La mise en évidence d'une divergence entre l'accidentologie et les crashs tests demande de revisiter les critères de tolérance thoracique. En parallèle, l'émergence des mannequins numériques de crash permet d'appréhender des lésions particulières ; ce que ne permet pas le mannequin physique Hybrid III. Parmi ces lésions, il y a la fracture de côte. Dans ce contexte, ce travail s'est centré sur la réalisation et la validation d'un modèle numérique lésionnel personnalisé des côtes en choc automobile. Se référant à la bibliographie, il a été choisi de faire des essais de flexion trois points, en incluant des mesures de déformations par jauges et un suivi cinématique par vidéo. Les conditions d'essais ont été définies à partir de plusieurs modèles : système masse-ressort ; RDM ; calculs en éléments finis ; et des mesures réalisées sur SHPM. En amont des essais, chaque côte a été scannée pour étudier la géométrie et pouvoir générer son maillage personnalisé en éléments finis. Les essais statiques, utilisant les côtes 6, 8 et 10, montrent un effort maxi croissant des côtes 6 vers 10 et un déplacement à l'effort maxi nettement supérieur pour la côte 10. Les essais dynamiques, avec une vitesse par niveau de côte et un impacteur différent par côté (impacteurs cylindrique et type ceinture) donnent une influence très nette de la vitesse ainsi que de la géométrie de l'impacteur. Il existe une vitesse optimum concernant cet essai, en terme d'effort maxi, comprise entre 0,10 et 0,25 m.s-1. Alors que la ruine de la côte a lieu pour un même déplacement, l'impacteur ceinture permet de supporter un effort maximum supérieur de 30% ; ce qui est cohérent avec les observations en accidentologie. L'étude géométrique montre que les caractéristiques de la côte évoluent avec le niveau, mais pas la concentration linéique de minéraux. Enfin, les premiers modèles numériques lésionnels personnalisés, visant dans un premier temps à reproduire les essais, valident la faisabilité de la démarche et ouvrent des perspectives de développement.

The United States averages 40,000 traffic fatalities annually. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide cites run-off-the-road crashes as contributing greatly to this statistic, with about one-third of all traffic deaths [1]. This number has remained relatively constant over the past four decades, and despite a major increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the rate of fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled has declined. However, this relatively large number of run-off-the-road crashes should remain a major concern in all roadway design. The Highway Safety Act of 1966 marks a defining moment in the history of roadside safety [ ]. Before this point, roadways were only designed for motorists who remained on the roadway, with no regard for driver error. As there was no legislation or guidelines concerning roadside design, roadways constructed prior to 1966 are littered with fixed objects directly off of the edge of pavement. Fortunately, many of these roads have reached their thirty year design lives and have become candidates for improvement. The following report examines roadside crashes on nine Atlanta urban arterial roadways. Accident type, severity, and location for all crashes on these were evaluated. It is found roadside collisions with utility poles and trees were more prone to occur at intersection locations than midblock locations. Also for the studied roadway corridors, on average, roadside collisions were more likely to result in serious injury or fatality. Based on these findings initial recommendations are offer for improving clear zone requirements.

Identifying and understanding the relationships between observed driving behavior over long-term periods and corresponding crash involvement rates is paramount to enhancing safety improvement programs and providing useful insights for transportation safety engineers, policy markers, insurance industries, and the public. Unlike previous data collection methods, recent advancement in mobile computing and accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS) allow researchers to monitor driving activities of large fleets of vehicles, for long-time study periods, at great detail. This study investigates the driving patterns of drivers who have and who have not experienced crashes during a 14-month study period using the longitudinally collected GPS data during a six-month Commute Atlanta study. This investigation allows an empirical investigation to assess whether drivers with recent crash experiences exhibit different driving or activity patterns (travel mileage, travel duration, speed, acceleration, speed stability duration, frequency of unfamiliar roadway activities, frequency of turn movement activities, and previous crash location exposures). This study also discusses various techniques of implementing GPS data streams in safety analyses. Finally, this study provides useful guidance for researchers who plan to evaluate the relationships between driver driving behavior and crash risk with large sample data and proposes driving behavior activity exposure metrics of individual drivers for possible safety surrogate measures as well as for driver re-training and education programs.

Sled Crash Test System is one of the key elements in todays high safety vehicle designs. In the crash test systems, high speed imaging by high speed cameras is required. For the success of high speed imaging, high speed cameras should be well secured on the sled of the system which is being accelerated to high-g values to simulate vehicle crash. In this study, structural analysis of the high &ndash / g camera support structure for the sled crash test sytem which is available in METU-BiLTiR Center Vehicle Safety Unit is carried out. For the secure connection of the high speed cameras, three different configurations of the camera support structure with different camera positions are analyzed by transient dynamic analysis. The finite element simulations are carried out under the acceleration of 90 g which is the maximum applicable acceleration on the system. After verification of the configurations with the computer simulations, one of the configuration has been tested at the sled test facility of METU-BILTIR Center Vehicle Safety Unit.

Safety at intersections is of significant interest to transportation professionals due to the large number of possible conflicts that occur at those locations. In particular, rural intersections have been recognized as one of the most hazardous locations on roads. However, most models of crash frequency at rural intersections, and road segments in general, do not differentiate between crash type (such as angle, rear-end or sideswipe) and injury severity (such as fatal injury, non-fatal injury, possible injury or property damage only). Thus, there is a need to be able to identify the differential impacts of intersection-specific and other variables on crash types and severity levels. This thesis builds upon the work of Bhat et al., (2013b) to formulate and apply a novel approach for the joint modeling of crash frequency and combinations of crash type and injury severity. The proposed framework explicitly links a count data model (to model crash frequency) with a discrete choice model (to model combinations of crash type and injury severity), and uses a multinomial probit kernel for the discrete choice model and introduces unobserved heterogeneity in both the crash frequency model and the discrete choice model, while also accommodates excess of zeros. The results show that the type of traffic control and the number of entering roads are the most important determinants of crash counts and crash type/injury severity, and the results from our analysis underscore the value of our proposed model for data fit purposes as well as to accurately estimate variable effects. / text

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.

La femme enceinte, au même titre que n’importe qui, peut être amenée à utiliser une voiture pour se déplacer et est ainsi donc potentiellement victime d’un accident de la route. Si l’intégrité physique de cette personne est alors menacée, il en est de même pour celle de son enfant à naître. Les accidents de la route sont d’ailleurs la première cause de blessures du fœtus à la suite d’un traumatisme. La question de recherche inhérente à ce travail vise à clarifier les mécanismes de blessures du fœtus à la suite d’un accident de la route et à identifier une éventuelle relation entre ces mécanismes et les interactions qui peuvent exister entre la victime de l’accident et son environnement immédiat. Les résultats de ces travaux proposeront également des outils nécessaires au développement et à l’évaluation de dispositifs de protection spécifiques prenant en compte la morphologie particulière d’une femme enceinte afin de diminuer le risque de pertes fœtales à la suite d'un accident de la route. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de liquide amniotique a été développé, validé puis couplé avec un modèle éléments finis représentatif d’une femme enceinte. Cet outil numérique permet notamment la simulation de divers scénarios d’accidents afin d’en étudier les conséquences pour le fœtus. Dans un second temps, des mesures de la position de conduite des femmes enceintes au cours de la grossesse ont été effectuées afin d’être capable de simuler des accidents de la route dans des conditions réalistes. Enfin, des critères prédicteurs de blessures fœtales ont été développés afin de permettre l’évaluation de l’efficacité de nouveaux dispositifs de protection. / Road accidents are the leading cause of fetal injuries resulting from trauma. The aim of this work is to clarify the mechanisms of fetal injuries following a road accident and to identify a possible relationship between these mechanisms and interactions that may exist between the accident victims and its immediate environment. The results of this work will also propose tools for the development and the evaluation of specific protection devices taking into account the particular morphology of a pregnant woman in order to reduce the risk of fetal loss following a road accident. Firstly, an amniotic fluid model was developed, validated and then coupled with a finite element model representative of a pregnant woman. This computational tool allows to perform various car accident simulations to evaluate their consequences for the fetus. Secondly, measures of the driving position of pregnant women during pregnancy have been conducted to be able to simulate road accidents in realistic conditions. Finally, fetal injury predictors have been developed to allow assessment of the effectiveness of new protective devices. These predictors were associated to possible injuriy mechanisms.

Titel:  Flash-krascher – ett allvarligt problem på Stockholmsbörsen? Författare:  Madelene Söderström & Sebastian Roth Handledare: Bo Sjö Ämne:  Nationalekonomi – Kandidatuppsats inom finans Syfte:  Syftet med arbetet är att fördjupa förståelsen kring flash-krascher och vilken påverkan dessa har på handeln av värdepapper som sker på Stockholmsbörsen. Vi hoppas också att studien ger en klarare bild av hur flash-krascher påverkar olika aktörer med koppling till aktiehandeln i Sverige. Metod:  Uppsatsen är baserad på en kvalitativ studie utförd med intervjurespondenter med varierande koppling till Stockholmsbörsen och den svenska finansmarknaden. Teori:  Uppsatsen utgår främst från tidigare forskning inom ämnet bestående av studier baserade på händelser och data från USA. Annan ekonomisk teori som presenteras i studien är adverse selection. Empiri:  Uppsatsen är bestående av sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer på finansmarknaden. Intervjuerna jämförs med tidigare inträffade händelser i USA för att diskutera möjliga slutsatser om flash-krascher på Stockholmsbörsen. Slutsats:  Studien kommer fram till att det är osannolikt att flash-krascher av den magnituden som inträffat i USA 6 maj 2010 inträffar på Stockholmsbörsen idag. Vidare så verkar flash-krascher inte ha särskilt stor påverkan på aktörer på Stockholmsbörsen, däremot kan det finnas en viss oros- och förtroendeproblematik kopplad till flash-krascher som bör tas på allvar. I studien av tidigare forskning finner vi intressanta teorier för hur flash-krascher kan förutses. Vi kan däremot inte dra några slutsatser kring dessa teorier kopplat till Stockholmsbörsen. / Title:  Flash crashes – a severe problem at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm? Authors:  Madelene Söderström & Sebastian Roth Advisor:  Bo Sjö Subject:  Bachelor thesis in finance Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to understand and critically examine the impact flash crashes might have on the market for securities at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Our goal is to provide a clearer view on how flash crashes affect the trade and the market participants. Method:  This thesis is a qualitative study based on interviews with respondents with different approach to both Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and the financial market in Sweden. Theory:  The thesis is based on earlier studies within the subject made from data and events from United States of America. Other economic theories that the thesis involve is adverse selection. Empirics:  The study is predicated around seven semi structured interviews with participants on the financial market in Sweden. The interviews are compared with the earlier events from USA to make for conclusions about flash crashes on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Conclusion:  We find that it is unlikely that a flash crash of the same magnitude as the May 6, 2010 flash crash will occur on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm exchange today. Furthermore, flash crashes appear to have little impact on the market participants at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, though there may be concerns about trust issues following flash crashes that should be considered. While studying some of the earlier research we find interesting theories about ways to predict flash crashes before they have occurred, we can’t make any conclusions about these theories connected to Nasdaq OMX Stockholm though.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to simulate a road accident of a vehicle carrying a chosen dangerous chemical substance in a chosen city. We chose a crash site based on statistical inquiry of the number of road accidents. We chose a chemical substance by analyzing substances used in the vicinity of the chosen city. Through the use of simulation, we described and created a proposition of solving the arose extraordinary event, for the components of Emergency Service units. After completing these objectives, it will be possible to answer the research question: What kind of jeopardy does the leakage of a chosen chemical substance represent, during transportation in a chosen town? The theoretical part firstly focuses on basic terms that we worked with in the thesis. Basic legislative fixing point of dangerous objects and substances is described. Also, European and interstate regulations about transportation of these things is described. European agreement ADR is separately described further away. In the next part, manipulation with dangerous substances and mixtures is described as it is shown in Enactment EP and Council No. 1272/2008/ES, or the enactment of CLP. The characteristics determining their hazardousness, the way of evaluation and classification of dangerous substances and mixtures into corresponding categories is also described. Separately described are ways of packaging and numbering these substances. In the last part, we described the making of a safety list about chemical substances and mixtures, with an emphasis on the information about their transportation. In the next part we described the transportation of dangerous objects and substances on the highway. Further away we described appropriateness and demands for transportation of dangerous substances, for example demands on choosing vehicle personnel, the transportation itself and the equipment that every vehicle must have. We described the risks related with transportation and planning routes for transporting dangerous substances and objects. The aim of the assessments and precautions above are to minimalize risks related to transportation of dangerous substances and thus make it relatively safe. Unfortunately, this is not absolutely possible. This was also found to be true in the empirical part of the thesis, in which we carried out an analysis of the statistics of road accidents of vehicles in the ADR mode, and we found that the human factor is indeed the cause of these accidents. It was proven that 94% of all the road accidents of vehicles in the ADR mode was caused by the driver of the vehicle.Further away, the number of Emergency Service units interferences in cases of dangerous substance leakage and procedures carried out during those interferences, are described. In the empirical part of the thesis, we described methods of choosing the crash site and the dangerous substance. As a crash site we chose highway I/49 in Zlín county, that is evaluated as a highway of medium risk of road accidents, on the road risk map of Czech Republic. More accurately, cross-road of Třída Tomáše Bati and Březnická street in Zlín. When choosing the right substance we conducted an analysis of chemical substance usage in Zlín county. Subsequently we chose aqueous solution of ammoniac, which is being transported on the highway I/49 by two companies. It is prepared in IBC containers with the volume of 1000 liters. Acquired data was used for simulation, evaluation of the extraordinary event and for choosing the number of individuals in jeopardy.The simulation was executed using the TerEx software. Subsequently, the proposal for dealing with the extraordinary event by the Emergency Service units was developed. Based on the executed simulation, it is possible to assess that transportation of dangerous substances and mixtures constitutes a great danger in the residential area with a high number of habitable and administrative buildings.

Learning programs using simulation technologies are not just a suitable form of replacement for classical textbooks. They are a brand new teaching aid using Jan Amos Komenský's old motto "Schola Ludus" is a school game. The combination of a virtual and realistic environment with simulation models enables students to visually explore the possibilities of dealing with an emergency situation. One of the projects implemented by the non-governmental nonprofit organization Center for Safe State Project Software Applications 3D simulator. The motivation for choosing the topic of my thesis is that I have been working as the head of a laboratory in a chemical plant for several years. One of the main activities is the transport of dangerous chemicals by road and rail, or operations related to packaging, loading, filling and unloading of such chemicals. My daily activity is responsible for preventing the occurrence of undesirable risks with regard to the protection of persons, property and the environment. To create a textbook for 3D simulator and consequently to use it in the framework of teaching was the main aim of this work. It is important to realize that dangerous substances can escape almost at any moment, so it is necessary to create conditions for the prevention of these events. The success of this area is mainly a good, systematic and coordinated preparation of decisive activities. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part briefly summarizes the basic knowledge and information about the given issue. There are described the most commonly used software tools and their use for teaching. I deal with the model solution of the accident in the transport of dangerous substances in the practical part, the scenario being created includes a description of the activities that are involved in the management and solution of an emergency. This knowledge was subsequently used to create learning text.