Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilaciEFJ.pdf: 1838358 bytes, checksum: 40ec11f34b65cc0544a9b15c91dae65a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Invers?o de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a efici?ncia de separa??o de um novo aparelho do tipo misturador-decantador aplicado ao tratamento de ?guas residu?rias contaminadas com petr?leo. Foi utilizado um equipamento em escala de laborat?rio, instalado no Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Engenharia Qu?mica da UFRN, que foi constru?do em parceria com a Petrobras S.A. Este aparelho denominado Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases (MDIF), possui caracter?sticas de um misturador-decantador convencional e de uma coluna tipo spray. O equipamento ? composto de tr?s partes principais: c?mara de mistura; c?mara de decanta??o e c?mara de separa??o. A efici?ncia de separa??o ? avaliada analisando-se as concentra??es de ?leo em ?gua na alimenta??o e na sa?da do aparelho. Para a an?lise utilizou-se o m?todo da an?lise de ?leo e graxas (TOG) por gravimetria. O sistema em estudo ? uma ?gua de forma??o emulsionada com ?leo. O extratante utilizado ? uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos denominada de Aguarr?s, fornecido pela Petrobras. Aplicou-se, para a otimiza??o da efici?ncia de separa??o do equipamento, um planejamento experimental do tipo central composto, tendo como por??o fatorial o planejamento fatorial fracion?rio 2 5-2, com a amplia??o do tipo estrela e cinco repeti??es no ponto central. Neste trabalho, estudam-se as seguintes vari?veis independentes: teor de ?leo na ?gua residu?ria de carga da coluna; rela??o volum?trica org?nico/aquoso (O/A); vaz?o efetiva total; agita??o na c?mara de mistura e altura do leito org?nico. Foram fixados limites m?nimos e m?ximos para as vari?veis estudadas de acordo com trabalhos realizados anteriormente. A an?lise de vari?ncia para a equa??o do modelo emp?rico, mostrou-se estatisticamente significante e ?til para fins preditivos. A an?lise de vari?ncia tamb?m apresentou a distribui??o do erro como uma distribui??o normal e observou-se que como as dispers?es n?o dependem dos n?veis dos fatores, a suposi??o de independ?ncia pode ser verificada. A varia??o em torno da m?dia ? explicada por 98,98%, ou seja, igual ao valor m?ximo explic?vel, sendo o ajuste do modelo em rela??o aos pontos experimentais de 0.98981. Os resultados apresentam uma intera??o muito forte entre as vari?veis teor de ?leo e agita??o na c?mara de mistura, tendo grande e positiva influ?ncia na efici?ncia de separa??o. Outra vari?vel que apresentou-se com grande e positiva influ?ncia foi a altura do leito org?nico. Os melhores resultados de efici?ncia de separa??o foram obtidos para altas vaz?es quando associadas a altas concentra??es de ?leo e alta agita??o. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho mostraram excelente concord?ncia com os resultados de trabalhos anteriores realizados com o misturador-decantador ? invers?o de fases

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WillaciEFJ.pdf: 1499759 bytes, checksum: 03aff567e782194c97d56cdcac63888c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to use a new technology in the treatment of produced wastewaters from oil industry. An unit for treat produced waters called UTMDIF, was designed, installed and operated in an industrial plant for treatment of effluents from oil industry. This unit operates by means of the method of separation of phase inversion and can become a promising alternative to solve the problem of oil/water separation. This method constitutes the basis of the working of a new design of mixersettler of vertical configuration which occupies small surface area. The last characteristic becomes specially important when there is limitation on the lay-out of the plant, for example, over maritime platforms to explore oil. This equipment in a semi-industrial scale treats produced wastewaters contaminated with oil at low concentrations (ranging from 30 to 150 mg/L) and throughputs of 320 m3/d (47,4 m3 m-2 h-1). Good results were obtained in oil/water separation which leads to the necessary specification to discharge those wastewaters. Besides, the non dependence of the efficiency of separation in spite of the salinity of the medium becomes the equipment an attractive new technology to treat wastewaters containing oil at low concentrations / Este trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar uma nova tecnologia no tratamento de ?guas produzidas da ind?stria do petr?leo. Uma Unidade de Tratamento de ?guas Produzidas, denominada UT-MDIF, foi projetada, instalada e operou dentro de uma planta industrial de tratamento de efluentes de petr?leo. Esta Unidade de Tratamento piloto utiliza o m?todo de separa??o ? invers?o de fases e pode se tornar numa alternativa promissora para resolver o problema de separa??o ?leo/?gua. Este m?todo constitui a base do funcionamento de um novo modelo de misturador-decantador de configura??o vertical e que ocupa pequena ?rea superficial. Esta ?ltima caracter?stica se torna especialmente importante, quando existe limita??o de espa?o no lay-out da planta industrial, por exemplo, uma plataforma mar?tima para explora??o de petr?leo. Este equipamento em escala semi-industrial trata ?guas produzidas contaminadas com petr?leo em baixas concentra??es da ordem de 30 a 150 mg/L e vaz?es efetivas de 320 m3/d (47,4m3m-2h-1). Os bons resultados na separa??o ?leo/?gua, obtendo-se a especifica??o necess?ria para descarte, associado ? n?o depend?ncia da efici?ncia de separa??o face ? salinidade do meio, podem tornar o equipamento uma nova tecnologia no tratamento de ?guas contaminadas com ?leo a baixas concentra??es

Substantiality of the thesis is the question of moral and ethic in the sphere of developing genetic and inheritance research. Thesis is especially focused on ethics consequences which result from the application of this research. Thesis is divided in two parts. First part contains general information about genetics science and it is more likely descriptive. This part outlines fundamental principles of genetic, its evolution and genetics breakthroughs and their today exploitation. Thereinafter are mentioned genetics techniques divided in singles areas of interest with main focus on human genetic manipulation {--} main topic of the thesis. Close of this part is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the ambition in the field of human changing and the description of achieved goals. There are mentioned controlling and regulating mechanisms as conclusions of the first part of the thesis. Opinion on regulation of clerical representatives, civil law, laic public and scientists themselves are referred-to. Second part of the thesis is focused directly on the ethics risks of the practical use of genetic technologies and their impact on human being. The principles of catholic ethic are foreshadowed. The expectations of human genetic improvement are confronted gradually by those principles. [90] Statement, that the human improvement by the genetic manipulation is non tenable by means of the Christian ethics is a conclusion of this thesis.

Les technologies du sommeil connaissent une révolution numérique à laquelle nous avons apporté une validation avec pour objectif une meilleure analyse des troubles du sommeil en Unité de Soins Intensifs, dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et dans l’évaluation de l’hypovigilance en vol de longue durée en milieu militaire. Ainsi, nous avons évalué le temps de sommeil sur 24 heures en relation avec les nuisances sonores en soins intensifs. Cette évaluation a été réalisée à l’aide d’un nouveau polysomnographe l’Actiwave couplé à un polygraphe Nox T3 qui ont permis d’enregistrer les cycles du sommeil et les niveaux sonores sur les 24 heures dans une Unité de Soins Intensif. Nous avons montré que l’Actiwave est un outil performant pour enregistrer le sommeil dans de telles conditions. Combiné au Nox T3, il permet d’explorer l’impact des niveaux sonores sur la qualité et quantité du sommeil. Nous avons retrouvé un Temps Total de Sommeil médian de 6 heures par nuit et de 2,5 heures pendant la journée, la qualité de sommeil étant plus perturbée que sa quantité. Nous avons démontré que 60% des éveils intra-sommeil étaient associés à un bruit supérieur à 77 dB et identifié les sources sonores principales qui agissent sur la pathogénèse des troubles du sommeil en Unité de Soins Intensif, à savoir les alarmes des respirateurs mécaniques avec un risque relatif de 10.9 (9.8-11.9) et les alarmes des constantes vitales avec un risque relatif de 9.8 (8.6-11.3). Une deuxième étude, l’évaluation de l’hypovigilance en vol de longue durée, a été réalisée à l’aide de l’ActiWave. Pour cela, nos équipes ont conçu un algorithme d’analyse automatique de détection du sommeil. Nous avons montré que l’ActiWave est un polysomnographe fiable en conditions extrêmes, l’analyse automatique montrant une bonne concordance avec l’analyse manuelle de deux experts du sommeil (Kappa>80%). Nous démontrons donc qu’il est possible de coder automatiquement les stades de sommeil à l’aide du ratio (+)/ sur la région occipitale O1-M2 vs C3-M2 (p<0.05). Nous avons validé un nouvel actimètre le MotionWatch 8 pour l’évaluation du temps de sommeil chez 208 patients présentant la maladie d’Alzheimer. Ce travail a permis de montrer que le MotionWatch 8 est un outil fiable avec de bonnes sensibilité et spécificité dans l’évaluation des troubles du sommeil chez ces patients. Le Temps Total de Sommeil est dans la norme (TTS moyen 7h35 minutes) et est significativement associé au score d’apathie (7h46 minutes vs 7h26 minutes ; p=0.04). Le marqueur chrono-biologique SIJ est également associé à l’apathie (p=0.04) ainsi qu’aux troubles cognitifs (p=0.02). Finalement, la fragmentation de rythmes veille/sommeil (VIJ) est associée au score du handicap de la maladie d’Alzheimer (p=0.02). Dans une quatrième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la nouvelle technologie de télé-observance dans le traitement du syndrome d’apnées du sommeil par pression positive continue, qui permet d’alerter le médecin de la compliance du patient. Nous avons validé un nouveau dispositif médical de télé-observance du traitement du syndrome d’apnées du sommeil, le NOWAPI. Nous montrons que le NOWAPI mesure avec précision et de manière fiable les niveaux de pressions et de débits des PPC disponibles sur le marché et qu’il permet de calculer les indicateurs d'observance des patients souffrants du syndrome d’apnées du sommeil (IAH Nowapi de 2,5 (-1.4 ; 3.6)/h vs IAH Polygraphie respiratoire de 2,3 (1.2 ;3.4)/h). En conclusion, les études présentées ici mettent en exergue l’importance de l’innovation technologique dans le domaine du sommeil pour une meilleure prise en charge des patients. A l’ère du 21ème siècle, une nouvelle médecine commence à émerger, la médecine 2.0, avec pour corollaire l’eSanté. (...) / Scientific research into sleep over the past thirty years has progressed so speedily that it is now possible to speak of “Sleep Medicine”. This specialty is placed incontestably at the frontier of Science and Medicine. The issues have been recently driven by the advances in the technology of recording biological parameter and analysis of the data, in parallel with a deeper understanding of the physiopathology and therapeutic advances in sleep disorders. The subject of this thesis lies at the crossover of two areas of professional expertise; sleep technology and bio-engineering, with notably the aim of validating new tools in research as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. We have tested a miniaturized polysomnographic new technology, the Actiwave, capable of detecting sleep and alert states in extreme conditions, notably in patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units and in aircraft pilots in long duration military flights. In intensive care units, we have explored the relation between sleep and noise in the immediate environment of the patients. In brief, Total Sleep Time was not disturbed whereas the sleep quality was altered. Wake episodes after sleep onset were mostly associated with noise over 77 dB, and the main disturbances were triggered by the alarms of breathing machines and those from vital parameters. In military flights of long duration, we have explored the presence of hypovigilance episodes. This allowed us to validate the Actiwave for polysomnography in extreme conditions. In a third study, we have analyzed the sleep patterns in a total of 202 patients with Alzheimer’s disease by using a new actimeter, the MotionWatch8. We have shown that the latter device has a good sensitivity and specificity or evaluating sleep-wake parameters in these patients. In particular, we find that the TST is in the normal range and is associated with the aptathy score. The SIJ score is associated with the apathy score and also with the cognitive impairments. Finally, the sleep fragmentation is associated with the disability status. In a last study, we explored the parameter of sleep apneas in patients with SAS using the NOWAPI. We validated this new device by demonstrating that it provides on-line reliable data about pressure and flow levels of various CPAP. In conclusion, this thesis considers possible future avenues of research into sleep technology and discusses the crucial importance of a scientific approach capable of leading the development of appropriate and lasting diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The next step will be the era of the 2.0 medicine for which I am developing the iSommeil application that will allow patients to be the actual actors of their disease and also to facilitate the diagnostic and the prevention of sleep disorders.

Foundry technology is an industrial sector, where progress is still the important aspect for reducing the environmental impact and increasing competitiveness. Master's thesis is focused on the possibilities of influencing residual strength of the core moulding mixtures with the biogenic binders, which forms a new group of binder systems.

Over 50 years ago, Marshall McLuhan (2003), a specialist in communication issues, said that the world is becoming smaller and smaller every starting day, a result of the emergence of modern communication around the world. This situation has given birth to the conept `new technology´. This article will break down this new concept by looking at it through the lens of oral literature, which is used in Swahili communities. However, oral Swahili literature uses Kiswahili language, which is the languagge of communication at different levels throughout East and central Africa. The article will examine the ideals and opinions connected to oral literature described in the existing academic literature, and as one of the genres of narrative literature. It will look at the way in which the concept of new technology is explained by specialists, and in which ways this connects to oral literature. Advantages and effects which came about in the society after the coming of this notion will be discussed. The article ends with a conclusion and possible recommendations.

In recent decades, numerous prominent scholars have highlighted the fact that small and medium sized firms in general, and new technology-based firms in particular, represent an important source of innovation and economic growth. The success of new technology-based firms is further argued to be closely linked to innovation capacity and performance, which in turn depends on the context in which the company is located. This study investigates how contextual factors affect the performance of new technology-based firms in Sweden. This was done through a multiple case study, where a data set of 48 new technology-based firms were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative analysis outlined correlations between the firms’ context and their respective change in market value over time. The qualitative analysis examined these correlations in more detail by evaluating how firms were affected by specific contextual factors. This analysis was based on semi-structured interviews conducted with a sample of 11 firms from the data set. The result indicates that firms located in metropolitan cities and university cities, on average, have a higher proportion of high-performing firms compared to firms from other cities. Stockholm further stands out with the highest proportion of firms among the top performing firms and the lowest proportion of firms among the bottom performing firms. The result further highlights three main contextual factors that were consistently emphasised by interviewees as being particularly important for their firm performance; these factors were local access to 1) skilled and specialisedworkforce followed by 2) risk capital and finally 3) customer proximity. / Under de senaste decennierna har många framstående forskare konstaterat att små och medelstoraföretag i allmänhet, och nya teknikbaserade företag i synnerhet, utgör en viktig källa till innovation och ekonomisk tillväxt. Nya teknikbaserade företags framgång anses vidare vara nära sammankopplat med deras innovationskapacitet och prestation, som i sin tur har visat sig bero på den kontext som företaget befinner sig i. Denna studie undersöker hur kontextuella faktorer påverkar företagsprestationen för nya teknologibaserade företag i Sverige. Detta gjordes genom en flerfallstudie, där en datamängd på 48 nya teknikbaserade företag analyserades både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Den kvantitativa analysen undersökte samband mellan vilken kontext företagen befunnit sig i och hur deras respektive marknadsvärde förändrats över tid. Den kvalitativa analysen utforskade sedan dessa samband mer ingående genom att utvärdera hur företagen påverkats avspecifika kontextuella faktorer. Denna analys grundades på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med elva företag från datamängden. Resultatet indikerar att företag belägna i storstäder och universitetsstäder i genomsnitt har en högre andel högpresterande företag jämfört med företag från andra stadstyper. Stockholm utmärker sig vidare med den högsta andelen företag bland de bäst presterande företagen i datasetet, och den lägsta andelen företag bland de sämst presterande företagen. Resultatet belyser vidare tre huvudsakliga kontextuella faktorer som konsekvent betonades vara bland de viktigaste för företagets prestation; dessa faktorer motsvarade lokaltillgång till 1) skicklig och specialiserad arbetskraft följt av 2) riskkapital och slutligen 3) kundnärhet.

企業の新技術導入インセンティブと市場構造の関係を分析し、政府が行うべき経済政策を示す。分析には寡占市場モデルを使い、競争、新技術の導入費用、費用関数の違い、リーダー企業の存在が与える影響を分析している。また、3章では新技術の戦略的運用方法についての分析を行う。寡占市場では、政府は新技術導入に対して補助金または課税政策を行い、企業の新技術導入を促す、あるいは抑制することが望ましい。 / This paper analyzes the relationship between the incentive for the new technology adoption and the market structure and shows the optimal policy for the new technology adoption by using oligopoly models. The competitivenesss among firms, fixed cost for new technology adoption, the form of cost function and the existence of leader firm affect the incentive for new technology adoption and optimal policy. The concluding chapter analyzes the optimal strategic uses of new technology which include licensing to the other firm in the new market or entry to the new market or both of them. / 博士(経済学) / Doctor of Economics / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Namibia has the third lowest population density in the world and a large part of the population are dependent on small-scale subsistence farming for survival. What was found during the study is that large distances between communities has created challenges in terms of infrastructure, logistics and communication. These factors needsto be taken into consideration when conducting or starting business. This research examined success factors in existing business initiatives by and for rural farmers in northern Namibia with focus on the implementation of new technology that supports everyday work. Previous literature shows that the best way to implement and startbusiness in scarcely populated areas has not eectively been addressed. The purpose of this study is to gain a general understanding of the context and identify business model success. An eight-week eld study was performed in Namibia during spring of2018. Empirical data was gathered through qualitative interviews and workshops with farmers and business initiative takers that focus on the cultivation and processing of the staple grain mahangu. The main ndings from the research is that more businesses are forming in these rural areas and farmers are slowly adapting to the benets thatnew technology entails, although, full acceptance of new tools is slower due to the long distances, low income, and deeply rooted traditions. A major success-factor is to increase availability through small-scale empowerment of many farmers. Having many smaller businesses in a large area will increase the availability which in turn will lead to increased spread and adaption of technology. The long term benets of new businesses can support the development of the country and also increase quality of life for rural people. It was also identied that a large part of the population conduct business on the informal markets, which implies that no taxes are paid. For future research it is recommended to investigate how a transition from the informal to formal market can aect the lives of the farmers but also the national development of the country. / Namibia har den tredje lägsta befolkningstätheten i världen och en stor del av befolkningen är beroende av småskaligt lantbruk för att överleva. Det som konstaterats under studien är att stora avstånd mellan befolkningen skapar nya utmaningar när det gäller infrastruktur, logistik och kommunikation. Dessa faktorer måste beaktas vid genomförande eller påbörjande av nya verksamheter. Denna forskning undersökte framgångsfaktorer inom befintliga affärsverksamheter, av och för lantbrukare i norra Namibia med fokus på implementering av ny teknik som stödjer och underlättar det dagliga arbetet. Tidigare litteratur påvisade att nuvarande forskning, gällande det bästa sättet att genomföra och starta verksamheter i områden med låg befolkningstäthet för självförsörjande bönder är begränsad. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en generell förståelse för sammanhanget och identifiera framgångsfaktorer för existerande affärsmodeller. En 8-veckor lång fältstudie utfördes i Namibia under våren 2018. Empirisk data samlades genom kvalitativa intervjuer och workshops med bönder och affärsinitiativtagare som fokuserar på odling och bearbetning av basgrödan mahangu. Resultat visar att ny teknologi är på uppgång och bönder anpassar sig, om än långsamt, till de fördelar som ny teknik innebär. Full acceptans av nya verktyg är emellertid långsam. Detta på grund av långa avstånd, låg inkomst och djupt rotade traditioner. En viktig framgångsfaktor vore att stötta småskaliga jordbruksentreprenörer. Att ha många mindre företag i ett stort område ökar tillgängligheten vilket i sin tur leder till ökad spridning, acceptans och anpassning av ny teknik. De långsiktiga fördelarna med nya företag är att de kan öka livskvaliteten för landsbygden därmed stödja Namibias övergripande utveckling. Det identfierades också att en stor del av befolkningen bedriver verksamhet påde informella marknaderna, vilket innebär att inga skatter betalas. För framtida forskning rekommenderas att undersöka hur en övergång från den informella till den formella marknaden kan påverka böndernas liv, men också landets nationella utveckling.

<p dir="ltr">In my dissertation, “Scanlonian Contractualism and Animals,” I take T.M. Scanlon’s ethical contractualism, convert it into a political theory, and apply it to deriving the duties of justice we owe to nonhuman animals. Here is the narrative structure of my dissertation. First, I argue in chapter 1 that nonhuman animals should be included within the scope of morality, or justice, as contractualism construes this notion. Animals are some of the “others” to whom we owe duties, particularly duties of justice. To this effect, I defend a revised version of the argument from marginal cases. </p><p dir="ltr">Second, I tell the reader how contractualism works in detail in chapters 2 and 3, making modifications and conversions into political philosophy along the way. Crucial for my discussion will be the debate between Derek Parfit and Scanlon over issues such as how to take numbers into account within contractualism. Scanlon’s considered view is that personal reasons should be added up to determine what we ought to do, but this is not the aggregation of impersonal value, for example, as in utilitarianism.</p><p dir="ltr">In chapter 4, a major step taken is the conversion of political contractualism into a form of Rawlsian political liberalism. Political liberalism takes the fact of reasonable pluralism of comprehensive doctrines on life’s important questions as a permanent feature of liberal democracy. In order to address this pluralism, political liberalism seeks to provide a political conception of justice that can be endorsed by people who differ on fundamental ethical, philosophical, and religious matters. My version of animal rights contractualism adopts this framework, but it takes work to show how animal rights and political liberalism are compatible.</p><p dir="ltr">Third, in chapter 5, a neutral metric for the harm of death will be suggested, following the requirements of political liberalism to offer a political conception of various aspects of our theories. This needs to be done because the harm of death is a complex, contested philosophical issue. The contractors need this metric to figure out what burdens are imposed by death. A neutral metric is meant to be one that can be endorsed by adherents of different comprehensive philosophical viewpoints in an overlapping consensus.</p><p dir="ltr">Fourth, and finally, some of the specific political duties we have to nonhuman animals will be stated. I survey some of the most common topics that are usually explored here, such as factory-farming, medical research, and hunting. The hope is that at the end of the work, the reader will be convinced that contractualism provides a plausible account of what we owe to each animal.</p>