A dissertação que se apresenta é uma investigação realizada a partir da experiência de ativismo de bairro desenvolvida entre os anos de 2012 e 2014 no bairro Jardim Universitário, em Viamão – RS. A experiência foi construída na relação entre moradores, estudantes acadêmicos e militantes de organizações sociais que primaram pela produção do espaço a partir da concepção dos próprios sujeitos que vivem no bairro. Esta proposta diverge da lógica de produção do espaço gerenciada pelo Estado ou pelo setor privado que, em geral, produzem intervenções na perspectiva tecnocrática, negligenciado os interesses dos sujeitos que possuem acúmulo de vivências em determinado espaço. Com este pressuposto, colocamos em movimento o seguinte questionamento: ―como a produção do espaço é condicionado e condicionante dos sujeitos que o vivenciam?‖. Pela ótica teórica de Henri Lefebvre com a Produção do Espaço e de Cornelius Castoriadis, com o Projeto de Autonomia, além de um referencial conceitual composto por autores de matrizes afins, objetivamos sistematizar e refletir a produção do espaço originária de relações sociais inspiradas na geração de autonomia. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa é organizada em uma parte descritiva, que serve de base para o diálogo entre o discurso dos sujeitos que participaram da experiência e o referencial teórico e conceitual. A Geografia como uma ciência do pensar-fazer epistêmico e político dos sujeitos na transformação do espaço e de suas relações sociais. / The presented dissertation is based on an investigation performed since an experience of neighbourhood activism developed between 2012 and 2014 in the Jardim Universitário district, part of Viamão city - RS. The experience was built over the relations among the dwellers, the academic students and militant members of social organizations, which aimed to achieve a production of space established according the concepts of the own dwellers of the district. This proposal diverges from the management applied by the governmental logic for the production of space or by the private sectors that, in general, produce interventions under a technocratic point of view and that neglects the individual ambitions of those who have accumulated experiences in an specific space. According to this assumption, the following query emerges: "How is the production of space a conditioner and it is conditioned by the individuals that experience that?". Regarding to the theoretical perspective of Henri Lefebvre with the concept of Production of Space, and the Project of Autonomy, developed by Cornelius Castoriadis, it is aimed to systematize and to reflect the production of space that is generated by social relations inspired by the production of autonomy. Methodologically, this research is organized with a descriptive section that bases the dialogue between the individuals' speech that took part in the Jardim Universitário experience and the conceptual and theoretical references of this work. The Geography, as a science, belongs to the epistemic and politic "thinking-making" of the individuals in the transforming process of space and about their social relations.

Cette recherche, consacrée aux quartiers difficiles de la ville de Santiago du Chili, a pour objet d’étudier la vision que des jeunes habitants élaborent de leur espace public. L’étude a nécessité une adaptation psychosociale du concept d’espace public et l’élaboration d’un dispositif de recherche permettant de l’appréhender empiriquement. La recherche avait pour but d’étudier le rôle de la participation, ou de la non participation, aux associations de quartier (culturelles, éducatives, sportives, musicales, religieuses) sur la manière d’envisager l’espace public et se représenter autrui et les relations entre les habitants. Cinq quartiers déshérités de la ville de Santiago du Chili, distincts quant à leur histoire, ont constitué notre terrain d’étude et 45 jeunes habitants de ces quartiers ont été interviewés. La méthodologie combine l’approche qualitative et quantitative. Le corpus des entretiens a été analysé avec le logiciel Alceste. La participation aux associations s’avère être une variable importante dans la manière d’envisager la vie des quartiers et le rôle de différentes institutions qui y interviennent. Les représentations se distinguent selon le type des associations auxquelles ces jeunes prennent part. Cette recherche fournit des éléments pour réfléchir sur la pertinence des interventions en matière de sécurité publique, dont ces quartiers font l’objet de la part des autorités et les potentialités de ces jeunes habitants à modeler les relations quotidiennes et envisager leur avenir. Loin de se limiter à la réalité chilienne, ces questions concernent les phénomènes urbains dans une perspective internationale et constituent des enjeux dans les sociétés contemporaines. / The main purpose of this research, dedicated to the poor areas of the city of Santiago, Chile, is to understand the representation that young people develop of their public space. A psychosocial adaptation of the concept of public space and the construction of an empirical research device were needed. The approach is based on the study of concrete aspects of living in neighbourhoods with a special focus on identity and relational dimensions of the subject.Five poor neighbourhoods of Santiago city, distinct in their history, were chosen as fields of study and 45 young people living in these districts were interviewed. The main independent variable in this analysis was to distinguish whether young people were members of a neighbourhood association (and the kind of association: cultural, educational, sporting, musical, or religious) or whether they did not take part in any association.The methodology combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews have two parts: an oral description of the neighbourhoods, activities and social relationships with the illustration of remarks through the drawing of a socio-spatial map. In the second part, three scenarios evoking the difficulties of daily life were presented and the young people were asked to think of solutions to these difficulties. The corpus of interviews was analysed using the software Alceste. We were able to study their representations of others, social exchanges and various institutions involved in the life of the districts.The results have shown significant differences in the representations that these young people develop of neighbourhood life, their ability to have an impact on it and their perception of the future, according to the association activities they participate in.This research provides elements to reflect on the relevance of interventions in public safety, the potential of these young people to shape their everyday relationships and the representation of their living places oriented towards the future. Far from being limited to the Chilean reality, these issues concern all the major cities of the world and are issues specific to contemporary society.

In my work I have focused on the Eastern Partnership (EaP) as an instrument of EU (foreign) policy towards its eastern neighbors with regard to the geopolitical implications of collaboration through the given initiative. My ambition has been to identify the potential benefits of initiating the project, especially in political-security and energy aspects. The first chapter focuses on the theoretical concept of geopolitics as well as the geopolitical definition of the East-European region. The second chapter is devoted to the conceptualisation of the EaP as an specific instrument of the European foreign policy as well as the concrete implementation of the EaP in practice. The third chapter deals with particular relevance to this project with the (geo)strategic objectives of the EU as well as the analysis of the EaP in terms of effective functioning.

The master-planning of large-scale neighbourhood development has become a central part of strategies to stimulate changes in local urban economy and property markets in Britain. However, the 2007-08 economic crisis severely disrupted urban development and created uncertainty affecting market conditions and the availability of investment, as well as policy change, and demographic and social change. Whilst researchers expounded on contemporary master-planning practice in the UK as too formal, inflexible, static, and misleadingly proximate to respond to these challenges, little is said about stakeholders’ susceptible values and actions tied to dominate sources of complex urban development pressures. In that context, this research aims to explore the significance of ‘value’ in master-planning at the residential neighbourhood and the pre-application planning phase of development, and further the understanding of strategic values-rich and value-based planning and design processes in both theory and practice. To achieve this purpose, a multidisciplinary constructive reasoning approach is adopted to iterate between theory and empirical observation to obtain new insights. This thesis is sub-divided into three main phases. The first phase explored meaning, concepts, and theories of master-planning, strategic choice decision-making, value, and values to propose a theoretical framework. The second phase adapted a survey method, following a review of key policies and literature, aiming to define the strategic role and the value of master-planning in Scotland. It was piloted with 7 experts and tested among 112 professionals who are involved in neighbourhood’s development in Scotland. To illustrate the effect of development pressures on stakeholders’ decisions, the second phase evaluates two carefully selected case studies in Scotland, focusing on different forms of master-planning, typical developer-led and private-public partnership development. Through detailed review of planning application documents and the conducted semi-structured interviews, the effect of the 2007-08 economic crises was analysed showing how decisions and actions are/were tied to a complex web of development forces at the macro, micro, and meso levels. Subsequently, a strategic values-rich and value-based view of master-planning is proposed through theoretical triangulation. This draws on theory to reach past the rational preconceptions that hobbled previous research efforts into defining the value of master-planning in planning and urban design. The main original contribution in this research is the development of an evolutionary ‘strategic value-based’ lens that re-defines the role of master-planning, revealing complex contradictions internal and external as a force of major hidden pressure on stakeholders taking decision. This work opens new horizons for spatial planning and urban design into the research field of value and values.

Cet ouvrage, composé de trois parties, présente un scénario des évènements qui se déroulent dans l'axe Est-Ouest. La première partie parle de la construction européenne et de la naissance de la migration interne des États membres. La création de la Communauté européenne et ses élargissements successifs ont conduit à un nouveau statut des frontières nationales et à l'émergence progressive d'un espace de libre circulation des biens et des personnes. La seconde partie concerne l'harmonisation des politiques d'immigration des pays membres, présente la Pologne comme un acteur important des politiques migratoires entre l'Est et l'Ouest. La dernière partie est dédiée à la politique européenne d'asile, à l'intégration européenne et à l'évolution des nouvelles politiques d'immigration européennes et notamment à l'intégration du Pacte européen pour l'immigration et l'asile. Le présent travail, qui met en évidence l'expérience polonaise des questions de migration, vise à définir les tendances migratoires, à évoquer la nature des problèmes forçant ou encourageant les citoyens d'un espace à le quitter. / The tesis, constructed in three parts, presents the script of the events which go on around the Est-West axis. The first part is about European construction and the birth of the internal migrations of the members nations. The birth of the European community and its enlargements resulted in a new status of national borders and gradual creation of the space of the free circulation of gouds and people. The second part refers to the harmonization of the immigration policies of the members countries, views Poland as an essential actor of migratory policy between East and West. The last part is devoted to European policy of refuge, European integration and new European evolution of immigration policy, especially the implement of the European Pact to immigration and refuge matters. The present work, which puts in evidence the experience of Polish migration issues, aims to define migration patterns, a close the origin of the problems forcing or enco! uraging citizen space is left.

The number of universities in Sweden has increased since the 1960s and universities have been discussed to have economic and social advantages to the community they are established in. At the same time, residential segregation is an increasing problem which affects the opportunities in life of the most vulnerable. This study aims to explore if the presence of one or several anchor institutions may have an effect on the school achievements of pupils from neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in secondary school and upper secondary school. Furthermore, it aims to investigate how the presence of HEIs affect adolescents’ opportunities in life, especially in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The effects of HEIs on the neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in Sweden are measured through linear regression analyses with interaction effects. The findings suggest that (1) the presence of university campuses have an equalisation effect on the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils; (2) the university design matters: new universities have an equalisation effect on the school achievements in contrary to old universities; (3) the presence of a university hospital does not have an improving effect on the grades like universities do, in contrary, the findings suggest that they have a negative effect; and finally (4), there are some evidence indicating that the findings can be explained by endogenous neighbourhood effects, as the presence of universities increase the number of role models within the community, which would affect the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils.

La présente thèse vise à étudier le rôle stratégique de l'UE au-delà de ses frontières, à expliquer et à évaluer la politique de sécurité que l'Union a poursuivie à l'égard des pays voisins de l'Est pendant plus de deux décennies depuis le début des années 1990, avec un accent particulier sur la Géorgie. L'objectif principal est d'examiner dans quelle mesure l'UE - une zone de paix et de sécurité - a réussi à devenir un acteur sécuritaire dans son voisinage de l'Est, étendant la paix et la stabilité hors de ses frontières, surtout en vue de la politique d'un autre acteur central, qui essaie de renforcer sa puissance dans le complexe sécuritaire régional, la Russie. D'une part, un certain nombre de questions empiriques interroge la substance du rôle sécuritaire de l'UE en explorant ses caractéristiques principales en tant qu'acteur sécuritaire. D'autre part, l'étude s'intéresse à l'efficacité de la politique de l'UE à contribuer à la sécurité de la Géorgie. C’est dans le 'voisinage commun' que l'incompatibilité entre les intérêts et les instruments politiques de l'UE et la Russie devient apparente - les acteurs ayant des identités contrastées, proposant/représentant des modèles sécuritaires opposés pour la région. Pour analyser l'UE et la Russie en tant qu'acteurs sécuritaires en Géorgie et comprendre les implications de leurs politiques sécuritaires sur la région, cette étude s'interroge sur les principaux aspects qui sont intervenus dans la conception du rôle sécuritaire de l'UE, et ses performances - les facteurs qui ont contribué à renforcer ou bloquer l'efficacité du rôle sécuritaire de l'UE. / The present dissertation aims to study the strategic role of the EU beyond its borders, explain and assess the security policy that the Union has pursued towards its Eastern neighboring countries for more than two decades since the early 1990s with a particular focus on Georgia. The overall objective is to examine to what extent and how the EU - an area of peace and security - has been able to become a security actor in its Eastern neighborhood, extending peace and providing stability beyond its borders in view of security policy of another main actor seeking to increase its power projection in the regional security complex, Russia. From one side, a number of empirical questions inquire the substance of EU’s security role through exploring its main characteristics, and providing an understanding of how the EU functions as a security actor and explaining its particularity. From another side, the study is interested in the effectiveness of EU’s policy to contribute to Georgia’s security. It is in the 'shared neighborhood' that the incompatibility between the interests and political instruments of the EU and Russia becomes apparent - actors with contrasting identities an power natures, who provide opposing security models for the future of the region. To explore the EU and Russia as security actors in Georgia and get a better grip on the empirical meaning of their roles and implications of their policies on the region, this study questions the main aspects that have intervened in the conception of security roles by the EU and Russia, and their performance - the factors that have contributed or restrained the effectiveness of security role of the EU and Russia.

This thesis examines policy and service delivery issues in the development of health and support for families at risk. The research focuses on families with children less than 7 years of age living in some of the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods of metropolitan Adelaide. The thesis draws on evidence of (a) barriers to service support perceived by these families and (b) their strengths and resources in order to identify and develop arguments related to key issues of policy and service delivery.

The aim of this thesis is to develop procedures for the modelling and inversion of teleseismic P and S waveforms which are as flexible as possible. This flexibility is necessary in order to obtain accurate source depth and mechanism estimates for small to moderate size events, such as those that are relevant in the context of monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). ¶ The main challenge for extending source depth and mechanism inversion methods to smaller events is to ensure that sufficiently accurate synthetic seismograms are available for comparison with observed records. An accurate phase-adaptive reflectivity method has therefore been developed, against which the performance of less computationally intensive approximations can be judged. The standard reflectivity method has been modified to allow for different crustal and upper mantle structures at the source and receiver, and the full effects of reverberations and conversions in these structures can be allowed for. Core reflections and refractions can also be included; these phases can become important at certain distance ranges. A slowness bundle approach has been developed, where a restricted slowness integration about the geometric slowness for the direct wave is undertaken at each frequency, allowing accurate results to be obtained whilst avoiding the expense of a full reflectivity technique. ¶ Inversion using the neighbourhood algorithm (NA) is performed for source depth, mechanism and time function, by modelling direct P and S and their surface reflections (pP, sP and pS, sS) at teleseismic distances. Both SV and SH data are exploited in the inversion, in addition to P data, in order to obtain improved constraints on the source mechanism, including any isotropic component. Good results are obtained using a simple generalised ray scheme, however, the use of a flexible derivative-free inversion method means that more accurate synthetics are able to be used in the inversion where appropriate. The NA makes use of only the rank of the data misfits, so that it is possible to employ any suitable misfit criterion. In the few cases where control on the source mechanism is limited, good depth resolution is still usually obtained. ¶The structures near the source and receiver play an important role in shaping the detail of the teleseismic waveforms. Although reasonable results can be achieved with simple synthetics and a standard velocity model, significant improvement can be made by modifying the representation of structure near the source and receiver. In the case of sub-oceanic events it is important to allow for the effects of water reverberations. The crustal structure near the receiver can also have quite a large influence on the waveforms through reverberations and conversions. This is exploited in receiver function inversion, which is again accomplished using the NA approach.

This field study is an examination, by a partisan participant observer, of the Neighbourhood Community Centre and its first year of operation as the Co-operative Peoples School, in the ACT government school system. The Neighbourhood Community Centre was a small, alternative, independent school for children from three to eight years of age. The school's philosophy was progressive and its management policies and structures co-operative and non-hierarchical. For two years, parents campaigned to become part of the ACT government school system. In February 1978, the school opened as a government school, with funding and staffing arrangements similar to other schools in the ACT. Soon after incorporation, the distinctive attributes of the Neighbourhood Community Centre began to disappear. Conflict became the dominant characteristic of the new school: the degree, extent and duration were extreme for a group that had asserted a commitment to consensus and co-operation. Two identifiable and, ultimately, irreconciliable parent factions emerged. Three factors were linked in the events of 1978: conflict, ideology and power struggles in a situation of change. These factors do not easily fit into the dominant sociological paradigm, functionalism, as an explanation of the events of 1978, for the concept of power has been, at best, slow to be incorporated into that sociological tradition. Yet the events, to this observer, were linked to a political struggle between competing groups for the domination of the school: power was a major dimension. Only at a superficial level was the conflict ideological. Parent factions concealed a third group, the teachers, who were striving to dominate the school, a domination that was not accepted unequivocally in the new school. Their ultimate success depended not on their coalition with a parent faction, the support of the Schools Office, strategies for isolating criticism and critics and their professional ideology; their success depended on their structural power within the school system which provided resources, support and justification for their position. This analysis endorses sociological theorists who maintain that power, and structural power in particular, is a central concern in organisational life. The failure of the Co-operative Peoples School was linked to the unequal distribution of power within the co-operative.