The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish (1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions of meaning. Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units (summarised in Addendum 1). Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero. Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics, communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts. / African Languages / D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)

The accumulated importance of the patent law morality exclusion over the recent decades has been prompted by the increased protection sought for biotechnological inventions. This raises specific ethical concerns such as the respect for human dignity. The morality exclusion is regarded as an indispensable safeguard in the patent system of the 21st century, but its application and scope remains unclear, not least due to a division of competence between the European Union (EU), the European Patent Organisation and national Member States. In addition, the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets minimum standards for the operation of the morality exclusion. In this study the scope, interpretation and application of the morality exclusion in European and international patent law is described and analysed by applying the legal dogmatic method. The object of study is the European patent law morality exclusion in terms of Article 53(a) and Rule 28 of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. A connected purpose of this study is to describe, problematize and analyse the compliance by the regional rules (EU, European Patent Organisation) with the international framework provided by Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Although this study is not limited to specific technologies, the majority of issues raised are done so in relation to the morality exclusion concerning biotechnological inventions, which is reflected in this work. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is dependent on the functioning of the morality exclusion in the respective systems, both regional (EU, European Patent Organisation) and international (WTO). This approach necessitates a consideration of the characteristics of each legal system. This thesis uncovers the differences in the interpretation of the morality exclusion (both within as well as between the legal systems), which causes legal uncertainty in this particularly complex field where patent law and ethics interact. The effects of such variations on the scope and application of the morality exclusion are clarified and critically reviewed. According to the wording of the morality exclusion, the commercial exploitation of an invention with regard to morality or ordre public is a central prerequisite in the assessment of excluded subject matter. Consequently, the interpretation of this particular requirement is subject to critical review, since its implications are decisive for the scope of application of the morality exclusion. It is furthermore questioned whether the European morality exclusions are TRIPS-compliant, and the possible effects (and available remedies) of non-compliance for the EU legal order are analysed. This in turn involves issues of norm conflicts in international and EU law. The author presents a critical analysis, investigates the interaction between legal systems and suggests clarifications in order to attain the optimal functioning of the morality exclusion.

語用能力是語言習得成功重要的一環，但在臺灣高中的英語教學中卻未受到重視。教師的語言行為對於學生在語用和文化價值觀方面有很大的影響，所以檢視英語教師和外籍教師在語言行為是否有相似的策略有其必要性。本文著重在高中英語教師和外籍教師祈令語使用之比較，以瞭解臺灣英語教師的語言行為策略之使用和外籍教師有何異同，並進一步探討文化對語言行為之影響。 本研究利用語文完成測驗問卷(Discourse Completion Task Questionnaire)收集受試者之語料，共有50位本國籍及30位外籍高中英語教師參與研究。問卷資料主要以卡方檢定(Chi-square)，並輔以質性分析兩組受試者之回答。 研究結果指出兩組受試者均使用最多非傳統間接策略(non-conventionally indirect strategies)；但是，本國籍英語教師比外籍教師採用更多直接策略(direct strategies)，外籍教師則比本國籍教師常使用其他策略(other strategies)，例如接受學生的行為或私下約談處理。本研究證實文化的確在語言行為中扮演重要角色，更建議中外籍英語教師均有責任教導學生正確的語用知識，以協助他們在不同情境中和他人成功地溝通。

Upių ūkinę veiklą, pvz. hidroenergetiką, galima tam tikromis sąlygomis plėtoti saugomas teritorijas (pavyzdžiui, ekologinio tinklo NATURA 2000). Šios direktyvos 6 straipsnis 2001 m. buvo perkeltas į Saugomų teritorijų įstatymą, tačiau praktinis jo nuostatų taikymas išliko apribotas, ypač šio straipsnio 3 ir 4 dalių nuostatos. Tam, kad reikalavimas dėl planų ir projektų vertinimo veiktų sklandžiai Lietuvoje, priimti Planuojamos ūkinės veiklos poveikio aplinkai vertinimo ir Teritorijų planavimo įstatymas. Tam leidžiama atlikti veiklos poveikių aplinkai vertinimą. Visos didelės ir didesnės upės (Nemunas, Neris, Merkys, Minija ir kt.) yra uždraustos ištisai planuoti ir statyti užtvankas. Draudimo teisinis pagrindas – ES aplinkosaugos direktyvos, rekomendacijos (Berno, HELCOM, IBSFC), kurias Lietuva pasirašė. Nemune, Neryje ir kitose upėse yra ruožų, kuriuose nėra nė vieno draustinio (remiantis Saugomų teritorijų įstatymu) ir kurie yra techniškai tinkami užtvankoms ir hidroelektrinėms statyti, tačiau remiantis Lietuvos pasirašytomis ES aplinkosaugos direktyvomis ir rekomendacijomis (Berno, HELCOM, IBSFC), yra uždrausta planuoti ir statyti užtvankas. Siekiant bent dalinai atkurti pažeistą dinaminę pusiausvyrą ir ekologinį upių vientisumą rekomenduojama, HE kur yra galimybė, bei būtinybė įrengti žuvitakius bei gamtosauginio debito praleidimo priemones. Įrengimą derinti su migracinių koridorių atvėrimo eiliškumu bei svarba. ES Bendrosios Vandens Politikos direktyvos (BVPD) (2000/... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The proceeding of rivers for example: water-power can be expanded or lifted and it’s possible to do the assessment of influence for environment. All rivers (bigger) are banned for planning and building weirs. The basis of insurance are: EU directive of environment, guidelines which Lithuania signed on. There are sectors in the rivers of Nemunas or Neris where is no reserve at all and they are suitable for building weirs and hydroelectric. Trying to restore the affected dynamic balance and the ecological integrity is recommended to equip fish-ladder. The equipment should be regulated with priority and importance of passages priority too. The implementation of WFD is given to keep and to encourage the use of water power and to improve ecological conditions of water fields. The directive of the EU (2000/60/EC): to build the new hydroelectric is allowed if there are some problems such as: output of electric power, protection from the flood, navigation, water supply. Hydroelectric plants should be adjusted to a natural river run off. Suitable places might be those, which have no objections to recent acts. Inappropriate rivers are those which are in protected territory.

Im 6. Informationsblatt zur »Umsetzung der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie in Sachsen« liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Gewässerzustands. Zum einen wird eine Zwischenbilanz zum Stand der Arbeiten gezogen. Zum anderen wird beleuchtet, ob die bisherigen Anstrengungen ausreichend sind, um die hoch gesteckten Ziele in Sachsen erreichen zu können. Außerdem werden Projekte des LfULG und seiner Partner vorgestellt, die beispielhaft für Sachsen sein können.

Following the decline of the UK metal mining industry by the 1920s, over 3,000 abandoned metal mines exist in England and Wales. Contaminated drainage from this historical industry causes approximately 20% of all water quality failures in England and Wales. In this thesis, a holistic geographical approach, incorporating aspects of hydrology, hydrogeochemistry and freshwater ecology, is employed to investigate the hydrological, sedimentological and ecological impacts of the abandoned Dylife lead/zinc mine on the Afon Twymyn (central Wales). Examination of river sediment quality highlights the need for measurements of the quality of this component of the river ecosystem and, in particular, measurement of bioavailable as opposed to total metals. The majority of heavy metals in bed sediments of the Afon Twymyn exist in highly mobile geochemical phases, potentially posing serious threats to ecological integrity. Significant metal flushing occurred during flood events at Dylife mine and a distinct seasonal pattern was observed with greater levels of flushing occurring during flood events in the summer months. It is suggested that investigations of contaminant/ecosystem relations and potential remediation strategies should include high-resolution temporal sampling of river water chemistry under conditions of flood flow. Paradoxically, a range of biological indices failed to identify significant negative impacts of metal mine contaminants on macroinvertebrate communities, suggesting there is little contamination of the river ecosystem. However, Canonical Correspondence Analysis did identify significant differences in community structure between polluted and unpolluted river stretches, suggesting that standard unimetric biological indices might only be successful in identifying impacts at the most severely polluted mine sites. It is suggested that the ecological approach of the European Union Water Framework Directive to the assessment of river ecosystem status may not yield an accurate representation of contamination in rivers such as the Afon Twymyn where contamination by mining is moderate, circum-neutral and the mining operation is long abandoned.

This dissertation is concerned with the under-researched subject of supporting people with learning difficulties to be in control of their own self-advocacy group while undertaking self-directed research. Guided by the social model of disability and emancipatory disability research principles I supported a group of people with learning difficulties within a self-advocacy organisation throughout the course of their own self-directed research project. At the same time, drawing upon various sources of data, I reflexively studied and analysed my own support practice, constructing the critical ethnography that is this dissertation. There were two purposes for working in the above way: (a) to provide the most effective support I could for the researchers to gain and maintain control of their research group and (b) to analyse the processes and challenges involved in providing support for self-directed self-advocacy group members and researchers (in order to develop the literature in this area). Analysis of data revealed the following. Supporting self-directed researchers with learning difficulties requires a broad range of involved, interconnected interpersonal support skills. Working in this way can present supporters with unforeseen time-consuming tasks as well as intellectual and psychological challenges as they respond to the needs and requests of the supported group. Supporting people with learning difficulties to be in control in this way, where the balance of power is actively weighted in their favour, is not only complex it can lead to the supporter facing institutional pressures to assume control over the group, feelings of psychological discomfort or stress and ethical dilemmas. Anaysis of the data led me to conclude that drawing specific boundaries around supporter behaviour and monitoring or developing an actively non-authoritarian practice through a process of critical reflection can be an important aspect of providing consistent and effective support for self-directed researchers with learning difficulties.

The Comparative Advertising - development of regulation in the Czech legal order Resumé My thesis analyzes the legal regulation of the comparative advertising in the Czech Republic. It deals not only with the current legislation, but it looks at the historical development and future perspectives too. The goal of my thesis is to provide a thorough guide to the development of its legal regulation within the particular eras of the Czech history, describe different approaches of legislators, judges and professionals, and eventually, I try to evaluate the current situation and draw conclusions. At the very beginning after my introduction I put a short chapter containing a few words about the term "comparative advertising" itself and about the different types of comparative advertising. Then, in the following chapter I chronologically address the issues of legal legislation in the history of the Czech Republic: the first part is dedicated to the time period of so called "First Republic" and its Law on protection against unfair competition and its vast judicature. The second part is concerned with the socialist era in our history, the complete rejection of the economic competition as such and the logical decline in the interest in the unfair competition legislation. The last two parts of this chapter mention the...

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the system of the value added tax refund to the businesses in the Community and to focus on the main changes in this area. In the thesis we find the answers to the question if the system was succesfully modernize, speed up and whether changes in the tax refund brought relief on the applicant and tax administrator.

Este trabalho aborda os impactos da revolução tecnológica, sobretudo os causados pela rede mundial de computadores (mais precisamente a internet) que trouxeram alterações em antigos padrões, em especial no âmbito das relações de emprego. Nesse cenário, analisa-se não só a evolução histórica do direito do trabalho e da internet, mas também as fontes, as garantias geradoras da controvérsia (o poder diretivo e de propriedade X o direito à privacidade, intimidade e a inviolabilidade de correspondência), as ferramentas utilizadas, as formas e limites do monitoramento e por fim sua repercussão no âmbito juslaboral no Brasil e no mundo, com o escopo de apresentar medidas preventivas, pacificadoras e que harmonizem as garantias sociais outrora conquistadas. Trata-se, sem dúvida, de assunto polêmico, controvertido, ainda tratado de forma superficial pela doutrina, pouco enfrentado, da mesma forma, pelos Tribunais, ressalvando a relevância e o próprio caráter de novidade exigidos em pesquisas de pós-graduação como a presente. / This work approaches the impacts of the technological revolution, mainly the impacts caused by the worldwide computers network (here, the internet) that brought alterations in old patterns, especially in the employee-employer relationship. In this scenario, this work analyzes the historic evolution of the labor law and the internet, the sources and some principles which creates controversy (such as the employer\'s directive power and property right versus the rights to privacy, intimacy, and the non-violation of mail), the tools, the forms and limits of the control and, finally, its repercussion in the labor law in Brazil and in the world with the scope to present certain preventive and conciliatory procedures, that harmonize those social principles achieved a long time ago. This subject is certainly controversial and is still treated in a superficial way by the law thinkers, as well as, by the Courts. Thus, this work highlights the relevance and the innovative character required in a graduation research.