For the last twenty years, a large number of data has been provided in favor of the hypothesis of new neurons being generated throughout the entire lifespan of some groups of animals. This phenomenon is known as postnatal neurogenesis. However, the physiological relevance of the increase in the neuronal population of some brain areas is not yet clear. In this sense, reptiles seem to be useful models for the study of postnatal neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration. The tropical lizards Tropidurus hispidus were shown to be examples of that, since they form new neurons throughout their entire lifespan. However, data on neuroanatomy and neurogenesis of this species have not yet been fully provided. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the neuroanatomy and neuromorphology, to study the distribution of zinc terminal areas, to verify the neuronal proliferation pattern of these lizards when under different temperatures and to describe proliferative areas and neuronal migration pathways of the T. hispidus telencephalon. We used the Nissl technique to characterize anatomy; Golgi impregnations to characterize neuronal morphology; Neo-Timm histochemistry to detect zinc terminals; Doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry as a marker of neuronal proliferation; NeuN immunohistochemistry to detect mature neurons; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to detect glia; and 5-bromodioxiuridine (BrDU) to detect cellular divisions. Our results show that T. hispidus lizards have at least ten different neuronal types in their cortical areas: granular (uni-, bi- and multipolar), pyramidal (normal, inverted, open, bipyramidal and horizontal), spherical horizontal and fusiform. Furthermore, we verified that the zinc-positive regions were in cortical areas, septum, striatum and amygdaloid complex. BrDU immunohistochemistry showed that in lizards maintained in warm temperatures (28oC), new cells were evenly distributed in the ventricle walls and in the nervous parenchyma. In cold temperatures (16oC), new cells concentrated near ventricle walls. The number of new cells, however, was not different between groups. This suggested that temperature changes may impair migration but not formation of new cells. DCX immunohistochemistry showed that there are four main neurogenic foci in T. hispidus: lateral, septomedial, ventral and terminal sulci. We further observed the existence of four patterns of neuronal migration: radial, rostraltangential (similar to the mammalian rostral migratory stream), caudal-tangential and commissural. Therefore, these data seem to support the hypothesis that the Tropiduridae family is important to understanding mechanisms of postnatal neurogenesis, and is useful to future studies on comparative neurobiology. / Nos últimos vinte anos, um grande número de evidências vem se acumulando em favor da hipótese de que novos neurônios são gerados durante toda a vida de alguns grupos de animais vertebrados. Este fenômeno é conhecido como neurogênese pós-natal. Todavia, ainda não está claro o significado fisiológico do aumento da população neuronal em diferentes áreas cerebrais. Os répteis parecem constituir uma classe de animais favoráveis para o estudo de neurogênese pós-natal e regeneração neuronal. A espécie de lagarto tropical Tropidurus hispidus é um exemplo disso, uma vez que apresenta formação de novos neurônios durante toda sua vida, por outro lado, as informações a cerca dos padrões neuroanatômicos e de neurogênese dessa espécie ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Dessa forma, objetivou-se inicialmente realizar a caracterização neuroanatômica e neuromorfológica do telencéfalo do lagarto T. hispidus como também estudar a distribuição das áreas ricas em terminais de zinco. Além disso, verificar o padrão de proliferação neuronal quando submetidos a alterações térmicas e também descrever as áreas proliferativas e as vias de migração neuronal no telencéfalo desses animais. Para o estudo foram utilizadas as técnicas histoquímica de coloração de Nissl com a finalidade de caracterizar as áreas anatômicas; coloração de Golgi para caracterização neuromorfológica dos neurônios presentes no córtex cerebral; histoquímica de Neo-Timm a fim de detectar os terminais de zinco; imunohistoquímica para Doublecortina (DCX), como marcador de proliferação neuronal; imunohistoquímica para neurônios maduros (NeuN); proteína presente em glia radial (GFAP) e o marcador de divisão celular 5-Bromodioxiuridina (5-BrDU). A partir da análise dos dados foi possível verificar que o lagarto T. hispidus apresenta dez diferentes tipos de neurônios distribuídos em suas três áreas corticais, são eles: o granular (unipolar, bipolar e multipolar), piramidal (normal, invertido, aberto, bipiramidal e horizontal), horizontal esférico e fusiforme, além disso, verificou-se que as regiões zinco positivas encontravam-se em áreas corticais, septum, estriado e no complexo amidaloide. Os resultados obtidos com a marcação de imunohistoquímica para BrdU permitiu concluir que animais mantidos a temperatura natural (média de 28 ºC) apresentavam núcleos positivamente marcados tanto na parede do ventrículo como também distribuídos pelo parênquima nervoso. No entanto, aqueles animais mantidos a uma temperatura média de 16 ºC, esses núcleos positivamente marcados encontravam-se próximo ao ventrículo. Analisando o número de células positivamente marcadas por BrdU, em ambas temperaturas, verificou-se que não havia diferença estatisticamente significante, sugerindo que mudanças de temperatura podem alterar a mig ração de novos neurônios, mas possivelmente não altera a formação dessas novas células. Testes imunohistoquímicos com DCX demonstraram a existência em T. hispidus de quatro principais regiões produtoras de novos neurônios, são elas: sulcos laterais, septomediais, ventrais e terminais. Observou-se também a existência de quatro tipos de migração neuronal, a radial, tangencial rostral (semelhante a migração rostral de mamíferos), a tangencial caudal e a comissural. Portanto, esses dados parecem sustentar a hipótese de que a família Tropiduridae parece ser importante para entender os mecanismos de neurogênese pós-natal e ser útil para estudos futuros de neurobiologia comparada.

Melatonina é um hormônio produzido principalmente pela pineal, possui caráter temporizador do meio interno, ação antioxidante, neuroprotetora e neurotrófica. Outro fator que age nos processos de neuroplasticidade é o exercício físico. Este é responsável por alterar parâmetros metabólicos nos animais, e trabalhos do nosso grupo demonstraram que tais adaptações metabólicas em ratos dependem da melatonina pineal. Diante disso investigamos se as adaptações neuroplásticas em ratos submetidos ao treinamento físico também estariam relacionadas à presença deste neuro-hormônio. Nossos resultados demonstram que a melatonina não influenciou a expressão gênica e quantificação proteica de indicadores da neurogênese, somente a realização do treinamento físico alterou alguns dos parâmetros avaliados. Os níveis de corticosterona se mostraram alterados nos animais pinealectomizados. A avaliação da expressão gênica circadiana com oito pontos ao longo das 24 horas revelou o comportamento variável do mRNA de algumas proteínas atreladas ao processo de plasticidade hipocampal / Melatonin is a hormone produced mainly by pineal gland, has timer character of the internal medium, antioxidant action, neuroprotective and neurotrophic. Another factor that acts in the processes of neuroplasticity is physical exercise. This is liable to change metabolic parameters in animals, and work by our group have shown that such metabolic adaptations in rats depend on pineal melatonin. Thus we investigated whether the neuroplastic adaptations in rats submitted to physical training also would be related to the presence of this neurohormone. Our results demonstrate that the melatonin did not influence the gene expression and protein quantification of indicators of neurogenesis, only the execution of the physical training has changed some of the parameters evaluated. The levels of corticosterone were changed in pinealectomized animals. The assessment of gene expression circadian with eight points along the 24 hours showed the variable behavior of the mRNA of some proteins linked to the process of hippocampal plasticity.

Eventos estressantes durante a infância promovem alterações comportamentais e encefálicas persistentes, aumentando a predisposição para transtornos psiquiátricos. A separação materna tem sido utilizada como modelo de estresse pós-natal. Animais submetidos à separação materna apresentam uma resposta exacerbada do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal ao estresse. Ao contrário, estudos sugerem que o ambiente enriquecido, por aumentar a neurogênese no giro denteado do hipocampo, pode ter efeitos benéficos sobre doenças de distúrbio comportamental. No presente projeto questionamos se o enriquecimento ambiental interfere com as alterações plásticas promovidas pela separação materna no hipocampo de ratos jovens. Utilizamos imunofluorescência, microscopia confocal, microscopia eletrônica e qRT- PCR de amostras coletadas por microdissecção a laser. A separação materna reduziu a neurogênese hipocampal, bem como a expressão de mRNA para os genes Nr3c1, codificador de receptores glicocorticóides, e Htr1a, codificador de receptores serotoninérgicos (5TH-1A). O enriquecimento ambiental reduziu a expressão de Htr1a. Além disso, aumentou a proporção de sinapses sobre espinhos dendríticos, sugerindo maior plasticidade sináptica. O enriquecimento ambiental, nos animais previamente submetidos à separação materna, aumentou a sobrevivência celular e a expressão de Nr3c1, mas não a diferenciação neuronal hipocampal. As alterações promovidas pela separação materna parecem ser persistentes, mas podem ser parcialmente revertidas pelo enriquecimento do ambiente. / Stressful events during childhood promote persistent behavioral and brain changes, increasing the predisposition to psychiatric disorders. The maternal separation has been used as postnatal stress model. Animals subjected to maternal separation exhibit an exaggerated response of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress. Instead, studies suggest that environmental enrichment, by increasing neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, has beneficial effects on behavioral disorders. In this project, we discuss whether the environmental enrichment interferes with plastic changes promoted by maternal separation in the hippocampus of young rats. We used immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy and qRT-PCR of samples collected by a laser microdissection system. The maternal separation reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as the mRNA expression for the genes Nr3c1, that codify glycocorticoid receptors, and Htr1a, that codify serotonin receptors (5HT-1A). Environmental enrichment reduced the expression of Htr1a. Furthermore, increases the proportion of synapses on dendritic spines, suggesting greater synaptic plasticity. The environment enrichment of the animals subjected to maternal separation increased cell survival and the expression of Nr3c1 mRNA, but not the neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus. The changes promoted by maternal separation are persistent, however may be partially reversed by the environmental enrichment.

Orientador: Lício Augusto Velloso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T13:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_LucasFranciscoRibeirodo_D.pdf: 2796257 bytes, checksum: 15ca1e9976cd62582cd7aac7715e861c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em modelos experimentais de obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura há desenvolvimento de resistência hipotalâmica à leptina decorrente da ativação de uma resposta inflamatória específica no hipotálamo. Estudos recentes revelaram que além da indução da inflamação, a dieta rica em gordura ativa também vias de sinalização apoptóticas que culminam com a morte de neurônios em regiões hipotalâmicas envolvidas com o controle da fome e do gasto energético. Acredita-se que a perda de sub-populações específicas de neurônios no hipotálamo acarrete em dano dos mecanismos de controle do balanço entre consumo calórico e gasto energético, resultando no desenvolvimento ou perpetuação da obesidade. A composição de ácidos graxos da dieta tem papel central na resposta inflamatória hipotalâmica, sendo os ácidos graxos saturados de cadeia longa os mais lesivos. Por outro lado, em outras regiões do cérebro, alguns ácidos graxos insaturados podem desempenhar papel anti-inflamatório e induzir reparo funcional através da neurogênese. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos os efeitos dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ?-linolênico (ALA C18:3-n3), e docosaexaenoico (DHA 22:6-n3) sobre a indução de neurogênese no hipotálamo de animais com obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura (HFD). Nossos resultados mostram que ácidos graxos ômega-3 administrados tanto na dieta ou diretamente no cérebro, são capazes de modular a neurogênese no hipotálamo de camundongos obesos, favorecendo a proliferação de neurônios anorexigênicos POMC, mas sem redução da ingestão alimentar. Embora esses animais não comam menos, eles se movimentam mais e exibem um discreto aumento do gasto energético. A suplementação com ômega-3 em HFD reduz a inflamação e a apoptose no hipotálamo, além de melhorar o metabolismo glicêmico e proteger os animais do ganho de peso. Aparentemente, os neurônios recém-formados surgem a partir da proliferação de células com características de células progenitoras, presentes na parede do terceiro ventrículo. Nesse processo, o receptor de ácidos graxos livres, GPR40, e o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro, BDNF, desempenham papel fundamental, mas a participação dessas proteínas em tais eventos parece ser dependente do estado nutricional e metabólico do animal / Abstract: In experimental models of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity there is a development of hypothalamic leptin resistance due to the activation of a specific inflammatory responsein the hypothalamus. Recent studies have revealed that besides the induction of inflammation, a fat-rich diet can also activate apoptotic signaling pathways that culminate in neuronal death in hypothalamic areas responsible for the control of feeding and energy expenditure. It is believed that the loss of specific hypothalamic neuronal subpopulations deteriorates mechanisms involved in the control of caloric intake and energy expenditure, resulting in the development and perpetuation of obesity. The fatty acid composition of diet, particularly the saturated fatty acid content, can modulate immune activity in the hypothalamus, inducing an inflammatory response. However, in other regions of the brain, some unsaturated fatty acids can acts as anti-inflammatory agents and induce functional repair through neurogenesis. In this study we evaluated the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids ?-linolenic (ALA C18:3-n3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA 22:6-n3) on the induction of hypothalamic neurogenesis in HFD-induced obese animals. Our results show that omega-3 fatty acids administered either in the diet or directly into the brain are able to modulate neurogenesis in the hypothalamus of obese mice, leading to the proliferation of anorexigenic POMC neurons. This effect is not accompanied by changes in food intake, but increase unstimulated physical activity resulting in a discrete increase in energy expenditure. In addition, omega-3 supplemented HFD reduces inflammation and apoptosis in the hypothalamus, improve glucose metabolism and protect the mice against body mass gain. Apparently, these newly formed neurons arise from progenitor cell proliferation present in the wall of the third ventricle. In this process, free fatty acid receptor, GPR40, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, play a key role; however, the involvement of these proteins in such events appears to be dependent on the nutritional and metabolic status of the animal / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Fabio Rogério, Carlos Amilcar Parada / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ignarro_RaffaelaSilvestre_M.pdf: 3644274 bytes, checksum: 6e13f812b2d525e18878656d3ec27815 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A injeção de ácido quinolínico (AQ), um agonista glutamatérgico do receptor N-metil-D-aspartato, no estriado de roedores induz morte seletiva de neurônios espinhosos médios, gliose reativa e neurogênese na zona subventricular, acompanhada da migração dos neurônios recém-gerados para o estriado lesado. Tais achados são também descritos na doença de Huntington (DH). Há indícios de que a via de sinalização JAK/STAT esteja envolvida no mecanismo de ação do AQ, bem como na patogênese da DH. A interação das citocinas da família da IL-6 com seus receptores desencadeia a ativação de enzimas da família das Janus-Quinases (JAKs), que por sua vez permitem o recrutamento e a ativação de fatores de transcrição da família das proteínas transdutoras de sinais e ativadoras da transcrição (STATs). Embora as principais características da DH sejam a presença da coréia e déficits na execução de movimentos voluntários, poucos testes são realizados abordando o comportamento locomotor dos animais no modelo de lesão por AQ. Neste trabalho, estudamos o efeito do AG490, um inibidor da JAK2, na gliose, perda neuronal e neurogênese no estriado de camundongos adultos C57BL/6J após a administração estereotáxica unilateral de AQ (30nmol). Imediatamente após a lesão, os animais receberam uma injeção subcutânea de AG490 (10mg/kg) ou veículo (PBS+DMSO), e injeções diárias por 6 dias adicionais. Além disso, investigamos o possível efeito da lesão por AQ na atividade física voluntária diária (AFVD) em rodas de atividade. A distância percorrida pelos camundongos foi monitorada por 28 dias após a injeção unilateral de QA (30nmol) ou PBS no estriado. Cortes coronais do cérebro (40?m) obtidos em criostato foram utilizados para quantificação de neurônios por estereologia e para a análise de expressão protéica, através de imunoistoquímica e Western Blotting para GFAP e doublecortina, marcadores de gliose e neuroblastos, respectivamente. A área total de células doublecortina-positivas (ACDP) e o número de neurônios (NN) no lado lesado (L) e contralateral à lesão (CL) foram avaliados. O Índice de Neurogênese (IN=ACDP(L)/ACDP(CL)) e o Índice de Sobrevivência Neuronal (ISN=NN(L)/NN(CL)) foram calculados. Após a administração de AQ, o estriado ipsilateral apresentou intensa gliose e células doublecortina positivas com características de células migratórias. O Western Blotting para GFAP mostrou uma redução ipsilateral de 19% nos animais tratados com AG490, em comparação aos animais do grupo tratado apenas com veículo (0.82±0.05; 1.010±0.06, n=9, p<0.05). O ISN foi 25% maior nos camundongos que receberam AG490 em comparação aos animais controles (0.75 ± 0.07; 0.60 ± 0.03; n=8, p<0.05). O IN mostrou uma diminuição de 21% no grupo AG490 em relação ao grupo de animais tratados apenas veículo de diluição (1.08±0.06; 1.37±0.09, n=5, p<0.05). A AFVD média, medida em quilômetros por dia, não se alterou nos animais que receberam injeção intra-estriatal de QA (30nmol) em comparação aos animais do grupo controle (3.97±0.34; 3.90±0.21, n=8, p>0.05). Portanto, nossos resultados suportam um papel para a JAK2 na morte neuronal, gliose, e neurogênese estriatais após lesão com AQ. O tratamento com o inibidor AG490 causou neuroproteção e diminuição da gliose, sugerindo que a reação astrocitária pode prejudicar a sobrevivência neuronal neste modelo experimental / Abstract: Injection of quinolinic acid (QA), a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, in murine striatum induces death of medium spiny neurons, gliosis and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone with migration of newly synthesized neurons to damaged striatum. Such findings are also described in Huntington's disease (HD). The Janus-kinase (JAK) pathway would take part in QA mechanism of action and HD pathogenesis as well. The interaction of interleukin-6 family of cytokines with its receptor triggers the activation of enzymes of the family of JAKs, which in turn allow the recruitment and activation of transcription factors, known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Although the main features of HD are the presence of chorea and deficits in performing voluntary movements, few tests are realized regarding locomotor behavioral on QA model. We studied the effect of AG490, an inhibitor of JAK isoform 2 (JAK2), on gliosis, neuronal loss and neurogenesis in the striatum of adult C57BL/6J mice after unilateral estereotaxic administration of QA (30 nmol). Immediately after injury, animals received a subcutaneous injection of AG490 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (PBS + DMSO), and then once daily injections for 6 days. Furthermore, in a parallel experiment, we investigated the possible effect of the lesion by AQ on the voluntary daily physical activity (VDPA) in running wheels. The distance traveled by mice was monitored daily for 28 days after unilateral injection of QA (30 nmol) or PBS into the striatum. Frozen brain sections (40?m) were used for neuronal stereological quantification and immunohistochemical and Western Blotting analyses for GFAP and doublecortin, markers of gliosis and neuroblasts, respectively. The total area of doublecortin-positive cells (ADPC) and the number of neurons (NN) in the lesioned (L) and contralateral (CL) sides were evaluated. Neurogenesis index (NI = ADPC in L/ ADPC in CL) and neuronal survival ratio (NSR = NN in L/ NN in CL) were calculated. After QA administration, ipsilateral striatum showed intense gliosis and doublecortin-positive cells with few processes and ovoid bodies, morphological features corroborating a migratory activity. Western Blotting for GFAP showed an ipsilateral decrease of 19% in AG490- vs vehicle-treated animals (0.82 ± 0.05 vs 1.010 ± 0.06; n=9, p<0.05). NSR was 25% higher in mice given AG490 vs controls given vehicle (0.75 ± 0.07 vs 0.60 ± 0.03; n=8, p<0.05). NI showed a decrease of 21% in AG490- vs vehicle-treated mice (1.08 ± 0.06, 1.37 ± 0.09; n=5, p<0.05). The average VDPA, measured in kilometers per day for 28 days, has not changed in animals that received intrastriatal injection of QA (30nmol) compared to animals that received PBS (3.97 ± 0.34, 3.90 ± 0.21, n = 8, p> 0.05). In conclusion, our results support a role for JAK2 in striatal neuronal death, gliosis and neurogenesis determined by QA. AG490 caused neuroprotection and reduced gliosis suggesting that astrocytic reaction may impair neuronal survival in the present experimental model / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Precursores neurais originados na zona subventricular (ZSV) de algumas espécies animais possuem uma rota de migração neuronal destinada ao bulbo olfatório principal (BOP), onde os neuroblastos migrantes se diferenciam em interneurônios. Esta corrente migratória é mantida na idade adulta. A compreensão de como se organiza na idade fetal é essencial para a compreensão geral e estabelecimento de novas terapias celulares. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar a composição celular e organização morfológica da ZSV e da corrente rostral migratória (CRM) em encéfalos de fetos caninos. A ZSV, CRM e BOP foram obtidos de fetos caninos de aproximadamente 57 dias de idade gestacional. O tecido foi analisado através de coloração de Nissl, método de imunohistoquímica de dupla marcação com duplacortina (DCX), fator de transcrição SOX2, proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP), calbindina (CALB), calretinina (CALR) e tirosina-hidroxilase (TH). Foram feitas a análise relativa da expressão da imunorreatividade e análise quantitativa de colocalização celular, além do método de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados mostram que a ZSV dorsal possui células imunorreativas (ir) para o DCX ao longo da parede ventricular, dispostas tangencialmente e fileiras de células SOX2-ir foram encontradas na mesma orientação. A imunorreatividade de GFAP foi mais forte na ZSV dorsal e as células possuem fibras dirigidas tangencialmente adjacentes ao ventrículo lateral e fibras orientadas radialmente em direção ao córtex. A CRM de feto de cão tem início na ZSV anterior e segue caudalmente ao redor da cabeça do núcleo caudado e desce na vertical até se curvar rostralmente em direção ao BOP onde termina na camada de células granulares (CCG). A CRM tem aparência homogênea e densa e possui células positivas para o DCX nas porções iniciais e para SOX2 e GFAP por toda a extensão. Não houve células positivas para CALB, CALR e TH em nenhuma região da ZSV e CRM. No BOP, os resultados mostraram que a camada glomerular (CG) possui células imunorreativas a CALR, TH, SOX2 e GFAP. Na camada plexiforme externa (CPE) houve células imunorreativas a CALB, CALR, SOX2 e GFAP e na CCG, houve células imunorreativas a CALR, SOX2 e GFAP. Na análise de colocalização, foram encontrados na CG neurônios CALR que colocalizam com células SOX2 e uma baixa colocalização de neurônios TH e células SOX2. Na CPE, foi observado um baixo número de colocalização de neurônios CALR e CALB e na CCG, as células SOX2 colocalizam com os neurônios CALR. As conclusões mostram que o feto de cão possui uma CRM em direção BOP, com imunorreatividade celular para DCX, SOX2 e GFAP na ZSV e CRM e para CALB, CALR, TH, SOX2 e GFAP nas principais camadas do BOP / Neural precursors originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of some animal species have a migration route destined for main olfactory bulb (MOB), where migrants neuroblasts differentiate into olfactory interneurons. This migratory stream is maintained in adulthood. Understanding how it is organized in fetal age is essential for general understanding and establishment of new cell therapies. The aim of this study is characterize the cellular composition and morphological organization of the SVZ and rostral migratory stream (RMS) of brains of canine fetuses. The SVZ, RMS and MOB was obtained from canine fetuses of the approximately 57 gestacional days-old. The tissue was analyzed by Nissl staining and by immunohistochemical methods for double labelling with doublecortin (DCX), transcription factor SOX2, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), calbindin (CALB), calretinin (CALR) and tyrosinehydroxylase (TH). Semiquantitative analysis of immunoreactivity and quantitative analysis of colocalization were realized, besides ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy. The results show that in dorsal SVZ, DCX immunoreactive cells were found along the ventricular wall, arranged tangentially and lines of SOX2 cells were also found in the same orientation. The GFAP immunostaining is stronger in dorsal SVZ with tangentially directed fibers near the lateral ventricle and radially oriented fibers toward the cortex. The RMS of dog fetus begins at anterior SVZ and follows caudally around the head of the caudate nucleus and vertically descends to bend rostrally into the MOB, where it ends in the granular cell layer (GCL).The RMS have SOX2 positive cells on entire length, showing a homogeneous appearance and high cell density. There is no positive CALB cells or CALR in any region of the SVZ and RMS. The results of the MOB show that the glomerular layer (GL) there were cells immunoreactive to CALR, TH, SOX2 and GFAP. In the external plexiforme layer (EPL) there were immunoreactive cells for CALR, CALB, SOX2 and GFAP and, the GCL, the prevalence is higher for CALR neurons, SOX2-ir and GFAP-ir cells. In colocalization analysis, they were found a some CALR positive neurons in GL that colabeled with SOX2 cells and a low colocalization of TH neurons and SOX2 cells. In EPL, was observed a low colocalization number of CALR and CALB neurons and in GCL, SOX2 cells colabeled with CALR neurons. The conclusions show that the dog fetus has a RMS directed to the MOB, with cellular immunoreactivity for DCX, SOX2 and GFAP in the ZSV and RMS and cellular immunoreactivity for SOX2 CALB, CALR, TH and GFAP in main olfactory bulb layers

L'infection congénitale par le cytomégalovirus humain (HCMV) est la première cause de séquelles acquises du système nerveux central (CNS). Elle est responsable de surdités neurosensorielles, de paralysies cérébrales ou d'anomalies neuro-développementales graves (0,1% des naissances) telles que des microcéphalies ou des anomalies de gyration. Pour étudier les effets de l'infection par le HCMV sur le développement cérébral, nous utilisons des cellules souches neurales (NSC) humaines dérivées de cellules souches embryonnaires (ES), ainsi que des coupes histologiques de cerveaux fœtaux infectés. Notre travail a porté sur l'analyse des conséquences de l'infection sur un facteur de transcription essentiel lors du développement cérébral, le Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARg). Nous avons démontré que l'infection par le HCMV diminuait la neuronogénèse, en association avec une augmentation des niveaux d'expression et d'activité de PPARg. En accord avec ces résultats, nous avons montré que le niveau d'expression de l'acide 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoique (9-HODE), un agoniste connu de PPARg était augmenté dans les NSC infectées. En outre, l'ajout de 9-HODE dans les NSC reproduit l'effet de l'infection sur PPARg conduisant à une augmentation du nombre de cellules positives pour l'antigène viral IE parmi les NSC infectées. De plus, nous avons démontré que : (1) l'activation pharmacologique ou l'expression ectopique de PPARg suffisent pour perturber la neuronogénèse de NSC non infectées ; (2) le traitement de NSC non infectées par le 9-HODE diminue la différenciation des NSC ; (3) le traitement de NSC infectées par du T0070907, un inhibiteur de PPARg restaure un taux normal de différenciation. Le rôle crucial de PPARg dans les pathologies fœtales liées à l'infection a été souligné par la mise en évidence de sa translocation nucléaire au sein des zones germinatives de cerveaux fœtaux infectés congénitalement par le HCMV (N=20), mais pas dans les cas contrôles. Nous avons également identifié un des gènes cibles de PPARg dans le cerveau infecté: LIS1, le gène de la lissencéphalie classique, dont l'expression est également augmentée dans les NSC infectées, de façon dépendante de l'activité de PPARg. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'expression de LIS1 était augmentée de façon massive dans les cerveaux fœtaux infectés congénitalement par le HCMV (N=6) par rapport aux cas contrôles (N=3). Ceci pourrait jouer un rôle central dans la physiopathologie, car il est connu que toute perturbation de l'expression de LIS1 conduit à des anomalies importantes de la migration neurale et au développement d'un phénotype dit "lissencephaly-like". L'ensemble de nos données révèle le rôle clé de PPARg dans la neuronogénèse et la pathophysiologie de l'infection congénitale par le HCMV. Elles ouvrent la voie à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régissant les phénotypes pathologiques, notamment concernant le rôle de LIS1 dans les anomalies de la migration neurale. / Congenital infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of permanent sequelae of the central nervous system, including sensorineural deafness, cerebral palsies or devastating neurodevelopmental abnormalities (0.1 % of all births). To gain insight on the impact of HCMV on neuronal development, we used both neural stem cells from human embryonic stem cells (NSC) and brain sections from infected fetuses. We investigated the outcome of infection on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARg, a transcription factor critical in the developing brain. We observed that HCMV infection dramatically impaired the rate of neuronogenesis and strongly increased PPARg levels and activity. Consistent with these findings, levels of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), a known PPARg agonist, were significantly increased in infected NSCs. Likewise, exposure of uninfected NSCs to 9-HODE recapitulated the effect of infection on PPARg activity. It also increased the rate of cells expressing the IE antigen in HCMV-infected NSCs. Further, we demonstrated that (1) pharmacological activation of ectopically expressed PPARg was sufficient to induce impaired neuronogenesis of uninfected NSCs, (2) treatment of uninfected NSCs with 9-HODE impaired NSC differentiation and (3) treatment of HCMV infected NSCs with the PPARg inhibitor T0070907 restored a normal rate of differentiation. The role of PPARg in the disease phenotype was strongly supported by the immunodetection of nuclear PPARg in brain germinative zones of congenitally infected fetuses (N=20), but not in control samples. We also identified LIS1 as one of the target genes for PPAR??in the infected brain. Levels of LIS1, the gene of classical lissencephaly, were strongly increased in infected NSC, presumably resulting from increased PPAR? activity. The relevance of this finding was further supported by our demonstration of a massive increase in the immunodetection in LIS1 fetal brains congenitally infected with HCMV (N = 6), relative to control cases (N = 3). Indeed, it is well known that overexpression of LIS1 is responsible for significant abnormalities of neural migration and development of a lissencephaly-like phenotype. Altogether, our findings reveal a key role for PPARg in neurogenesis and in the pathophysiology of HCMV congenital infection. They also pave the way to the identification of PPARg gene targets in the infected brain.

La CREB Binding Protein (CBP) a une activité lysine acétyltransférase intrinsèque et fonctionne aussi comme un co-activateur transcriptionnel. L'activité acétyltransférase et la fonction de coactivateur transcriptionel sont toutes deux essentielles pour la formation de mémoire à long terme. De plus, la dérégulation de CBP a été observée dans des maladies neurodégénératives comme la maladie d'Alzheimer et la maladie de Huntington. L'objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier le rôle de la CBP et de son activation pharmacologique dans le cadre de la formation de la mémoire spatiale, une forme de mémoire qui est démantelé très tôt dans la MA. Les données obtenues à partir de ma thèse montrent que l'activation de la fonction acétyltransférase CBP par l’activateur CSP-TTK21 améliore les processus mnésiques chez des souris adultes normales et aussi dans un modèle murin de MA (THY-Tau22). Ainsi, la stratégie d’activation pharmacologique de l'activité acétyltransférase de CBP a un énorme potentiel pour une utilisation en tant qu'agent thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies liées à l'altération de la mémoire tel que la maladie d'Alzheimer. / CREB Binding Protein (CBP) has an intrinsic lysine acetyltransferase activity and alsofunctions as a transcriptional co-activator. Both the acetyltransferase activity and the transcriptional co-activator function are critical for long-term memory formation. Importantly, CBP dysregulation has been observed in neurodegenerative conditions like in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. The focus of my thesis was to study the role of CBP and its activation by a new pharmacological tool, in the context of spatial memory formation, a form of memory that is very early dismantled in AD. Data obtained from my thesis clearly suggests that activation of CBP acetyltransferase function by small molecule activator CSP-TTK21 can improve memory related processes in healthy adult mice and also in a mouse model of AD, (THY-Tau22). Therefore, the strategy of pharmacological activation of CBP acetyltransferase activity has tremendous potential for use as therapeutics for the treatment of diseases related to memory impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Les vertébrés font partie des animaux à symétrie bilatérale mais celle-ci n'est pas parfaite et de nombreuses asymétries sont visibles entre les côtés gauche et droit, notamment au niveau du système nerveux. L'épithalamus s'est imposé comme le modèle de référence pour l'étude des mécanismes de latéralisation du cerveau. Cette structure dérivée du diencéphale dorsal se compose de deux noyaux bilatéraux, les habénulæ et du complexe pinéal, qui regroupe les glandes pinéale et parapinéale. Les habénulæ présentent des asymétries plus ou moins marquées chez tous les grands groupes de vertébrés. La parapinéale est également asymétrique mais elle est absente dans de nombreux taxa. Chez le poisson zèbre, espèce modèle de référence pour l'étude des mécanismes de formation des asymétries épithalamiques, une migration latéralisée de la parapinéale est nécessaire à l'élaboration des asymétries habénulaires. Les mécanismes génétiques sous-jacents ont également été en partie décryptés. La première asymétrie visible dans le diencéphale dorsal correspond à une activité de la voie de signalisation Nodal à gauche. Si cette voie Nodal est essentielle pour induire une asymétrie neurogénétique précoce, elle ne l'est pas pour la formation des asymétries épithalamiques définitives. Son rôle se restreint à biaiser la directionnalité des asymétries en influençant la migration de la parapinéale. Les asymétries habénulaires sont induites par la position finale de la parapinéale. La conservation à l'échelle des vertébrés des mécanismes décrits chez le poisson-zèbre reste une question ouverte. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, j’ai cherché à comprendre l’évolution de ces mécanismes en étudiant un chondrichtyen, la roussette Scyliorhinus canicula et des cyclostomes, les lamproies Petromyzon marinus et Lampetra planeri. Leur position phylogénétique ainsi que les asymétries majeures en taille observées entre les habénulæ gauche et droite font de ces espèces de bons modèles pour comprendre leur origine chez les vertébrés. Mes travaux conduisent à trois conclusions principales :(1) on retrouve, comme chez le poisson zèbre, une expression asymétrique de la voie Nodal dans le diencéphale dorsal gauche de la lamproie et de la roussette; la directionnalité de cette asymétrie est conservée entre les trois espèces, ce qui permet d’exclure une inversion de latéralité précédemment proposée chez la lamproie sur la base d’arguments de taille relative des habénulæ(2) La voie Nodal est essentielle à la formation des asymétries habénulaires chez la roussette et la lamproie, ce qui suggère un rôle ancestral dans l’élaboration des asymétries épithalamiques.(3) une analyse détaillée des patrons de prolifération-différenciation des habénulæ au cours du développement de la roussette met en évidence des asymétries moléculaires et cellulaires multiples ; elle démontre en particulier l’existence d’une neurogenèse asymétrique qui débute plus précocement à gauche. Ces travaux donnent un éclairage nouveau sur l’origine et la diversification des mécanismes contrôlant la formation des asymétries cérébrales chez les vertébrés. L’étude de la roussette et la lamproie, deux organismes modèles non conventionnels, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour leur compréhension. / Vertebrates are part of the bilaterally symmetric animals but this one is not perfect and numerous asymmetries can be seen between the left and right sides, especially in the nervous system. The epithalamus has proven itself to be the model system for brain lateralization mechanisms’ studies. This structure derived from the dorsal diencephalon contains by the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex, which includes the pineal gland and parapineal organ. The habenulae exhibit more or less marked left-right asymmetries among most of the major vertebrate taxa. The parapineal is also asymmetrical but it is absent in many taxa. Zebrafish is the model system for the studies of the developmental mechanisms of epithalamic asymmetries. In this species, a lateralized parapineal migration is required for the establishment of habenular asymmetries. The underlying genetic mechanisms have also been partially decrypted. The first conspicuous asymmetry in the dorsal diencephalon corresponds to a left-sided expression of components of the Nodal signalling pathway. This asymmetric Nodal signalling activity is essential to induce an early neurogenetic asymmetry but not necessary the formation of epithalamic asymmetries per se. Its role is restricted to provide a bias to the parapineal organ’s lateralized migration, and thus influence the laterality of epithalamic asymmetries. Indeed, habenular asymmetries are induced by the final position of the parapineal organ. Conservation of these mechanisms described in zebrafish across vertebrates remains an open question. During this thesis, I tried to understand the evolution of these mechanisms by studying a Chondrichthyes, the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and cyclostomes, the lampreys Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra planeri. Their phylogenetic position and the major asymmetries in size observed between their left and right habenulae make these species good model systems to understand the origin of these mechanisms in vertebrates. My work leads to three main conclusions:(1) As in zebrafish, we have found an asymmetric expression of the components of the Nodal signalling pathway in the left dorsal diencephalon of the catshark and the lamprey. The laterality of the asymmetry is conserved between these three species, which allows us to exclude a reversed laterality in lampreys like it was proposed on the basis of arguments related to the size of habenular nuclei.(2) The Nodal signalling pathway is requied for the establishment of habenular asymmetries in the catshark and lamprey thus suggesting an ancestral role in the development of epithalamic asymmetries.(3) A detailed analysis of proliferation-differentiation patterns in the catshark habenulae during their development highlighted multiple cellular and molecular asymmetries. In particular it showed the existence of an earlier left-sided asymmetric neurogenesis.These studies provide new insights about the origin and diversification of the mechanisms controlling the establishment of vertebrates’ brain asymmetries. The study of the lamprey and the dogfish, two unconventional model systems open new perspectives for their understanding.

Le vieillissement et la dégénérescence du cerveau, associés à des déficits cognitifs, comportementaux et neurologiques, représentent aujourd'hui un problème majeur de santé publique. L'une des principales maladies liées à l'âge est la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). L'une des caractéristiques de la MA est l'apparition de plaques amyloïdes, résultant de l'agrégation du peptide ßA4. Physiologiquement, le précurseur de la protéine amyloïde (APP) est clivé par une alpha-sécrétase qui génère un fragment soluble de l'APP (sAPP), important pour la formation de nouvelles cellules nerveuses (neurogenèse). Ce clivage en prévient deux autres, par les béta- et gamma-sécrétases, impliqués dans la MA, et conduisant à la formation du ßA4 toxique. Une analyse du plexus choroïde (PCh) a mis en évidence la forte expression de l’APP par cette structure cérébrale. Le PCh est une structure facilement accessible et produisant le liquide cérébro-spinal : son impact peut donc être répercuté à l’ensemble du cerveau. Il pourrait être une source cérébrale importante d’APP, et contribuer fortement à la pathologie. Mon projet de thèse s'inscrivait dans la possibilité de réguler génétiquement l'expression des formes sauvages et mutées de l'APP au niveau de cette source, et suivre les conséquences sur la neurogenèse adulte et la formation des plaques amyloïdes, marqueur histopathologique de la MA. Par l’utilisation de la thérapie génique pour moduler l’expression de l’APP dans les PCh, nous avons confirmé l’importance de l’APP soluble provenant des PCh dans la neurogenèse adulte. Les PCh semble être une source importante d’APP dans le cerveau, et pourraient avoir un rôle clé dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. / Aging and degeneration of the brain with cognitive decline and neurologic symptoms are major individual and societal problems. The major age-related brain degeneration disease is Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with about 40 million people affected in 2015.Physiologically, the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is cleaved by an alpha-secretase, releasing soluble APP (sAPP) an important regulator of adult neurogenesis. This cleavage prevents two others in positions beta and gamma that generate the ßA4 toxic peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer Disease.Next generation RNA-sequencing has revealed that APP is the 16th most expressed genes in the choroid plexus (CP), suggesting that it may be a major source of sAPP and ßA4 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If so, adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and hippocampus may be regulated by the choroid plexus and impeded in mutations favoring ßA4 production. My thesis project fell under the possibility to regulate App expression in the CP, and follow consequences on adult neurogenesis and plaques formation in AD. Using viral vectors to modulate App expression in the CP, we confirmed the importance of sAPP coming from CP in adult neurogenesis. With so, CP seems to be an important source of APPin the brain, and could have a key role in AD.