Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila_texto.pdf: 1440192 bytes, checksum: 020e7fe3fc653232ee8db5ae1340c1fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-23 / Agriculture is one of the major contributors for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), being directly related to global warming. Soil and fertilizer management is the agricultural activity that contributes most to emissions. Considering that the western region of Paraná state has a history of land application of swine wastewater (ARS) for crop fertilization, and that studies of GHG emissions from this activity are scarce in our country, the objective of this research is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from ARS and mineral fertilizer (AD) application in soybean culture. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering from Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). The static chamber method was used to capture the gases, and CO2 emission was measured by the alkaline method at soybean cycle. At the time of the gas collections, temperature and moisture analyses were performed in all plots. Gas analyses were by gas chromatography, and the alkaline CO2 was quantified by titration method. The experiment was arranged in a 4x2 factorial randomized blocks with three replications. The factors evaluated were ARS at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 300 m³ ha-1, and AD levels absence (A) and presence (P). Interactions between SW and SF factors were tested and performed by ANOVA for statistical analysis of GHG, C-equivalent and alkaline CO2 emission. The significant results were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. For the correlations, treatments were tested. The CO2 efflux was significant (p-value < 0.05) mainly for the factor ARS, as the N2O one in most sample days. Treatments with 0 m3 ha-1 showed the lowest effluxes and the largest were recorded in treatments with the highest level of ARS (300P and 300A). For both gases, there was no differentiation on the effluxes in D125 and D128 between treatments. This is due to soybean plants decomposition, which provides carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for micro-organisms. There was interaction (p-value> 0.05) between AD and ARS in D1 for CH4 influx, and AD were significant at D125, in which the CH4 efflux was higher in AD presence. The presence of large amount of N in the ARS does not seem to affect the soil methanotrophic community. The GEE C-equivalent emission was affected by AD and by ARS, with interaction between the factors. There was no significant difference in accumulated CO2 efflux through the alkaline method. The ARS N was probably percolated to deeper soil areas, not affecting the decomposition rate of oat straw. No correlation has been established between the alkaline and chromatographic methods for CO2 efflux recording. It is concluded with this work that ARS land spread is a key factor for the soil GEE increased emissions and that the global warming potential increases with ARS dose applied. / O desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário está diretamente relacionado ao aquecimento global e é grande contribuinte na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As atividades agrícolas que mais contribuem para essas emissões são o manejo do solo e o uso de fertilizantes. Sabendo que a região oeste do Paraná possui histórico de aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) no solo, aplicada para a fertilização de grandes culturas, e que estudos sobre a emissão de GEE, a partir dessa atividade, são escassos no país, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar a emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), oriundos da aplicação de ARS e fertilizante mineral (AD) na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola NEEA da UNIOESTE em LATOSSOLO com histórico de cinco anos de aplicação de ARS. A captura dos gases se deu pelo método da câmara estática e a emissão de CO2 foi quantificada pelo método alcalino no ciclo da soja. Juntamente com a coleta dos gases, foram registradas a temperatura e a umidade do solo em todas as parcelas em estudo. As análises dos gases foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa e o CO2 do método alcalino foi quantificado por titulometria. O experimento foi em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram ARS nos níveis 0, 100, 200 ou 300 m³ ha-1, e AD nos níveis ausência (A) e presença (P). Para a análise estatística da emissão de GEE, C-equivalente e CO2 por captura alcalina testou-se a interação entre os fatores por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados significativos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Para as correlações testaram-se os diferentes tratamentos. O efluxo de CO2 foi significativo (p-value<0,05) principalmente para o fator ARS, assim como de N2O na maioria dos dias amostrados, em que os tratamentos com 0 m3 ha-1 de ARS demonstraram os menores efluxos. Os maiores efluxos foram registrados nos tratamentos com o maior nível de ARS (300A e 300P). Para ambos os gases, não houve diferenciação do efluxo entre os tratamentos em D125 e D128. Tal fato é devido à decomposição das plantas de soja, que fornece carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) aos microrganismos. Houve interação (p-value>0,05) entre AD e ARS em D1 para os fluxos de CH4; em D125 foram significativos para AD, em que o fluxo de CH4 foi maior na presença de AD. A presença de grande quantidade de N presente na ARS parece não afetar a comunidade metanotrófica do solo. A emissão de GEE em C-equivalente foi afetada tanto pela fertilização mineral quanto pela aplicação de ARS, apresentando interação entre os fatores. Não houve diferença significativa para a emissão de CO2 acumulado por meio do método alcalino. O N presente na ARS, provavelmente, foi percolado para zonas mais profundas do solo, não afetando as taxas de decomposição da palha de aveia. Não foi estabelecida correlação entre os métodos alcalino e cromatográfico para registro da emissão de CO2. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que a aplicação da ARS é um fator chave para o aumento da emissão de GEE pelo solo e que o potencial de aquecimento global é maior quando se aplica ARS no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila_texto.pdf: 1440192 bytes, checksum: 020e7fe3fc653232ee8db5ae1340c1fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-23 / Agriculture is one of the major contributors for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), being directly related to global warming. Soil and fertilizer management is the agricultural activity that contributes most to emissions. Considering that the western region of Paraná state has a history of land application of swine wastewater (ARS) for crop fertilization, and that studies of GHG emissions from this activity are scarce in our country, the objective of this research is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from ARS and mineral fertilizer (AD) application in soybean culture. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering from Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). The static chamber method was used to capture the gases, and CO2 emission was measured by the alkaline method at soybean cycle. At the time of the gas collections, temperature and moisture analyses were performed in all plots. Gas analyses were by gas chromatography, and the alkaline CO2 was quantified by titration method. The experiment was arranged in a 4x2 factorial randomized blocks with three replications. The factors evaluated were ARS at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 300 m³ ha-1, and AD levels absence (A) and presence (P). Interactions between SW and SF factors were tested and performed by ANOVA for statistical analysis of GHG, C-equivalent and alkaline CO2 emission. The significant results were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. For the correlations, treatments were tested. The CO2 efflux was significant (p-value < 0.05) mainly for the factor ARS, as the N2O one in most sample days. Treatments with 0 m3 ha-1 showed the lowest effluxes and the largest were recorded in treatments with the highest level of ARS (300P and 300A). For both gases, there was no differentiation on the effluxes in D125 and D128 between treatments. This is due to soybean plants decomposition, which provides carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for micro-organisms. There was interaction (p-value> 0.05) between AD and ARS in D1 for CH4 influx, and AD were significant at D125, in which the CH4 efflux was higher in AD presence. The presence of large amount of N in the ARS does not seem to affect the soil methanotrophic community. The GEE C-equivalent emission was affected by AD and by ARS, with interaction between the factors. There was no significant difference in accumulated CO2 efflux through the alkaline method. The ARS N was probably percolated to deeper soil areas, not affecting the decomposition rate of oat straw. No correlation has been established between the alkaline and chromatographic methods for CO2 efflux recording. It is concluded with this work that ARS land spread is a key factor for the soil GEE increased emissions and that the global warming potential increases with ARS dose applied. / O desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário está diretamente relacionado ao aquecimento global e é grande contribuinte na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As atividades agrícolas que mais contribuem para essas emissões são o manejo do solo e o uso de fertilizantes. Sabendo que a região oeste do Paraná possui histórico de aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) no solo, aplicada para a fertilização de grandes culturas, e que estudos sobre a emissão de GEE, a partir dessa atividade, são escassos no país, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar a emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), oriundos da aplicação de ARS e fertilizante mineral (AD) na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola NEEA da UNIOESTE em LATOSSOLO com histórico de cinco anos de aplicação de ARS. A captura dos gases se deu pelo método da câmara estática e a emissão de CO2 foi quantificada pelo método alcalino no ciclo da soja. Juntamente com a coleta dos gases, foram registradas a temperatura e a umidade do solo em todas as parcelas em estudo. As análises dos gases foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa e o CO2 do método alcalino foi quantificado por titulometria. O experimento foi em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram ARS nos níveis 0, 100, 200 ou 300 m³ ha-1, e AD nos níveis ausência (A) e presença (P). Para a análise estatística da emissão de GEE, C-equivalente e CO2 por captura alcalina testou-se a interação entre os fatores por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados significativos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Para as correlações testaram-se os diferentes tratamentos. O efluxo de CO2 foi significativo (p-value<0,05) principalmente para o fator ARS, assim como de N2O na maioria dos dias amostrados, em que os tratamentos com 0 m3 ha-1 de ARS demonstraram os menores efluxos. Os maiores efluxos foram registrados nos tratamentos com o maior nível de ARS (300A e 300P). Para ambos os gases, não houve diferenciação do efluxo entre os tratamentos em D125 e D128. Tal fato é devido à decomposição das plantas de soja, que fornece carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) aos microrganismos. Houve interação (p-value>0,05) entre AD e ARS em D1 para os fluxos de CH4; em D125 foram significativos para AD, em que o fluxo de CH4 foi maior na presença de AD. A presença de grande quantidade de N presente na ARS parece não afetar a comunidade metanotrófica do solo. A emissão de GEE em C-equivalente foi afetada tanto pela fertilização mineral quanto pela aplicação de ARS, apresentando interação entre os fatores. Não houve diferença significativa para a emissão de CO2 acumulado por meio do método alcalino. O N presente na ARS, provavelmente, foi percolado para zonas mais profundas do solo, não afetando as taxas de decomposição da palha de aveia. Não foi estabelecida correlação entre os métodos alcalino e cromatográfico para registro da emissão de CO2. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que a aplicação da ARS é um fator chave para o aumento da emissão de GEE pelo solo e que o potencial de aquecimento global é maior quando se aplica ARS no solo.

No description available.

Se compararon dos experiencias de inducción anestésica en seis gatos premedicados con acepromacina y buprenorfina: cámara (exp. 1) o mascarilla (exp. 2). En cada experiencia se empleó isofluorano o sevofluorano vehiculados en oxígeno o en una mezcla de oxígeno y óxido nitroso según grupo. Se valoró la calidad de forma subjetiva y la velocidad de inducción en base a distintos tiempos medidos durante esta fase. Tras un mantenimiento de treinta minutos en el que se registraron distintos parámetros cardiorrespiratorios y la temperatura corporal, se evaluó la calidad y velocidad de recuperación anestésica. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a los tiempos o calidad de inducción o recuperación anestésica entre isofluorano o sevofluorano con o sin óxido nitroso. Los parámetros cardiorrespiratorios durante el mantenimiento fueron similares entre grupos. En conclusión, a pesar de las mejores propiedades del sevofluorano, el isofluorano sigue siendo un anestésico de elecció n para procedimientos de corta duración en gatos.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine neuartige Methode und die entsprechenden Katalysatoren für die heterogen katalysierte Gasphasen-Epoxidation von Propen entwickelt und optimiert. Das Propen wurde an FeOx/SiO2-Katalysatoren mit N2O als Oxidationsmittel epoxidiert. Die Katalysatoren wurden mittels XRD, TEM, XPS, Physi- und Chemisorption, TPR/TPO, TPD und IR untersucht und charakterisiert. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Oxidationsergebnisse wurde bestimmt und Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsablauf durchgeführt. Es wurden Selektivitäten zu Propenoxid von 40-70%, bei Propenumsätzen von 3-12%, erreicht. Die maximalen erzielten PO-Ausbeuten betrugen über 5%, und sind damit den berichteten Ergebnisse aus der Literatur überlegen.

No description available.

No description available.

Agricultural systems are known to emit nitrous oxide (N2O)---a potent greenhouse gas. The roving flux tower measuring system of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada was used to make continuous measurements of N2O fluxes in an edible pea field in Western Quebec in 2003-04 and then in an alfalfa-timothy forage field in Eastern Ontario in 2004-05. The experiment was designed to capture, at the field scale, the expected large N2O emissions occurring as a result of fertilizer application for a year, in relation to both large precipitation events and spring thaw. / Growing season N2O emissions averaged 0.5 to 5 mg N2 O-N m-2 d-1 with peaks following snow melt (between 5 and 8 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1) and manure applications (8 to 37 mg N2O-N m-2 d -1). Although generally small (&lt;0.25 mg N2O-N m -2 d-1), emissions were detectable during the fall and winter, indicating the importance of including them in annual emission totals. / The measurements were used to verify the performance of the simulation model DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) in estimating N2O emissions from legumes and in response to dairy manure application. Sensitivity tests were also carried out in which baseline input values were modified. Results suggest that the current model version (DNDC8.9) requires further modification prior to application for estimating greenhouse gas emissions in national accounting systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how farmers in the region of Västerbotten work for a sustainable development according to climate change, and where resources could be put in place to make agriculture even more climate friendly. The method chosen was a qualitative interview study where eight farmers from the county were interviewed. Half of them had an ecological production, and the other half was conventional. All the interviews were recorded, and the raw data was put in a database in Excel and analyzed. The results showed differences between ecological and conventional production systems, such as which agricultural practice that was the most sustainable in the future. Many farmers described several ways of decreasing their own climate burden by changing to LED light bulbs, Eco driving, spring plowing and raising their cattle in an intensive system. The future for agriculture was hard to speculate about, but faith in politicians played a crucial role. There were thoughts about both moving backwards to family-oriented agriculture and to increase the animal units with big industry-like settings. Overall, my own conclusion states that agriculture should be more circular to be sustainable, and that the society should be more involved in this circularity for it to work. Intensively raised cattle fed with less concentrate, and less imported meat, seems like a sustainable production. The agriculture of the future should be close to nature but at the same time modern, and we must protect our countryside if we want to have a sustainable society.

Les sols et les activités agricoles qu’ils supportent, contribueraient à environ 2/3 des émissions globales de protoxyde d’azote (N2O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre. L’objectif de la thèse était la compréhension des déterminismes des émissions de N2O liés aux propriétés hydriques des sols. Des expérimentations de laboratoire permettant le contrôle hydrique fin d’échantillons de sol, en saturation et en désaturation, et la mesure des flux de N₂O ont été menées. Un couplage avec la tomographie par rayons-X a par ailleurs permis de caractériser la connectivité gazeuse. Enfin, une démarche de modélisation a permis de tester les hypothèses de fonctionnement émises, et de poursuivre la démarche de réflexion sur le lien entre les propriétés hydriques des sols et les émissions de N₂O. On a mis en évidence le rôle des propriétés hydriques des sols dans la variabilité des émissions de N₂O couramment observées, et la nécessité de distinguer des périodes de production/consommation de N₂O et de transport. On retiendra ainsi le fort caractère dynamique des émissions de N₂O, en lien avec la phase hydrique (saturation ou désaturation), le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des sols, le transport gazeux et la configuration spatiale de l’air et de l’eau dans le réseau de pores. Afin de décrire l’intensité et le timing des pics de N₂O, il est apparu pertinent d’observer les paramètres potentiel matriciel, coefficient de diffusion gazeuse et connectivité gazeuse, en plus de la teneur en eau. Ces observations ont des implications sur la modélisation des flux de N₂O. On recommande ainsi l’utilisation couplée de modules de transport hydrique, de transport gazeux et en solution de N₂O, en plus de modules de production microbiologique, pour prédire efficacement les émissions de N₂O. / Soils and associated agricultural activities are estimated to account for about 2/3 of the global emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas. The aim of the thesis was to understand the controls linked to soil hydric properties on N₂O emissions. Laboratory experiments were designed to control the hydric status of soil samples during wetting and drying, and to measure N₂O fluxes. Moreover, a coupling with X-ray computed tomography allowed characterizing the gaseous connectivity. Finally, a modeling approach allowed testing the hypotheses of functioning, and to further discuss the links between hydric properties and N₂O emissions. We highlighted the role of soil hydric properties on the variability of N₂O emissions which is often measured, and the need to distinguish N₂O production/consumption and transport phases. The highly dynamic nature of N₂O emissions was linked to the hydric phase (wetting or drying), soil hydrodynamic functioning, gas transport, and spatial configuration of water and air in the pore network, in addition to the water-filled pore space parameter. These observations have implications for N₂O emission modeling. We recommend thus the coupled use of hydric transport, and modules of gas and liquid transport of N₂O, in addition to microbial production modules to efficiently predict N₂O emissions.