analyses the multiplatform development environments and basic principles of the multiplatform development.

Detta examensarbete går ut på att konstruera en upphängningsanordning för en provrigg på Scania. Scania har i dagsläget ett flertal olika provriggar, en provrigg de har är T22. Syftet med detta arbete är att utveckla en fixtur som har egenskapen att stödja en tung växellåda så den utgående axeln på växellådan kan provas i provriggen T22. Metoden som används för denna utveckling består av flera moment där den första delen är att mäta nuvarande mått på växellådan och modellera en fixtur med hjälp av de mått som tagits i CAD-programmet CATIA. Därefter kan fixturen som konstruerats i CATIA sammanställas ihop med växellådan för att se om dimensionerna stämmer. När sammanställningen har genomförts kan mekaniska analyser utföras och sedan avslutas med tester. Resultatet av projektet blev en upphängningsanordning som monteras på Scanias växellådor som i sin tur kopplas ihop med provrigg T22. Scanias befintliga komponenter som lyftbalk och cirkulär konsol användes och kompletterades med armar som möjliggör att montera växellådan bakifrån i provrigg T22. Av det här resultatet kan vi dra slutsatsen att Scania kan montera fixturen på de allra flesta GW växellådorna och utföra mätningar via provriggen T22. / This thesis is about designing a suspension device for a test rig at Scania. Scania currently has several different test rigs, one test rig they have is T22. The purpose of this work is to develop a fixture that has the property of supporting a large gearbox so that the output shaft of the gearbox can be tested in the test rig T22. The method used for this development consists of several parts where the first part is to measure the current dimensions of the gearbox and then create a fixture in the CAD program CATIA V5 adapted to the dimensions taken before on the gearbox. Then the fixture constructed in CATIA V5 can be assembled with the gearbox to check if the dimensions are correct and fits together. Once the compilation has been completed, mechanical analyzes can be performed and then conclude with tests.The result of the project was a suspension device that is mounted on Scania's gearboxes which in turn are connected to test rig T22. Scania's existing components such as lifting beam and circular adapter were used and supplemented with arms that allow the gearbox to be mounted from behind in test rig T22.From this result we can conclude that Scania can mount the fixture on most GW gearboxes and perform measurements using the test rig T22.

There have been previous studies aimed at finding out what factors influence whether a company's shares are trading at a premium or at a discount to its net asset value. Several studies have examined all or large parts of the market but have not at an early stage focused on niche markets. Many papers have also been based on data from other countries such as the UK, France, the Netherlands, Australia, and the US and have been executed under completely different macroeconomic conditions than those prevailing in Sweden in 2022. This study aims to investigate which factors can explain premium and discounts in relation to net asset value in Swedish real estate companies, listed on the OMX Stockholm Real Estate GI index. The study is based on 12 real estate companies listed on OMX Stockholm Real Estate GI. For a company to be relevant, it must have been listed on the index continuously since 2011. The data cover the period 2011-2021 and the results are based on three models: An OLS regression model, a fixed effect model, and a random effect model. Overall, the results of the study show that the company's size, leverage ratio, and investors' sentiment of the market correlate positively with the net asset value discount. At the same time, there is a negative correlation between the net asset discount and the stock volatility as well as return on equity. The results also showed that the industrial real estate sector correlated negatively to net asset discounts in some of the models used. The liquidity variable as well as the office and retail sectors had no statistically significant impact on net asset value discounts in real estate companies. / Det har gjorts tidigare studier som syftat till att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar om ett företags aktier handlas till ett premium eller med rabatt gentemot sitt substansvärde. Flertalet studier har undersökt hela – eller stora delar av marknaden men inte i ett tidigt skede fokuserat på nischade marknader. Många av dessa undersökningar har också varit baserade på data från andra länder som Storbritannien, Frankrike, Nederländerna, Australien och USA och har gjorts under helt andra makroekonomiska förhållanden än vad som råder i Sverige 2022. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan förklara premium och substansrabatter i förhållande till substansvärde i svenska fastighetsbolag, noterade på fastighetsindexet OMX Stockholm Real Estate GI.Studien är baserad på 12 fastighetsbolag noterade på OMX Stockholm Real Estate GI. För att vara en del av datamaterialet måste företaget varit noterat på indexet kontinuerligt sedan 2011. Data omfattar perioden 2011–2021 och resultaten baseras på tre modeller; en OLS regressionsmodell, en fixed effect - samt en random effect modell. Övergripande visar resultaten i studien på att företagets storlek, skuldsättningsgrad, och investerares uppfattning om marknaden korrelerar positivt med substansrabatten. Samtidigt finns det en negativ korrelation mellan substansrabatten och volatiliteten hos en aktie, samt avkastning på eget kapital. Resultatet visade även att sektorn industrifastigheter korrelerade negativt mot substansrabatter i vissa av modellerna som användes. Likviditetsvariabeln samt sektorerna kontor och handel hade ingen statistisk signifikant påverkan på substansrabatter i fastighetsbolag.

The purpose of this study is to see how religious resources and prison staff can promote and support the inmate to religious commitment as part of their rehabilitation process. The questions asked to delineate how the availability of religious resources looks like in the institutions and how prison staff and religious actors can promote religious commitment as well as how religious resources, staff and religious actors can contribute to promoting positive changes and creating a meaningful existence for the inmates. The method that has been used is semi-structured interviews where six religious representatives have been interviewed. The theoretical framework used consists of a sociological and an existential input. Previous research has shown that there is a lack of studies on religion in prisons and therefore I want to contribute to that research. The essay shows that religious resources can play a big role for the inmates and that the humane function is of great importance. It also shows that the availability of religious practice has shortcomings that limit the chance to pursue religious practice.

Bilayer embedded proteins are affected by stress. This general affirmation is, in this thesis, embodied by two types of proteins: membrane spandex and voltage-gated sodium channels. In this work, we essentially explore, using methods from physics, the theoretical consequences of ideas drawn from experimental biology. Membrane spandex was postulated to exist and we study the theoretical implications and possible benefits for a cell to have such proteins embedded in its bilayer. There are no specific membrane spandex proteins, rather any protein with a transition involving a large enough area change between two non-conducting states could act as spandex. Bacterial cells have osmovalve channels which open at near-lytic tensions to protect themselves against rupture. Spandex expanding at tensions just below the osmovalves’ opening tension could relieve tension enough as to avoid costly accidental osmovalve opening due to transient bilayer tension excursions. Another possible role for spandex is a tension-damper: spandex could be used to maintain bilayer tension at a fixed level. This would be useful as many bilayer embedded channels are known to be modulated by tension. The Stress/shear experienced in traumatic brain injury cause an immediate (< 2 min) and irreversible TTX-sensitive rise in axonal calcium. In situ, this underlies an untreatable condition, diffuse axonal injury. TTX sensitivity indicates that leaky voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels mediate the calcium increase. Wang et al. showed that the mammalian adult CNS Nav isoform, Nav1.6, expressed in Xenopus oocytes becomes “leaky” when subjected to bleb-inducing pipette aspiration. This “leaky” condition is caused by a hyperpolarized-shift (left-shift or towards lower potentials, typically 20 mV) of the kinetically coupled processes of activation and inactivation thus effectively degrading a well-confined window conductance into a TTX-sensitive Na leak. We propose experimental protocols to determine whether this left-shift is the result of an all-or-none or graded process and whether persistent Na currents are also left-shifted by trauma. We also use modeling to assess whether left-shifted Nav channel kinetics could lead to Na+ (and hence Ca2+ ) loading of axons and to study saltatory propagation after traumatizing a single node of Ranvier.

Bilayer embedded proteins are affected by stress. This general affirmation is, in this thesis, embodied by two types of proteins: membrane spandex and voltage-gated sodium channels. In this work, we essentially explore, using methods from physics, the theoretical consequences of ideas drawn from experimental biology. Membrane spandex was postulated to exist and we study the theoretical implications and possible benefits for a cell to have such proteins embedded in its bilayer. There are no specific membrane spandex proteins, rather any protein with a transition involving a large enough area change between two non-conducting states could act as spandex. Bacterial cells have osmovalve channels which open at near-lytic tensions to protect themselves against rupture. Spandex expanding at tensions just below the osmovalves’ opening tension could relieve tension enough as to avoid costly accidental osmovalve opening due to transient bilayer tension excursions. Another possible role for spandex is a tension-damper: spandex could be used to maintain bilayer tension at a fixed level. This would be useful as many bilayer embedded channels are known to be modulated by tension. The Stress/shear experienced in traumatic brain injury cause an immediate (< 2 min) and irreversible TTX-sensitive rise in axonal calcium. In situ, this underlies an untreatable condition, diffuse axonal injury. TTX sensitivity indicates that leaky voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels mediate the calcium increase. Wang et al. showed that the mammalian adult CNS Nav isoform, Nav1.6, expressed in Xenopus oocytes becomes “leaky” when subjected to bleb-inducing pipette aspiration. This “leaky” condition is caused by a hyperpolarized-shift (left-shift or towards lower potentials, typically 20 mV) of the kinetically coupled processes of activation and inactivation thus effectively degrading a well-confined window conductance into a TTX-sensitive Na leak. We propose experimental protocols to determine whether this left-shift is the result of an all-or-none or graded process and whether persistent Na currents are also left-shifted by trauma. We also use modeling to assess whether left-shifted Nav channel kinetics could lead to Na+ (and hence Ca2+ ) loading of axons and to study saltatory propagation after traumatizing a single node of Ranvier.

Bilayer embedded proteins are affected by stress. This general affirmation is, in this thesis, embodied by two types of proteins: membrane spandex and voltage-gated sodium channels. In this work, we essentially explore, using methods from physics, the theoretical consequences of ideas drawn from experimental biology. Membrane spandex was postulated to exist and we study the theoretical implications and possible benefits for a cell to have such proteins embedded in its bilayer. There are no specific membrane spandex proteins, rather any protein with a transition involving a large enough area change between two non-conducting states could act as spandex. Bacterial cells have osmovalve channels which open at near-lytic tensions to protect themselves against rupture. Spandex expanding at tensions just below the osmovalves’ opening tension could relieve tension enough as to avoid costly accidental osmovalve opening due to transient bilayer tension excursions. Another possible role for spandex is a tension-damper: spandex could be used to maintain bilayer tension at a fixed level. This would be useful as many bilayer embedded channels are known to be modulated by tension. The Stress/shear experienced in traumatic brain injury cause an immediate (< 2 min) and irreversible TTX-sensitive rise in axonal calcium. In situ, this underlies an untreatable condition, diffuse axonal injury. TTX sensitivity indicates that leaky voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels mediate the calcium increase. Wang et al. showed that the mammalian adult CNS Nav isoform, Nav1.6, expressed in Xenopus oocytes becomes “leaky” when subjected to bleb-inducing pipette aspiration. This “leaky” condition is caused by a hyperpolarized-shift (left-shift or towards lower potentials, typically 20 mV) of the kinetically coupled processes of activation and inactivation thus effectively degrading a well-confined window conductance into a TTX-sensitive Na leak. We propose experimental protocols to determine whether this left-shift is the result of an all-or-none or graded process and whether persistent Na currents are also left-shifted by trauma. We also use modeling to assess whether left-shifted Nav channel kinetics could lead to Na+ (and hence Ca2+ ) loading of axons and to study saltatory propagation after traumatizing a single node of Ranvier.

This thesis deals with the design and development of a 75 mm fixed-wing nano-air vehicle (NAV). The NAV is designed to fit inside a cube with each side measuring 75 mm. The range and endurance of the NAV are 300 m and 2-3 minutes, respectively. The high-wing horizontal tailless NAV has a take-off weight of 19.5 g. The battery-powered single propeller NAV has two control surfaces in the form of elevator and rudder. This thesis contains a detailed account of the airfoil selection, selection of the configuration of NAV and the longitudinal, lateral and directional aerodynamic characterization of the NAV. The development of one of the lightweight autopilot hardware which weighs 1.8 g is also given in detail. The development of non-linear equations of motion of NAV including thrust and coupling effects is also discussed. The effects of the gyroscopic coupling and counter torque on the linear dynamics of the NAV are analyzed by conducting a parametric study about the variation of the eigenstructure attributable to the varying degree of coupling in the system matrix of the linear coupled model. A robust simultaneously stabilizing output feedback controller is synthesized for stabilizing the plants of the NAV. The synthesizing of the robust simultaneously stabilizing output feedback controller is based on a frequency-shaped central plant. A new procedure is developed to determine the frequency-shaped central plant utilizing the v-gap metric between the plants, the frequency-shaping of the plants with the pre and post compensators and the robust stabilization theory. An optimization problem is formulated to obtain these compensators. A novel iterative algorithm is developed to acquire the compensators by solving the optimization problem. Thereafter, an iterative algorithm is developed to find an output feedback controller for robust simultaneous stabilization by blending the existing features of robust stability condition of right co-prime uncertainty model of the frequency-shaped central plant, the maximum v-gap metric of the frequency-shaped central plant, H∞ loop-shaping and eigenstructure assignment algorithm for output feedback using the genetic algorithm. The six-degree-of-freedom numerical and hardware-in-loop simulations (HILS) of closed-loop non-linear and linear plants of NAV are performed to assess the performance of the controller and to validate the control algorithm implemented in the autopilot. The airworthiness of the aircraft is tested by conducting flight trials in radio-controlled (RC) mode without including the autopilot. The successful RC flight trial of the NAV indicates airworthiness of the aircraft which aided in freezing the configuration. This is one of the smallest fixed wing aerial vehicle that was successfully flown till date.

Bilayer embedded proteins are affected by stress. This general affirmation is, in this thesis, embodied by two types of proteins: membrane spandex and voltage-gated sodium channels. In this work, we essentially explore, using methods from physics, the theoretical consequences of ideas drawn from experimental biology. Membrane spandex was postulated to exist and we study the theoretical implications and possible benefits for a cell to have such proteins embedded in its bilayer. There are no specific membrane spandex proteins, rather any protein with a transition involving a large enough area change between two non-conducting states could act as spandex. Bacterial cells have osmovalve channels which open at near-lytic tensions to protect themselves against rupture. Spandex expanding at tensions just below the osmovalves’ opening tension could relieve tension enough as to avoid costly accidental osmovalve opening due to transient bilayer tension excursions. Another possible role for spandex is a tension-damper: spandex could be used to maintain bilayer tension at a fixed level. This would be useful as many bilayer embedded channels are known to be modulated by tension. The Stress/shear experienced in traumatic brain injury cause an immediate (< 2 min) and irreversible TTX-sensitive rise in axonal calcium. In situ, this underlies an untreatable condition, diffuse axonal injury. TTX sensitivity indicates that leaky voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels mediate the calcium increase. Wang et al. showed that the mammalian adult CNS Nav isoform, Nav1.6, expressed in Xenopus oocytes becomes “leaky” when subjected to bleb-inducing pipette aspiration. This “leaky” condition is caused by a hyperpolarized-shift (left-shift or towards lower potentials, typically 20 mV) of the kinetically coupled processes of activation and inactivation thus effectively degrading a well-confined window conductance into a TTX-sensitive Na leak. We propose experimental protocols to determine whether this left-shift is the result of an all-or-none or graded process and whether persistent Na currents are also left-shifted by trauma. We also use modeling to assess whether left-shifted Nav channel kinetics could lead to Na+ (and hence Ca2+ ) loading of axons and to study saltatory propagation after traumatizing a single node of Ranvier.