Politeness theory, developed by Brown and Levinson, has been applied to literature in linguistic research for in-depth analysis of discourse, whether written or spoken. Based on my understanding of politeness and the different politeness strategies suggested in the literature, this paper analyzes the different strategies mostly used by the main characters of the televised version of the novel North and South (1855), written by Elizabeth Gaskell, by focusing on some parts of the conversations in the televised version (2004), in terms of gender, social class and situation. The result shows that the film characters mostly resort to on-record and positive politeness strategies, while negative politeness and off-record strategies are less used in the conversations, which supports the story ambition to bridge gender and social gaps. The analysis demonstrates that much of our understanding of character motives in a novel/film relies on the way politeness strategies credibly reflect our experience and how strategies in interaction commonly work as theoretically described.

Ši daktaro disertacija yra iš lingvistinio mandagumo – lingvistinės pragmatikos srities. Tyrimo objektas – sakytiniai prašymai. Tikslas – ištirti ir sugretinti lietuvių ir anglų prašymų mandagumo strategijas bei jų realizacijas, nustatyti ir paaiškinti tirtų kalbų atstovų prašymų panašumus bei skirtumus. Tiriamoji medžiaga gauta eksperimentiniu diskurso kūrimu testu – atvirosiomis anketomis su prašyti skatinančių situacijų scenarijais. Respondentai – aukštųjų mokyklų studentai: 100 lietuvių ir 100 anglų. Medžiagos klasifikacijai ir analizei naudota Blum-Kulkos ir kt. (1989) sistema, sukurta tirti prašymui kaip pasakymų sekai, sudarytam iš prašymo branduolio (minimalaus ilokucinės jo galios realizacijos vieneto) ir papildomų vidinių bei išorinių modifikacijų. Darbe remiamasi Brown ir Levinsono (1987) teorija, kurioje pasiūlyta perskyra tarp pozityviojo (artumas, solidarumas) ir negatyviojo (atstumas, pagarba) mandagumo. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nors lietuvių ir anglų prašymai turi daug bendrybių, lietuviškuose atsispindi mažiau dėmesio adresato laisvei ir privatumui, daugiau tiesmukumo, mažiau atsargaus pesimizmo, tikėjimo šnekos akto sėkme ir pan. Tačiau lietuviai labiau nei anglai yra linkę savo prašymus švelninti perteikdami artumą, atsiremdami į savaime suprantamus žmonių įsipareigojimus vieni kitiems, kurdami draugišką bendravimo atmosferą ir pan. Lietuviai, palyginti su negatyviai mandagiais anglais, yra labiau orientuoti į pozityviojo mandagumo tipą. Skirtingi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This doctoral dissertation belongs to the area of linguistic pragmatics. The subject dealt with in this study is the analysis and comparison of spoken requests in Lithuanian and British English. The aim of the study was to compare politeness strategiess and linguistic realizations of requests, to identify and describe the similarities and differences between these directives in the chosen languages. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire used to prompt requests. The answers of 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates were studied. The data classification was based upon the coding scheme of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), which is designed to study requests as a sequence of utterances, which are made of a head act (the minimal unit of the realization of the request’s illocutionary force) and its internal and external modifications. Brown & Levinson’s (1987) theory with its distinction between positive politeness (closeness, solidarity) and negative politeness (distance, deference) was applied. Despite the numerous similarities that were found, the results demonstrate that Lithuanian requests show less consideration of the hearer’s freedom and privacy, less careful pessimism, more directness, and greater belief in a favourable outcome of the speech act, etc. However Lithuanians are inclined to soften their requests by conveying closeness, appealing to the duties and... [to full text]

Ši daktaro disertacija yra iš lingvistinio mandagumo – lingvistinės pragmatikos srities. Tyrimo objektas – sakytiniai prašymai. Tikslas – ištirti ir sugretinti lietuvių ir anglų prašymų mandagumo strategijas bei jų realizacijas, nustatyti ir paaiškinti tirtų kalbų atstovų prašymų panašumus bei skirtumus. Tiriamoji medžiaga gauta eksperimentiniu diskurso kūrimu testu – atvirosiomis anketomis su prašyti skatinančių situacijų scenarijais. Respondentai – aukštųjų mokyklų studentai: 100 lietuvių ir 100 anglų. Medžiagos klasifikacijai ir analizei naudota Blum-Kulkos ir kt. (1989) sistema, sukurta tirti prašymui kaip pasakymų sekai, sudarytam iš prašymo branduolio (minimalaus ilokucinės jo galios realizacijos vieneto) ir papildomų vidinių bei išorinių modifikacijų. Darbe remiamasi Brown ir Levinsono (1987) teorija, kurioje pasiūlyta perskyra tarp pozityviojo (artumas, solidarumas) ir negatyviojo (atstumas, pagarba) mandagumo. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nors lietuvių ir anglų prašymai turi daug bendrybių, lietuviškuose atsispindi mažiau dėmesio adresato laisvei ir privatumui, daugiau tiesmukumo, mažiau atsargaus pesimizmo, tikėjimo šnekos akto sėkme ir pan. Tačiau lietuviai labiau nei anglai yra linkę savo prašymus švelninti perteikdami artumą, atsiremdami į savaime suprantamus žmonių įsipareigojimus vieni kitiems, kurdami draugišką bendravimo atmosferą ir pan. Lietuviai, palyginti su negatyviai mandagiais anglais, yra labiau orientuoti į pozityviojo mandagumo tipą. Skirtingi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This doctoral dissertation belongs to the area of linguistic pragmatics. The subject dealt with in this study is the analysis and comparison of spoken requests in Lithuanian and British English. The aim of the study was to compare politeness strategiess and linguistic realizations of requests, to identify and describe the similarities and differences between these directives in the chosen languages. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire used to prompt requests. The answers of 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates were studied. The data classification was based upon the coding scheme of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), which is designed to study requests as a sequence of utterances, which are made of a head act (the minimal unit of the realization of the request’s illocutionary force) and its internal and external modifications. Brown & Levinson’s (1987) theory with its distinction between positive politeness (closeness, solidarity) and negative (distance, deference) politeness was applied. Despite the numerous similarities that were found, the results demonstrate that Lithuanian requests show less consideration of the hearer’s freedom and privacy, less careful pessimism, more directness, and greater belief in a favourable outcome of the speech act, etc. However Lithuanians are inclined to soften their requests by conveying closeness, appealing to the duties and... [to full text]

Cette recherche porte sur l’acte d’invitation au mariage eta pour but,d’abord, de révéler les caractéristiques de tel acte dans les cartes d’invitation en français et en vietnamien puis d’identifier des ressemblances et des différences qui sont culturellement déterminées. Pour ce faire, nous avons décrit la formulation et le fonctionnement pragmatique des cartes d’invitation au mariage dans les deux langues du point de vue de la politesse linguistique. Le résultat de l’analyse nous a permis, par la suite, d’identifierles particularités dans la formulation des cartes ainsi que dansles stratégies de politesse privilégiées dans les deux communautés française et vietnamienne. Cette étude nous amène à conclure qu’à la différence de l’individualité qui caractérise la culture occidentale y compriscelle de la France, les Vietnamiens, de tradition de riziculture, mettent beaucoup plus d’importance sur le respect de l’honneur, et ont peur de perdre la face, de faire perdre celle de l’autre, d’être différents des autres, d’être hors du commun. Par conséquent,ils optent très souvent pour des modèles traditionnels de cartes d’invitation sans trop d’éléments de personnalisation et privilégient la politesse positive. / This research on the act of invitation to marriage aims to find out the characteristics of this act in invitation cards in French and Vietnamese, then to reveal the resemblances and the differences which are culturally determined. For this purpose, we described the formulation and the pragmatic functioning of invitation cards to marriage in the view of linguistic politeness. The analysis result allowed us then to exploit the particularities in the formulation of cards as well as the strategies of politeness privileged in French and Vietnamese communities. We concluded that unlike the individuality that characterises Occidental cultures including French culture, Vietnamese people of rice culture attach more importance to the respect of honor and are afraid of losing face, making others lose face, being different from others, or not being in common with them. As a consequence, they often choose traditional models of invitation cards without insisting too much on the personalisation and they privilege the positive politeness.

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<p>Ova disertacija se bavi analizom jezički<br />ispoljene učtivosti na primerima filmskih<br />dijaloga kojima se ispoljava slaganje i<br />neslaganje sa sagovornikom na engleskom i<br />srpskom jeziku, kao i u titlovanim prevodima na<br />srpskom. Osnovni ciljevi istraživanja jesu da se<br />klasifikuju, opi&scaron;u i primerima potkrepe<br />strategije slaganja i neslaganja sa sagovornikom,<br />da se sumiraju i uporede dobijeni rezultati u dva<br />jezika, te da se utvrde promene prilikom<br />titlovanog prevođenja odabranih dijalog&acirc; sa<br />engleskog jezika na srpski. Pretpostavke u vezi<br />sa uklapanjem dobijenih rezultat&acirc; u<br />odgovarajuće kulturne matrice i osiroma&scaron;enjem<br />interakcijske komponente sadržaja titlovanog<br />prevoda istražene su u svetlu relevantnih<br />teorijskih razmatranja, putem kvalitativne<br />analize odabranog jezičkog materijala.</p> / <p>This thesis deals with verbally expressed<br />politeness in film dialogues of agreement and<br />disagreement with the interlocutor in English<br />and Serbian, as well as in subtitled translations<br />into Serbian. The most important goals of the<br />research are to classify, describe and exemplify<br />the strategies of agreement and disagreement in<br />selected US and Serbian films, to summarize<br />and compare the results of the analysis in the<br />two languages and to determine the changes in<br />the interactional component of meaning in the<br />subtitling mode of translation from English into<br />Serbian. The hypotheses concerning the<br />analysed cases of agreeing and disagreeing in<br />the light of prevalent politeness patterns in US<br />and Serbian culture, as well as the presumed<br />undertranslation of the interactional component<br />of meaning in the Serbian subtitles are tested<br />considering the relevant theoretical frameworks,<br />by means of applying the method of qualitative<br />analysis</p>

This thesis deals with politeness and its realization in a classroom discourse. The theoretical part describes the most influential politeness theories and also the findings on the topic of teaching pragmatics and linguistic politeness. The research in the thesis focuses on analysis of teachers' verbal realizations of politeness as found in the recordings of four English lessons. The research was designed to verify the two hypotheses: (1) teachers are basically polite in a classroom of English as a second language and (2) politeness strategies of Czech teachers of English differ from those of native speaking teachers. The analytical part adopts the viewpoint of Brown and Levinson's positive and negative politeness. The last part of the thesis aims at summarizing the implications that this thesis, its theoretical summary and its research, have for teaching English as a second language.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective comparative et interculturelle. Sa mise en œuvre repose sur l’idée que c’est en observant ce qui se passe dans les interactions du quotidien que l’on peut mieux comprendre le rapport que les cultures entretiennent, et mettre au jour ce que les comportements observés dans chacune des cultures étudiées ont de spécifique. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse minutieuse et détaillée d’enregistrements effectués dans quatre sites commerciaux français et britanniques, l’étude tente de comprendre le comportement langagier des participants en le mettant en relation avec divers éléments du contexte (éléments relevant du micro-contexte : matériel discursif contigu aux énoncés étudiés ; du contexte situationnel : agencement du site, nombre de participants, finalité de l’interaction ; du macro-contexte : place occupée par les interactions de commerce dans les cultures en question, par les sites, valeurs culturelles d’arrière-plan). La finalité de cette étude (qui aborde les rituels d’entrée et de sortie d’interaction ; les remerciements ; la réalisation d’actes de langage directifs : questions, requêtes, offres ; les séquences conversationnelles) est d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des profils communicatifs relatifs aux cultures française et britannique. / This thesis, which is of a contrastive and intercultural nature, is informed by the idea that it is by observing the behaviour of interactants in everyday interactions that the relationship between cultures can best be approached, and the specificity of the forms of behaviour encountered explored. Through the careful and detailed analysis of recordings taken in four different shops (French and British), the study aims to understand the linguistic behaviour of the participants by linking it to various contextual elements (micro-contextual elements: discursive material that surrounds the utterances analysed; situational elements: site layout, number of participants, interaction’s finality; macro-contextual ones: status of service encounters and of the types of shops selected, cultural values that underpin explored behaviour). The purpose of the study (which analyses opening and closing rituals; thanking; the way directive speech acts such as questions, offers and requests are performed; conversational sequences) is to provide a better understanding of the communicative styles that can be associated with French and British cultures.