<p>Type 1 diabetes is resulting from the selective destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells within the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of hormone secretion through specific receptors (sst1-5).</p><p>All ssts were expressed in normal rat and mouse pancreatic islets, although the expression intensity and the co-expression pattern varied between ssts as well as between species. This may reflect a difference in response to somatostatin in islet cells of the two species.</p><p>The Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model is an experimental model of type 1 diabetes, with insulitis accompanied by spontaneous hyperglycaemia. Pancreatic specimens from NOD mice at different age and stage of disease were stained for ssts. The islet cells of diabetic NOD mice showed increased islet expression of sst2-5 compared to normoglycemic NOD mice. The increase in sst2-5 expression in the islets cells may suggest either a contributing factor in the process leading to diabetes, or a defense response against ongoing beta-cell destruction.</p><p>Somatostatin analogues were tested on a human endocrine pancreatic tumour cell line and cultured pancreatic islets. Somatostatin analogues had an effect on cAMP accumulation, chromogranin A secretion and MAP kinase activity in the cell line. Treatment of rat pancreatic islets with somatostatin analogues with selective receptor affinity was not sufficient to induce an inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion. However, a combination of selective analogues or non-selective analogues via co-stimulation of receptors can cause inhibition of hormone production. For insulin and glucagon, combinations of sst2 + sst5 and sst1 + sst2, respectively, showed a biological effect.</p><p>In summary, knowledge of islet cell ssts expression and the effect of somatostatin analogues with high affinity to ssts may be valuable in the future attempts to influence beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus, since down-regulation of beta-cell function may promote survival of these cells during the autoimmune attack. </p>

The presence of protein amyloid in pancreas and its association to diabetes was first described 100 years ago in 1901, but was not identified as Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) until 1986. The aim of the present work was to determine the role of the beta cell hormone, IAPP, in normal pancreatic islet physiology and during early disturbances of islet function. Intra-islet peptides, i.e. chromogranin peptides and an extra-islet peptide, i.e. leptin, were studied to identify possible endogenous regulators of IAPP and insulin secretion. Chromogranin-B, but not chromogranin-A or pancreastatin, had the ability to inhibit islet IAPP and insulin release, suggesting that chromogranin-B may serve as an autocrine regulator of IAPP and insulin secretion. Leptin had a more potent effect on IAPP secretion than on insulin secretion, which was dissociated from effects on islet glucose metabolism. Glucose oxidation rates were increased at physiological leptin concentrations, whereas higher leptin concentrations showed an inhibitory effect and chronically high leptin concentrations had no effect. Female NOD mice were studied to investigate the release of IAPP in the progression to type 1 diabetes. The release of IAPP was lower than that of insulin from immune cell infiltrated islets, indicating preferential insulin release during the early course of the disease. IAPP is expressed at an early embryonic stage. The effect of IAPP on cell proliferation in neonatal rat islets was studied in the search for a physiological role of IAPP. IAPP concentrations of (1-1000) nM stimulated neonatal islet cell proliferation mostly in beta cells and to a lesser extent in alpha cells. IAPP did not have any marked effect on the islet cell death frequency. These data indicate a role for IAPP as a potential regulator of beta cell proliferation in neonatal pancreatic islet. It is concluded that IAPP may be involved in regulation of pancreatic beta cell function both in fetal and adult life.

Type 1 diabetes is resulting from the selective destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells within the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of hormone secretion through specific receptors (sst1-5). All ssts were expressed in normal rat and mouse pancreatic islets, although the expression intensity and the co-expression pattern varied between ssts as well as between species. This may reflect a difference in response to somatostatin in islet cells of the two species. The Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model is an experimental model of type 1 diabetes, with insulitis accompanied by spontaneous hyperglycaemia. Pancreatic specimens from NOD mice at different age and stage of disease were stained for ssts. The islet cells of diabetic NOD mice showed increased islet expression of sst2-5 compared to normoglycemic NOD mice. The increase in sst2-5 expression in the islets cells may suggest either a contributing factor in the process leading to diabetes, or a defense response against ongoing beta-cell destruction. Somatostatin analogues were tested on a human endocrine pancreatic tumour cell line and cultured pancreatic islets. Somatostatin analogues had an effect on cAMP accumulation, chromogranin A secretion and MAP kinase activity in the cell line. Treatment of rat pancreatic islets with somatostatin analogues with selective receptor affinity was not sufficient to induce an inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion. However, a combination of selective analogues or non-selective analogues via co-stimulation of receptors can cause inhibition of hormone production. For insulin and glucagon, combinations of sst2 + sst5 and sst1 + sst2, respectively, showed a biological effect. In summary, knowledge of islet cell ssts expression and the effect of somatostatin analogues with high affinity to ssts may be valuable in the future attempts to influence beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus, since down-regulation of beta-cell function may promote survival of these cells during the autoimmune attack.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease targeted against the pancreatic β-cells. Proinflammatory cytokines are considered to play a major role in the destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. This thesis studied strategies to counteract proinflammatory cytokines in experimental T1D. Both animal models for T1D as well as β-cell preparations exposed in vitro to putative noxious conditions were examined. In the first study we observed that cytokine treatment of mouse pancreatic islets lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced a prolongation of the early stimulatory phase of glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Various experiments led to the conclusion that this prolonged stimulatory effect may involve the DAG/PLD/PKC pathway. Next, we transplanted mouse islets deficient in iNOS to spontaneously diabetic NOD mice. We observed a normalization of hyperglycemia but not a delayed allograft rejection compared to transplanted wild type islets. Thus, absence of iNOS in the graft was not sufficient to prolong allograft survival. In paper III we found that sustained glucose stimulation of rat pancreatic islets was coupled to a decreased conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Islet treatment with IL-1β was also coupled to a decreased proinsulin conversion. Islet proconvertase activity may be a target in islet damage. In paper IV prolactin (PRL) was administered to mice in the multiple low dose streptozotocin model and we observed that PRL enhanced a Th2 response. This may contribute to the protective action by PRL in this model of autoimmune T1D. Finally, by examining β-cells overexpressing Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) it was found that this could inhibit IL-1β induced signalling through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. SOCS-3 overexpression also inhibited apoptosis induced by cytokines in primary β-cells. Lastly, we demonstrated that SOCS-3 transgenic islets were protected in an allogeneic transplantation model.

The nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD) is an excellent animal model to study type 1 diabetes. As with some humans, disease in the NOD mouse is effected by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. At least 20 insulin dependent diabetes (Idd) susceptibility loci have been identified so far, both in humans and in the NOD mouse. In this thesis, the overall aim has been to understand the genetic basis of diabetes in the NOD mouse by assessing immunogically-related phenotypes. As lymphocytes are the main players in the onset and progression to overt diabetes, we searched for physiological abnormalities in T and B cells, which could contribute to the breakdown of tolerance to pancreatic antigens. Ultimately, we postulate that abnormalities in the T or B cell compartments, under the genetic control of a previously defined diabetes susceptibility regions (Idds) could unravel the biological mechanisms underlying diabetes susceptibility and facilitate the identification of etiological polymorphisms involved in the disease. NOD T cells are defective in upregulating CTLA-4 upon in vitro activation. Previous studies have shown that this defect is, at least in part, controlled by gene(s) in the Idd5 region on chromosome 1. In paper I, we provide evidence that defective upregulation of the CTLA-4 in NOD T cells is not controlled by the Idd5.1 and Idd5.2 regions, but rather by genes linked to the telomeric region of chromosome 1 and to the Idd3 locus, for which the prime candidate gene is Il-2. Interestingly, we could restore some of the defective CTLA-4 expression in NOD T cells by the addition of exogenous IL-2 during T cell activation in vitro. In paper II, we show that NOD thymocytes are resistant to superantigen-mediated negative selection and that this trait is under control of the Idd5.2 region. Interestingly, it appears to operate in a T cell non-autonomous manner. In paper III, we describe a competitive advantage of NOD thymocytes to mature when they co-develop with B6 thymocytes in embryo aggregation chimeras. These results imply that defects exist in the positive/negative selection mechanisms in the NOD thymus. Apart from T cells, B cells also play an important role in the initiation of diabetes in NOD mice, probably as antigen presenting cells. In paper IV, we report that the genetic basis of an enlarged marginal zone (MZ) B cell population observed in the NOD mice is linked to the Idd9/Idd11 region. Together, these findings contribute to the dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes pathogenesis, and shed light on the contribution of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms to this process.

Contrary to the predictions of numerous theoretical models, variation in partner quality continues to persist in mutualisms, including in the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. One potential explanation for the maintenance of this genetic diversity is genotype × genotype interactions, however it is unknown which genetic regions might underlie these interactions. To investigate this question, I performed a quantitative trait loci mapping experiment with two different rhizobium strains to locate potential regions of the genome influencing genotype × genotype interactions between the legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. I found no evidence for genotype × genotype or QTL × rhizobium interactions, however some of the QTLs colocalized with genes involved in the symbiosis signaling pathway, suggesting variation in these genes could potentially affect plant performance and fitness traits. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary interactions between legumes and rhizobia, and the genetic architecture of Medicago truncatula.

Contrary to the predictions of numerous theoretical models, variation in partner quality continues to persist in mutualisms, including in the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. One potential explanation for the maintenance of this genetic diversity is genotype × genotype interactions, however it is unknown which genetic regions might underlie these interactions. To investigate this question, I performed a quantitative trait loci mapping experiment with two different rhizobium strains to locate potential regions of the genome influencing genotype × genotype interactions between the legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. I found no evidence for genotype × genotype or QTL × rhizobium interactions, however some of the QTLs colocalized with genes involved in the symbiosis signaling pathway, suggesting variation in these genes could potentially affect plant performance and fitness traits. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary interactions between legumes and rhizobia, and the genetic architecture of Medicago truncatula.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-172). Also available on the Internet.

Le diabète de type 1 (T1D) est une maladie auto-immune caractérisée par la destruction des cellules β du pancréas par les lymphocytes T auto-réactifs. Durant ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle des cellules de l'immunité innée dans le T1D à l'aide d'un modèle murin de la maladie : la souris NOD. Au contraire des cellules du système adaptatif (lymphocytes T et B), les cellules de l'immunité innée constituent la première ligne de défense de l'organisme lors d'une infection. Cette population est constituée entre autre de neutrophiles, cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC), macrophages, mais aussi de lymphocytes T et B non conventionnels tel que les cellules iNKT et B-1a. Précédemment, notre laboratoire a mis en lumière le rôle des lymphocytes iNKT dans le développement du T1D. Durant la première partie de ma thèse, nous avons démontré que les lymphocytes iNKT17, une sous-population des lymphocytes iNKT, ont un rôle délétère dans le T1D chez la souris NOD. Ces cellules infiltrent le pancréas et y produisent de l'IL-17, une cytokine pro-inflammatoire. Grâce à des expériences de transferts, nous avons mis en évidence que les lymphocytes iNKT17 exacerbent la maladie via la production d'IL-17. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes qui induisent l'activation des lymphocytes T auto-réactifs. Nous avons observé chez la souris NOD, que la mort physiologique des cellules β conduit à l'activation de cellules de l'immunité innée : les neutrophiles, les lymphocytes B-1a et les pDC. La coopération entre ces cellules conduit à l'activation des pDC qui produisent de l'IFNα. Cette cytokine active les lymphocytes T auto-réactifs qui vont détruire les cellules β du pancréas. Nos résultats montrent que l'immunité innée est un acteur important dans la physiopathologie du diabète sucré.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-05T19:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MeireKarlaMiguelCruz_DISSERT.pdf: 2036779 bytes, checksum: 473b18d2efcf87356709325b06611782 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-17T22:53:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MeireKarlaMiguelCruz_DISSERT.pdf: 2036779 bytes, checksum: 473b18d2efcf87356709325b06611782 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T22:53:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MeireKarlaMiguelCruz_DISSERT.pdf: 2036779 bytes, checksum: 473b18d2efcf87356709325b06611782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / C?es s?o os reservat?rios prim?rios dos parasitos do g?nero Leishmania. Receptores da imunidade inata fazem a detec??o precoce do parasito e conduzem a imunidade adaptativa espec?fica na tentativa de controlar a infec??o. Entretanto, poucos estudos tem investigado a correla??o entre a express?o de receptores da imunidade inata e a resist?ncia ou susceptibilidade em c?es infectados por Leishmania infantum. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar os achados cl?nicos em c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum ? express?o de receptores da imunidade inata (Toll Like Receptors-TLRs e Nod Like Receptors-NLRs). Inicialmente, o soro de 76 c?es foi coletado no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. A positividade dos c?es para L. infantum foi confirmada pela reatividade nos testes de ELISA e DPP?. Os c?es foram clinicamente avaliados e classificados como sintom?ticos (n=19), oligossintom?ticos (n=19), assintom?ticos (n=19) e n?o infectados (n=19). Os c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum e controles n?o infectados foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de f?gado foram coletados para quantifica??o da express?o de RNAm de TLRs (TLR1-9), NLRs (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1 e NLRP3) citocinas (IL1?, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF?, IFN-?) e iNOS com auxilio da t?cnica de PCR em tempo real. Os resultados demonstram o aumento na express?o da maioria dos receptores do tipo Toll e do tipo Nod nos c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum, comparado a animais n?o infectados. Entretanto, c?es sintom?ticos apresentaram maior express?o de TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, NLRP1, NLRP3, NOD1 e IL-1? quando comparado a animais assintom?ticos, mostrando significante aumento na transcri??o destas mol?culas com a progress?o da doen?a. Por outro lado, c?es assintom?ticos apresentaram maior express?o de RNAm de citocinas (IFN-?, IL-12) e iNOS quando comparado a animais oligossintom?ticos e sintom?ticos. Este estudo gerou novos conhecimentos envolvendo receptores da imunidade inata (TLRs, NLRs) na leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), podendo servir de base para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de resist?ncia ou susceptibilidade ? infec??o por L. infantum em c?es, bem como dar subs?dio a estrat?gias profil?ticas para o controle da LVC. / Dogs are the primary reservoirs of parasites of the Leishmania genus. Innate immune receptors perform early detection of the parasite and lead to specific adaptive immune response in attempt to infection control. However, few studies have investigated a correlation between the expression of innate immunity receptors and the resistance or susceptibility pattern in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. The aim of this study was to correlate the clinical status of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum with the mRNA expression levels of innate imune receptors (Toll like receptors-TLRs and Nod Like Receptors-NLRs). Initially, serum of 76 dogs was collected at the Zoonoses Control Center in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The L. infantum infection in dogs was confirmed by ELISA and DPP? tests. Subsequently, animals were clinially evaluated and classified as asymptomatic (n=19), oligosymptomatic (n=19), symptomatic (n=19) and uninfected (n=19). Dogs naturally infected by L. infantum and uninfected controls were euthanasied and liver samples were collected to quantify mRNA expression of TLRs (TLR1-9), Nod Like receptors-NLRs (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, NLRP3), cytokines (IL1?, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF?, IFN-?) and iNOS using real-time PCR. The results demonstrate the increased expression of almost all TLRs and NLRs in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum compared with uninfected animals. However, symptomatic dogs showed higher expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 NLRP1, NLRP3, NOD1 and IL-1? than asymptomatic animals, revealing significant up regulation of transcription with disease progression. On the other hand, asymptomatic dogs presented greater cytokine mRNA expression (IFN-?, IL-12) and iNOS when compared to oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic animals. This study unveil new knowledge involving innate immunity receptors (TLRs, NLRs) and cytokines in canine visceral leishmaniasis and may be used as a basis for better understanding of resistance or susceptibility mechanisms in dogs infected with L. infantum, as well as prophylactic strategies to control canine visceral leishmaniasis.