O sequenciamento e a programação da produção trazem grandes benefícios financeiros às empresas se realizados de forma adequada. Atualmente, soluções generalizadas apresentam resultados aceitáveis, porém têm como consequência benefícios inferiores quando comparados a estudos específicos. O ramo da otimização de resultados possui dois tipos de soluções: as exatas para problemas de menores dimensões e não exatas, ou heurísticas, para problemas de médias e grandes dimensões. Este trabalho apresenta algoritmos exatos do tipo Branch & Bound e Modelos de Programação Linear Inteira Mista para solucionar quatro variações de problemas de scheduling: Fm|block|∑Cjm, Fm|block|∑Tj, Fm|block, Sijk|∑Cjm e Fm|block, Sijk|∑Tj. As abordagens utilizadas são inéditas na literatura e apresentaram resultados animadores para a maioria dos cenários. O limitante para o tempo total de fluxo obteve resposta ótima em 100% dos casos para problemas de até 20 tarefas e 4 máquinas em menos de uma hora. Para o tempo total de atraso, o limitante se mostrou mais eficiente quando os valores das due dates apresentam alta taxa de dispersão. Para os casos com setup, foram elaboradas três variações de limitantes para cada problema. O limitante com setup que apresentou o melhor desempenho foi o que obteve a melhor relação entre o seu valor numérico e seu custo computacional. Os modelos MILP solucionaram 100% dos problemas sem setup para até 20 tarefas e 4 máquinas e para os casos com setup, foram solucionados problemas de até 14 tarefas e 4 máquinas no tempo limite de uma hora. Os testes computacionais mostram a eficiência na redução do número de nós e, consequentemente, no tempo de execução. Portanto, o estudo realizado indica que, para problemas de pequeno porte e médio, os métodos em questão possuem grande potencial para aplicações práticas. / Job Sequence and Programming give benefits both financial and organizational to any company when performed properly. Nowadays, there is still a gap between theory and practice due to solutions that are short in specification. The analyzed problems differ in type and dimension thus modifying its complexity. The results optimization field is divided into two types of solution: the exact solution for minor problems and the non-exact solution for greater dimension problems. The present paper presents exact algorithms to solve the problems Fm|block|∑Cjm, Fm|block|∑Tj, Fm|block, Sijk|∑Cjm by the Branch & Bounds and Mixed Integer Linear Program models. The approaches are new and presented good results for most cases. Bounds for the no-setup total flow time scenario solved 100% of the 20 jobs and 4 machines cases. High dispersion range due dates contributed for the effectiveness of the no-setup total tardiness bound\'s effectiveness. Three different approaches were developed for the setup cases. The best approach aimed to optimize the value/effort factor for the B&B. The Mixed Integer Linear Program models solved 100% of the no-setup cases for 20 jobs and 4 machines. The MILPs setup cases solved optimally 14 jobs and 4 machines cases. Computational tests were executed and analyzed and they highlighted the node count reduction and, consequently, the execution time. The present study points out that the exact methods can be applied to small and medium scheduling problems in practice.

O problema do sequenciamento da produção diz respeito à alocação das tarefas nas máquinas em um ambiente de fabricação, o qual vem sendo amplamente estudado. O sequenciamento pode variar em tamanho e complexidade dependendo do tipo de ambiente onde ele é aplicado, do número e tipos de restrições tecnológicas e da função objetivo do problema. A utilização de métodos de decisão para a solução de problemas de sequenciamento na indústria depende de modelos que sejam capazes de oferecer soluções para os problemas reais, que geralmente envolvem diversas restrições, os quais devem ser considerados simultaneamente. No presente trabalho o problema de sequenciamento da produção em ambientes flow shop permutacionais, com bloqueio com buffer zero, e com tempos de setup dependente da sequência e da máquina, com o objetivo de minimização do makespan é estudado, sendo este considerado um problema NP-Completo. O problema é pouco explorado na literatura. No presente trabalho é apresentado um procedimento de cálculo para o makespan e três métodos de solução para o problema: quatro limitantes inferiores para o procedimento Branch-and-Bound; quatro modelos MILP, sendo dois deles adaptados; e 28 modelos heurísticos construtivos adaptados para o problema. Os métodos desenvolvidos baseiam-se em propriedades matemáticas do problema que são apresentadas neste trabalho como limitante inferior e limitante superior. Dentre todos os modelos MILP, o modelo adaptado RBZBS1 obteve os melhores resultados para os problemas menores e o modelo desenvolvido TNZBS1 obteve os melhores desvios relativos médios do makespan para os problemas maiores, que não foram resolvidos dentro do limite de tempo computacional estipulado. O limitante inferior para o Branch-and-Bound LBTN2 foi melhor que os demais tanto no tempo computacional e no número de nós explorados como também no número de problemas não resolvidos e no desvio relativo médio do makespan. Foi realizado uma comparação entre o melhor modelo MILP e o melhor limitante inferior para o Branch-and-Bound, sendo que o último obteve melhores resultados para os problemas testados. Entre os métodos heurísticos adaptados, o PF foi o que obteve, de uma forma geral, os melhores resultados em todas as fases. / Production scheduling is defined as a problem of allocating jobs in machines in a production environment and it has been largely studied. The scheduling can vary in difficulty and complexity depending on the environment, the variety and types of technological restraints and the objective function of the problem. The use of decision making methods to solve scheduling problems in the industry needs models that are capable to solve real problems, that usually involve a big variety of restraints that have to be simultaneously studied. At the present work the scheduling problem in a permutational flow shop environment, considering blocking with zero buffer, and sequence and machine dependent setup times, with the objective of minimizing makespan is studied, which is considered a NP-Complete problem and little explored in literature. The work presents a calculation procedure for the makespan and three solution methods for the problem: four lower bounds for the Branch-and-Bound procedure; four MILP models, two of which are adapted; and 28 constructive heuristic methods adapted to the problem. The methods developed are based on mathematical properties of the problem that are presented in this work as a lower bound and an upper bound. Among all the MILP models, the adapted model RBZBS1 was the one to obtain the best results for the smaller problems, and the developed model TNZBS1 obtained the smallest mean relative deviation of the makespan for the bigger problems that were not solved within the specified computational time limit. The lower bound for the Branch-and-Bound LBTN2 obtained smaller computational times and number of explored nodes as well as the number of unsolved problems and the mean relative deviation for the makespan than all other lower bounds. Also, a comparison among the best MILP model and the best lower bound for the Branch-and-Bound was performed, being that the last obtained better results for the tested problems. Among the adapted heuristic methods, the PF heuristic was the one that obtained, in general, the better results in all phases.

O estudo das Relações Quantitativas entre Estrutura química e Atividade biológica (QSAR/QSAR-3D) utilizando diferentes estratégias metodológicas complementares, aplicadas iterativamente, se estende a diferentes áreas de aplicação. Dentre elas destaca-se o planejamento racional de novos fármacos e o estudo de seus mecanismos de ação. Moléculas candidatas a fármacos, geradas em estudos de QSAR-3D, freqüentemente, não se tomam fármacos por apresentarem inadequadas propriedades farmacocinéticas, ou seja, ADME (absorção, distribuição, metabolismo e excreção). Nota-se assim que o conhecimento das propriedades farmacocinéticas de ligantes deve ser uma preocupação presente, em qualquer nível de desenvolvimento de um novo fármaco e ressalta-se a importância do QSAR como uma ferramenta de grande valor, principalmente na compreensão da contribuição das propriedades físico-químicas, identificadas como sendo responsáveis pela atividade. A aplicação do QSAR permite elucidar a natureza e a grandeza das propriedades físico-químicas e estruturais nas interações entre o composto e o seu alvo biológico nos processos farmacocinéticos de ADME (TESTA, 2001; MALVEZZI et al.,, 2001; GAVIRAGHI et al., 2001). Recentemente, em trabalhos realizados em nosso laboratório (SIQUEIRA, 2001), envolvendo a análise de QSAR aplicada aos valores do bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular determinados para uma série de onze brometos de [2-(4-X-benzamido)etil]benzildimetilamônio substituídos, demonstrou-se tanto a importância da presença de um grupo catiônico terminal como da lipofilicidade para o bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular. No presente trabalho, visando descrever as interações hidrofóbicas determinantes da potencial atividade bloqueadora neuromuscular, para uma série de dez derivados da procaína, sendo eles: cloretos de 3-(dimetilamino)propiofenona (composto 1); de 3-(dietilamino)propiofenona (composto 2); de 3-(1-pirrolidino)propiofenona (composto 3); de 3-(1-piperidino)propiofenona (composto 4); de 3-(1-morfolino)propiofenona (composto 5); de 3-[1-(4-metilpiperazino)] propiofenona (composto 6); de 3-(c-hexilamino)propiofenona (composto 7); de N-[(N,N-dimetilamino)etil]benzamida (composto 8); de N-[(N,N-dimetilamino )metil]benzamida (composto 9) e, de N-[(N,N-dimetilamino)etil]benzoato (composto 10), por nós sintetizados, determinaram-se os respectivos parâmetros hidrofóbicos e relacionados à ionização (logPappSF; logPnSF; logPiSF; (pKaaq)SF; (pKaoct)SF; logPappHPLC; IogPnPot; IogPiPot; (pKaaq)Pot; logPcalc) obtidos por três métodos experimentais (por Shake-flask; por HPLC e potenciométrico) e por cálculo (programa CLOGP), como modelos de partição. Através da análise comparativa dos valores dos parâmetros hidrofóbicos e relacionados à ionização para a série de dez derivados da procaína (compostos 1-10) sintetizados neste trabalho foi possível constatar que: (i) os valores de IogPcalc modelam, apenas, parcialmente as interações hidrofóbicas refletidas nos valores de logPappSF e de logPappHPLC em valores de pH 3,0 e 10,0, enquanto que as interações hidrofóbicas refletidas nos valores de logPnPot são idealmente modeladas pelos valores de logPcalc; (ii) nas mesmas condições experimentais, os métodos Shake-flask, HPLC e potenciométrico revelam interações hidrofóbicas proporcionais, entretanto, correlações não ideais foram observadas quanto comparados entre si; (iii) os valores de pKaSF , determinados indiretamente por Shake-flask, foram validados pela determinação direta de pKaPot, por potenciometria. Embora o sistema de avaliação da bloqueadora da transmissão neuromuscular tenha sido adequado, a série de compostos estudada não gerou valores válidos para a construção das correspondentes curvas dose-resposta. Os valores obtidos de lC50 para os compostos 3, 4 e 8 da série estudada foram insuficientes, em número, para serem utilizados em uma análise de QSAR. Estudos futuros podem ser realizados com o objetivo de verificar a atividade anestésica local para os compostos da série estudada, avaliando-se a perda da sensibilidade à estimulação sensorial, em cobaias, ou em estudos mais sofisticados de eletrofisiologia (patch clamp). Poder-se-á, assim, fornecer subsídios para elucidar as contribuições relativas da forma catiônica e da forma neutra, respectivamente de compostos ionizáveis com atividade anestésica local. / The scope of Quantitative Structure and Biological Activity Relationships (QSAR/QSAR-3D) studies, using distinct complementary methods, spreads over multiple areas of applicability. Among those, striking are the rational design of new drugs and the enlightenment of their mechanism of action. Candidate molecules, shaped by QSAR-3D analysis, frequently fail to become drugs, and hit the market, due to insufficient pharmacokinetic properties (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; ADME). Hence, the awareness of pharmacokinetic properties of molecules should be a concern at any leveI of development of new drug candidates. Noteworthy is the use of QSAR as a tool of great value, specially, in the comprehension of the contribution of the physical-chemical properties, responsible for the biological activity. (TESTA, 2001; MALVEZZl et ai., 2001; GAVlRAGHl et ai., 2001). ln this work, aiming to describe the hydrophobic interactions determining the neuromuscular blocking activity of a series of ten procaine derivatives: the hydrochlorides of 3-(dimethylamine)propiophenone (compound 1); of 3-(diethylamine)propiophenone (compound 2); of 3-(1-pirrolidine)propiophenone (compound 3); of 3-(1-piperidine)propiophenone (compound 4); of 3-(1-morfoline)propiophenone (compound 5); of 3-[1-(4-methylpiperazine)]propiophenone (compound 6); de 3-(c-hexilamine)propiophenone (compound 7); de N-[(N,N-dimethylamine)ethyl]benzamide (compound 8); de N-[(N,N-dimethylamine)methyl]benzamide (compound 9) and, of N-[(N,N-dimethylamine)ethyl]benzoate (compound 10), prepared by us, the corresponding hydrophobic parameters (logPappSF; logPnSF; logPiSF; (pKaaq)SF; (pKaoct)SF; logPappHPLC; IogPnPot; IogPiPot; (pKaaq)Pot; logPcalc) were obtained by three experimental methods (Shake-flask; HPLC and potenciometric) and by calculus (CLOGP) as models of partition and distribution. Following the comparative analysis of the values of the hydrophobic parameters determined for the ten compounds of the series of procaine analogs, it was possible to conclude that: (i) the values of IogPcalc reflect only partially, the hydrophobic interactions encoded in the values of logPappSF and logPappHPLC determined in pH values of 3,0 and 10,0; (ii) the values of logPcalc reflect the hydrophobic interactions encoded in the values of logPnPot; (iii) in the same experimental conditions, the methods Shake-flask, HPLC and potenciometric, reflect proportional hydrophobic interactions, although the observed correlations were not ideal when the methods were compared between each other; (iv) the values of pKaSF, determined indirectly by Shake-flask, were validated by the direct measurement of pKaPot, by potentiometry. Even though the system used to measure the neuromuscular blocking actions was adequate, the series of procaine derivatives failed to provide sufficient values to prepare dose-effect curves and proceed with the quantitative structure activity relationships.

Os primeiros indícios de tentativas de abordagem e manejo da via aérea (VA) datam de cerca de 4000 anos. A intubação traqueal (IT) consiste na introdução de um tubo na luz da traquéia, e é responsável por salvar muitas vidas. O manejo da VA nos serviços de emergência é um dos principais desafios e seguramente um dos momentos mais críticos do cuidado com o paciente grave. As principais complicações e efeitos adversos da IT decorrem da laringoscopia direta e da introdução do tubo traqueal na VA. A sequência rápida de intubação (SRI) é a realização do procedimento de IT através de uma abordagem organizada que envolve a utilização de agentes sedativos, analgésicos e bloqueador neuromuscular. A SRI tem por objetivo diminuir ou limitar os efeitos adversos do procedimento de IT, em especial da laringoscopia direta. A SRI é o método de escolha na maioria dos procedimentos de IT de emergência em pediatria na literatura internacional. Os registros de dados sobre o manejo da VA em serviços de emergência pediátricos no Brasil são raros e não abordam a SRI como técnica de IT. Dessa forma os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever a experiência do pronto-socorro de um hospital pediátrico de atendimento terciário com o uso da SRI, e detectar possíveis fatores associados ao sucesso da SRI. Para tanto foi realizado estudo prospectivo observacional tipo \"coorte\" de julho de 2005 a dezembro de 2007, onde foram coletados os dados relacionados a todas as ITs realizadas no pronto-socorro do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr-HCFMUSP). Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes que foram submetidos a SRI. Foi considerado IT com sucesso aquela realizada na primeira tentativa. O registro dos dados foi realizado pelo profissional que participou diretamente do procedimento em formulário específico. Durante o período de estudo ocorreram 117 ITs, sendo que 84% delas foram realizadas sob SRI; a idade dos pacientes variou de 29 dias a 17 anos (mediana=4,4anos) e 60% eram do sexo masculino; setenta e nove por cento eram portadores de patologias de base, sendo 21% doenças neurológicas, 18% oncológicas e 8% respiratórias; a insuficiência respiratória aguda foi a causa imediata da IT em 40% dos procedimentos e alteração do nível de consciência e choque em 20% e 18% respectivamente; todas as ITs foram realizadas no pronto-socorro e por um dos médicos da equipe; a taxa de sucesso foi de 39%; o residente de pediatria do segundo ano foi o responsável por 74% das ITs, e com taxa de sucesso de 35%; foi realizada ventilação com pressão positiva em 74% dos procedimentos, sendo menor a sua utilização entre os pacientes que foram intubados com sucesso (21 versus 49 p=0,002). O midazolam foi o sedativo de escolha, utilizado em 80% dos procedimentos, e o rocurônio foi o bloqueador neuromuscular em 100% dos procedimentos; complicações decorrentes da SRI foram descritas em 75 (80%) dos procedimentos, sendo queda da saturação de oxigênio relatada em 47% do total, e significativamente menor nos pacientes que foram intubados com sucesso (p<0.001); dificuldades relativas à IT foram menos relatadas nos procedimentos realizados com sucesso (p<0,001). Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que a SRI foi o método de escolha nas ITs realizadas no pronto-socorro do ICr-HCFMUSP, que a população que necessitou de manejo da via aérea foi composta em sua grande maioria por pacientes portadores de doenças de base com problemas respiratórios e que, complicações do procedimento de SRI são mais frequentes quando há necessidade de maior número de tentativas de laringoscopia direta. / The first signs of attempts to approach and manage airways date from about 4000 years. The tracheal intubation (TI) consists in to introduce a tube in the trachea lumen and it is responsible for saving many lives. The airway management in the emergency services is one of the most challenges and critical moments of care for the critically ill patient. The major complications and adverse effects of TI stem from the direct laryngoscopy and tracheal tube introduction into the airway. The Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) is the actual procedure of TI through an organized approach that involves the use of sedative agents, analgesics and neuromuscular blocker. The objective of SRI is to minimize and limit the main adverse effects of the TI procedure and in special of the direct laryngoscopy. SRI is the method of choice in most of TI procedures in emergency pediatrics in the international literature. The data records on airway management in pediatric emergency services are rare and do not address the SRI as a technique to perform TI. The objectives of this study were to describe the experience of a pediatric tertiary care emergency department with the use of RSI, and identify possible factors associated with the success of RSI. For this, a prospective observational study type \"cohort\" was conducted from July 2005 through December 2007, where all data related to TI performed in the emergency room of the Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr-HCFMUSP) was collected. The study included all patients who underwent to RSI. Intubation was considered successful when it was performed on the first try. Data registration was done by the professional who directly participated in the procedure in a specific form. During the study period 117 tracheal intubations were performed, and 84% of these events were held under RSI; the patients\' ages ranged from 29 days to 17 years (median = 4.4 years) and 60 % were male; seventy-nine percent of patients had underlying diseases, 21% of them were neurological diseases, 18% cancer and 8% respiratory diseases; the acute respiratory failure was the immediate cause of TI in 40% of the procedures and altered level of consciousness and shock in 20% and 18% respectively; all TIs were performed in the emergency room by emergency physician with success rate of 39%; the pediatric resident\'s from the second year was responsible for 74% of the TIs, and with a success rate of 35%; positive pressure ventilation was performed in 74% of procedures, their use was lower among patients who were successfully intubated (21 vs. 49 p = 0.002); Midazolam was chosen as a sedative in 80% of procedures, and rocuronium as a neuromuscular blocking agent in 100% of procedures; Complications from the procedure of TI have been described in 75 (80%) of procedures, where a decrease in oxygen saturation was reported by 47% and significantly lower in patients who were successfully intubated (p <0.001). Difficulties related to TI were reported less in procedures performed with success (p <0.001). In conclusion, it can be stated that RSI was the method of choice in TI performed in the emergency room of ICr-FMUSP, that the patients who required airway management was composed mostly of patients with underlying diseases with respiratory problems and that complications of the RSI procedure are more frequent when there is need for a higher number of direct laryngoscopy attempts.

Servo valves are used in a broad variety of flow modulation applications. In the field of aerospace, servo valves are used in aero engines to meter fuel flow. The existing valves are labour intensive to manufacture and highly optimised such that to achieve improvements in performance requires a novel design. This research investigates smart material actuators and valve concepts. Specifically, a prototype pilot stage nozzle flapper valve is developed for the purpose of actuating a main stage spool. The typical nozzle flapper type servo valve uses a torque motor to actuate the flapper. In this research project, the torque motor has been substituted for two piezoelectric ring bender actuators. A novel mounting mechanism has been developed to secure the ring benders within the valve. Analytical and finite element models have been made to understand the displacement mechanism of a ring bender and the effects of the mount on the displacement and force from a ring bender, and the results were compared with experiment. The mounting stiffness at the inner and outer edges was found to decrease the displacement of the ring bender and it was found that the stiffness of the mount at the outer edge has a greater negative effect on displacement than the stiffness of the mount at the inner edge. The displacement of a ring bender was tested across the operational temperature range of an aero engine. It was found that the displacement of the ring bender is reduced at low temperatures and increases at high temperature. The variation of stiffness of the elastomeric mount was also tested with temperature and it was found that the displacement of a ring bender is significantly reduced when the mounting elastomer approaches its glass transition temperature. A prototype valve was built to test the pressures and flows that could be achieved at two control ports by using a ring bender as actuator. A single ring bender and two ring benders, mounted in tandem to provide redundancy, have been tested. An analytical model was developed and the predictions are compared with experimental results for pressures and flow. The full stroke of the valve was 300m when mounted and reduced to 150m when mounted in tandem with an inactive ring bender. The hysteresis of the valve is +/-10%. The pressures and flow at and between the control ports of the valve are consistent with the predictions.

A Cyber-physical System (CPS) can be described as a network of interlinked, concurrent computational components that interact with the physical world. Such a system is usually of reactive nature and must satisfy strict timing requirements to guarantee a correct behaviour. The components can be of mixed-criticality which implies different progress models and communication models, depending whether the focus of a component lies on predictability or resource efficiency. In this dissertation I present a novel approach that bridges the gap between stream processing models and Labelled Transition Systems (LTSs). The former offer powerful tools to describe concurrent systems of, usually simple, components while the latter allow to describe complex, reactive, components and their mutual interaction. In order to achieve the bridge between the two domains I introduce the novel LTS Synchronous Interface Automaton (SIA) that allows to model the interaction protocol of a process via its interface and to incrementally compose simple processes into more complex ones while preserving the system properties. Exploiting these properties I introduce an analysis to identify permanent blocking situations in a network of composed processes. SIAs are wrapped by the novel component-based coordination model Process Network with Synchronous Communication (PNSC) that allows to describe a network of concurrent processes where multiple communication models and the co-existence and interaction of heterogeneous processes is supported due to well defined interfaces. The work presented in this dissertation follows a holistic approach which spans from the theory of the underlying model to an instantiation of the model as a novel coordination language, called Streamix. The language uses network operators to compose networks of concurrent processes in a structured and hierarchical way. The work is validated by a prototype implementation of a compiler and a Run-time System (RTS) that allows to compile a Streamix program and execute it on a platform with support for ISO C, POSIX threads, and a Linux operating system.

Os primeiros indícios de tentativas de abordagem e manejo da via aérea (VA) datam de cerca de 4000 anos. A intubação traqueal (IT) consiste na introdução de um tubo na luz da traquéia, e é responsável por salvar muitas vidas. O manejo da VA nos serviços de emergência é um dos principais desafios e seguramente um dos momentos mais críticos do cuidado com o paciente grave. As principais complicações e efeitos adversos da IT decorrem da laringoscopia direta e da introdução do tubo traqueal na VA. A sequência rápida de intubação (SRI) é a realização do procedimento de IT através de uma abordagem organizada que envolve a utilização de agentes sedativos, analgésicos e bloqueador neuromuscular. A SRI tem por objetivo diminuir ou limitar os efeitos adversos do procedimento de IT, em especial da laringoscopia direta. A SRI é o método de escolha na maioria dos procedimentos de IT de emergência em pediatria na literatura internacional. Os registros de dados sobre o manejo da VA em serviços de emergência pediátricos no Brasil são raros e não abordam a SRI como técnica de IT. Dessa forma os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever a experiência do pronto-socorro de um hospital pediátrico de atendimento terciário com o uso da SRI, e detectar possíveis fatores associados ao sucesso da SRI. Para tanto foi realizado estudo prospectivo observacional tipo \"coorte\" de julho de 2005 a dezembro de 2007, onde foram coletados os dados relacionados a todas as ITs realizadas no pronto-socorro do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr-HCFMUSP). Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes que foram submetidos a SRI. Foi considerado IT com sucesso aquela realizada na primeira tentativa. O registro dos dados foi realizado pelo profissional que participou diretamente do procedimento em formulário específico. Durante o período de estudo ocorreram 117 ITs, sendo que 84% delas foram realizadas sob SRI; a idade dos pacientes variou de 29 dias a 17 anos (mediana=4,4anos) e 60% eram do sexo masculino; setenta e nove por cento eram portadores de patologias de base, sendo 21% doenças neurológicas, 18% oncológicas e 8% respiratórias; a insuficiência respiratória aguda foi a causa imediata da IT em 40% dos procedimentos e alteração do nível de consciência e choque em 20% e 18% respectivamente; todas as ITs foram realizadas no pronto-socorro e por um dos médicos da equipe; a taxa de sucesso foi de 39%; o residente de pediatria do segundo ano foi o responsável por 74% das ITs, e com taxa de sucesso de 35%; foi realizada ventilação com pressão positiva em 74% dos procedimentos, sendo menor a sua utilização entre os pacientes que foram intubados com sucesso (21 versus 49 p=0,002). O midazolam foi o sedativo de escolha, utilizado em 80% dos procedimentos, e o rocurônio foi o bloqueador neuromuscular em 100% dos procedimentos; complicações decorrentes da SRI foram descritas em 75 (80%) dos procedimentos, sendo queda da saturação de oxigênio relatada em 47% do total, e significativamente menor nos pacientes que foram intubados com sucesso (p<0.001); dificuldades relativas à IT foram menos relatadas nos procedimentos realizados com sucesso (p<0,001). Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que a SRI foi o método de escolha nas ITs realizadas no pronto-socorro do ICr-HCFMUSP, que a população que necessitou de manejo da via aérea foi composta em sua grande maioria por pacientes portadores de doenças de base com problemas respiratórios e que, complicações do procedimento de SRI são mais frequentes quando há necessidade de maior número de tentativas de laringoscopia direta. / The first signs of attempts to approach and manage airways date from about 4000 years. The tracheal intubation (TI) consists in to introduce a tube in the trachea lumen and it is responsible for saving many lives. The airway management in the emergency services is one of the most challenges and critical moments of care for the critically ill patient. The major complications and adverse effects of TI stem from the direct laryngoscopy and tracheal tube introduction into the airway. The Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) is the actual procedure of TI through an organized approach that involves the use of sedative agents, analgesics and neuromuscular blocker. The objective of SRI is to minimize and limit the main adverse effects of the TI procedure and in special of the direct laryngoscopy. SRI is the method of choice in most of TI procedures in emergency pediatrics in the international literature. The data records on airway management in pediatric emergency services are rare and do not address the SRI as a technique to perform TI. The objectives of this study were to describe the experience of a pediatric tertiary care emergency department with the use of RSI, and identify possible factors associated with the success of RSI. For this, a prospective observational study type \"cohort\" was conducted from July 2005 through December 2007, where all data related to TI performed in the emergency room of the Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr-HCFMUSP) was collected. The study included all patients who underwent to RSI. Intubation was considered successful when it was performed on the first try. Data registration was done by the professional who directly participated in the procedure in a specific form. During the study period 117 tracheal intubations were performed, and 84% of these events were held under RSI; the patients\' ages ranged from 29 days to 17 years (median = 4.4 years) and 60 % were male; seventy-nine percent of patients had underlying diseases, 21% of them were neurological diseases, 18% cancer and 8% respiratory diseases; the acute respiratory failure was the immediate cause of TI in 40% of the procedures and altered level of consciousness and shock in 20% and 18% respectively; all TIs were performed in the emergency room by emergency physician with success rate of 39%; the pediatric resident\'s from the second year was responsible for 74% of the TIs, and with a success rate of 35%; positive pressure ventilation was performed in 74% of procedures, their use was lower among patients who were successfully intubated (21 vs. 49 p = 0.002); Midazolam was chosen as a sedative in 80% of procedures, and rocuronium as a neuromuscular blocking agent in 100% of procedures; Complications from the procedure of TI have been described in 75 (80%) of procedures, where a decrease in oxygen saturation was reported by 47% and significantly lower in patients who were successfully intubated (p <0.001). Difficulties related to TI were reported less in procedures performed with success (p <0.001). In conclusion, it can be stated that RSI was the method of choice in TI performed in the emergency room of ICr-FMUSP, that the patients who required airway management was composed mostly of patients with underlying diseases with respiratory problems and that complications of the RSI procedure are more frequent when there is need for a higher number of direct laryngoscopy attempts.

O problema do sequenciamento da produção diz respeito à alocação das tarefas nas máquinas em um ambiente de fabricação, o qual vem sendo amplamente estudado. O sequenciamento pode variar em tamanho e complexidade dependendo do tipo de ambiente onde ele é aplicado, do número e tipos de restrições tecnológicas e da função objetivo do problema. A utilização de métodos de decisão para a solução de problemas de sequenciamento na indústria depende de modelos que sejam capazes de oferecer soluções para os problemas reais, que geralmente envolvem diversas restrições, os quais devem ser considerados simultaneamente. No presente trabalho o problema de sequenciamento da produção em ambientes flow shop permutacionais, com bloqueio com buffer zero, e com tempos de setup dependente da sequência e da máquina, com o objetivo de minimização do makespan é estudado, sendo este considerado um problema NP-Completo. O problema é pouco explorado na literatura. No presente trabalho é apresentado um procedimento de cálculo para o makespan e três métodos de solução para o problema: quatro limitantes inferiores para o procedimento Branch-and-Bound; quatro modelos MILP, sendo dois deles adaptados; e 28 modelos heurísticos construtivos adaptados para o problema. Os métodos desenvolvidos baseiam-se em propriedades matemáticas do problema que são apresentadas neste trabalho como limitante inferior e limitante superior. Dentre todos os modelos MILP, o modelo adaptado RBZBS1 obteve os melhores resultados para os problemas menores e o modelo desenvolvido TNZBS1 obteve os melhores desvios relativos médios do makespan para os problemas maiores, que não foram resolvidos dentro do limite de tempo computacional estipulado. O limitante inferior para o Branch-and-Bound LBTN2 foi melhor que os demais tanto no tempo computacional e no número de nós explorados como também no número de problemas não resolvidos e no desvio relativo médio do makespan. Foi realizado uma comparação entre o melhor modelo MILP e o melhor limitante inferior para o Branch-and-Bound, sendo que o último obteve melhores resultados para os problemas testados. Entre os métodos heurísticos adaptados, o PF foi o que obteve, de uma forma geral, os melhores resultados em todas as fases. / Production scheduling is defined as a problem of allocating jobs in machines in a production environment and it has been largely studied. The scheduling can vary in difficulty and complexity depending on the environment, the variety and types of technological restraints and the objective function of the problem. The use of decision making methods to solve scheduling problems in the industry needs models that are capable to solve real problems, that usually involve a big variety of restraints that have to be simultaneously studied. At the present work the scheduling problem in a permutational flow shop environment, considering blocking with zero buffer, and sequence and machine dependent setup times, with the objective of minimizing makespan is studied, which is considered a NP-Complete problem and little explored in literature. The work presents a calculation procedure for the makespan and three solution methods for the problem: four lower bounds for the Branch-and-Bound procedure; four MILP models, two of which are adapted; and 28 constructive heuristic methods adapted to the problem. The methods developed are based on mathematical properties of the problem that are presented in this work as a lower bound and an upper bound. Among all the MILP models, the adapted model RBZBS1 was the one to obtain the best results for the smaller problems, and the developed model TNZBS1 obtained the smallest mean relative deviation of the makespan for the bigger problems that were not solved within the specified computational time limit. The lower bound for the Branch-and-Bound LBTN2 obtained smaller computational times and number of explored nodes as well as the number of unsolved problems and the mean relative deviation for the makespan than all other lower bounds. Also, a comparison among the best MILP model and the best lower bound for the Branch-and-Bound was performed, being that the last obtained better results for the tested problems. Among the adapted heuristic methods, the PF heuristic was the one that obtained, in general, the better results in all phases.

Recently there is an emergence of many Internet applications such as multimedia, video conferencing, distributed interactive simulations (DIS), and high-performance scientific computations like Grid computing. These applications require huge amount of bandwidth and a viable communication paradigm to coordinate with multiple sources and destinations. Optical networks are the potential candidates for providing high bandwidth requirement. Existing communication paradigms include broadcast, and multicast. Hence supporting these paradigms over optical networks is necessary. Multicasting over optical networks has been well investigated in the literature. QoS policies implemented in IP does not apply for Wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) or optical burst switched (OBS) networks, as the optical counterpart for store-and-forward model does not exist. Hence there is a need to provision QoS over optical networks. These QoS requirements can include contention, optical signal quality, reliability and delay. To support these diverse requirements, optical networks must be able to manage the available resources effectively. Destinations participating in the multicast session are fixed (or rather static). Due to the random contention in the network, if at least one or more destination(s) is not reachable, requested multicast session cannot be established. This results in loss of multicast request with high probability of blocking. Incorporating wavelength converters (WCs) at the core nodes can decrease the contention loss, however WCs require optical-electrical-optical (O/E/O) conversion. This increases the delay incurred by optical signal. On the other hand all-optical WCs are expensive and increase the cost of the network if deployed. Goal of this thesis is, to provide hop-to-hop QoS on an existing all-optical network (AON) with no WC and optical regeneration capability. In order to minimize the request vi Abstract vii lost due to contention in AON, we propose a variation of multicasting called Quorumcasting or Manycasting. In Quorumcasting destinations can join (or leave) to (or from) the group depending on whether they are reachable or not. In other words destinations have to be determined rather than knowing them prior, as in the case of multicasting. Quorum pool is minimum number of destinations that are required to be participated in the session for successful accomplishment of the job (k be the size of quorum pool). Providing QoS for manycasting over OBS has not been addressed in the literature. Given the multicast group (with cardinality m > k) and the number of destinations required to be participated, the contribution of this work is based on providing necessary QoS. In this thesis we study the behavior of manycasting over OBS networks. In OBS networks, packets from the upper-layer (such as IP, ATM, STM) are assembled and a burst is created at the edge router. By using O/E/O conversion at the edge nodes, these optical bursts are scheduled to the core node. Control header packet or burst header packet (BHP) is sent to prior to the transmission of burst. The BHP configures the core nodes and the burst is scheduled on the channel after certain offset time. In the first part of the thesis, we explain the different distributed applications with primary focus on Grid over OBS (GoOBS). We study the loss scenario due contention and inadequate signal quality for an unicast case in OBS network. We further extend this to manycasting. We modify the BHP header fields to make the burst aware of not only contention on the next-hop link, but also bit-error rate (BER). By using recursive signal and noise power relations, we calculate the BER (or q-factor) of the link and schedule the burst only if the required BER threshold is met. Thus all the bursts that reach the next-hop node ensure that contention and BER constraint are met. This are called “Impairment-Aware (IA) Scheduling”. Burst loss in the network increases due to BER constraint. Hence we propose algorithms to decrease the burst loss and simultaneously providing the sufficient optical signal quality. We propose three algorithms called IA-shortest path tree (IA-SPT), IA-static over provisioning (IA-SOP), and IA-dynamic membership (IA-DM). In IA-SPT destination set is sorted in the non-decreasing order of the hop-distance from source. First k of them are selected and bursts are scheduled to Abstract viii these destinations along the shortest path. In IA-SOP we select additional k0(_ m − k) destinations where k0 is the over provisioning factor. Over provisioning ensures that burst at least reach k of them, decreasing the contention blocking. However as the burst has to span more destinations, the fan-out of the multicast capable switch will be more and the BER could be high. In IA-DM destinations are dynamically added or removed, depending on contention and BER. Destination is removed and new destination is added based on the two constraints. Our simulation results shows that IA-DM out performs the other two algorithms in terms of request blocking. We show that IP-based many casting has poor performance and hence there is a need for supporting many casting over OBS networks. We verify our simulation results with the proposed analytical method. In the next part, we focus on provisioning QoS in many casting. QoS parameters considered for analysis include, signal quality i.e., optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), reliability of the link and, propagation delay. In this work we consider application based QoS provisioning. In other words, given the threshold requirements of an application, our aim is to successfully schedule the burst to the quorum pool satisfying the threshold conditions. We use a de-centralized way of the scheduling the burst, using BHP. With the help of local-network state information, the burst is scheduled only if it satisfies multiple set of constraints. Corresponding reception of burst at the node ensures that all the QoS constraints are met and burst is forwarded to the next hop. QoS attributes are either multiplicative or additive. Noise factor of the optical signal and reliability factor are multiplicative constraints, where as propagation delay is additive. We define a path information vector, which provides the QoS information of the burst at every node. Using lattice theory we define an ordering, such that noise factor and propagation delay are minimum and reliability is maximum. Using path algebra we compute the overall QoS attributes. Due to multiple set of constraints, the request blocking could be high. We propose algorithms to minimize request blocking for Multiple Constrained Many cast Problem (MCMP). We propose two algorithms MCM-SPT and MCM-DM. We consider different set of service thresholds, such as real time and data service thresholds. Real time services impose restriction on signal quality and the propagation delay. On the other hand Abstract ix data services require high reliability and signal quality. Our simulation study shows that MCM-SPT performs better than MCM-DM for real-time services and the data services can be provisioned using MCM-DM.

Les applications d’électronique de spin telles les mémoires à accès aléatoire (MRAM), les capteurs (e.g.les têtes de lecture des disques durs d’ordinateurs) et les éléments de logique magnétique utilisent les interactionsd’échange ferromagnétique/antiferromagnétique (F/AF) dans le but de définir une direction de référence pour lespin des électrons de conduction. Les MRAM à écriture assistée thermiquement (TA-MRAM) utilisent mêmedeux bicouches F/AF : une pour le stockage de l’information et l’autre comme référence. Ces dernièresapplications technologiques impliquent des étapes de nanofabrication des couches minces continues pour formerune matrice de cellules mémoires individuelles. La qualification industrielle du produit final impose de sérieusescontraintes sur la largeur des distributions des propriétés magnétiques - y compris d’échange F/AF - de cellulemémoire à cellule mémoire. Des phases verres de spin réparties de manière aléatoire sur la couche continue, àl’interface F/AF ou dans le coeur de l’AF pourraient contribuer de manière significative à ces distributionsd’échange F/AF dans les dispositifs, après nanofabrication ; comme supposé il y a de cela quelques années. Lebut de cette thèse est d’étudier factuellement le possible lien entre verre de spin répartis dans des couches mincesF/AF et dispersions de propriétés d’échange de cellule mémoire à cellule mémoire dans les dispositifs TAMRAMcorrespondants. Avant cela, l’origine de ces régions verre de spin a été étudiée et une attention plusparticulière a été portée au rôle joué par les diffusions de Mn. Ces dernières ont été directement observées,comprises et l’utilisation de barrières complexes pour les réduire et par là même pour diminuer la quantité dephases verre de spin a été mise en oeuvre avec succès. En guise d’alternative pour varier la quantité de verres despin, l’utilisation d’AFs composites a été également étudiée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ce type d’AF permet dumême coup de varier la stabilité thermique des grains AF et de répondre à un autre problème identifié pour lesTA-MRAM qui consiste à trouver des matériaux AF avec des propriétés de rétention et d’écriture intermédiairespar rapport aux matériaux actuellement utilisés. Finalement, ces AFs composites ont été utilisés comme moyende varier la quantité de verres de spin dans des dispositifs TA-MRAM réels et de prouver le lien direct avec ladispersion de propriétés de cellule mémoire à cellule mémoire. / Spintronics applications such as magnetic random access memories (MRAM), sensors (e.g.. hard diskdrive read head) and logic devices use ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (F/AF) exchange bias (EB) interactionsto set the reference direction required for the spin of conduction electrons. Thermally-assisted (TA-) MRAMapplications even use two F/AF exchange biased bilayers: one for reference and one for storage. Suchtechnological applications involve patterning full sheet wafers into matrix of individual bit-cells. Industrialproducts qualification imposes stringent requirements on the distributions of the magnetic properties from cell tocell, including those related to EB. It was supposed few years ago that randomly spread spin-glass like phases atthe F/AF interface or within the bulk of the AF layer significantly contribute to the distributions of EB propertiesin devices after processing. This thesis aimed at factually studying the link between spin-glasses spread overF/AF thin films and bit-cell dispersions of EB in corresponding TA-MRAM. Prior to that the origin of the spinglasslike regions and more specifically the role of Mn-diffusion was consolidated. Mn-diffusion was directlyobserved, understood and the use of complex barriers to reduce such diffusion and consequently to minimize theamount of spin-glass was successfully studied. Mixing AFs as another way to tune the amount of spin-glass likephases was also evidenced in the framework of this thesis. All at once, this last solution also tuned the AF grainsthermal stability and this solved another issue related to TA-MRAM, i.e. finding AF-materials with intermediateretention and write properties compared to the AFs presently used. Finally, those mixed antiferromagnets werethe mean chosen to tune the amount of spin-glass like phases in real TA-MRAM devices and to factually provetheir link with bit-cell distributions of EB properties.