A presente dissertação investiga as possíveis consequências jurídicas imputáveis a descumprimentos de deveres anexos de boa-fé ocorridos em negociações coletivas trabalhistas. Para tanto, pesquisa-se a negociação coletiva trabalhista em si mesma, suas origens, os interesses nela envolvidos, suas funções, seus princípios, delineando-a como uma fase negocial análoga ao momento pré-contratual dos contratos em geral. Após, estuda-se o princípio da boa-fé, desde seu berço natural, no Direito comum, especialmente na sua vertente objetiva, que tem papel primordial na limitação do princípio da autonomia negocial, para então analisar-se sua aplicabilidade ao Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, especificamente no tocante as negociações coletivas trabalhistas, com a visualização dos deveres anexos de boa-fé incidentes nas mesmas. Também verificam-se as consequências jurídicas imputáveis aos descumprimentos de deveres anexos de boa-fé na negociação coletiva trabalhista, que parecem exigir, para harmonização do sistema e atingimento da finalidade do próprio instituto negocial coletivo laboral, respostas que, de fato, estimulem, privilegiem e otimizem a negociação coletiva laboral como um direito fundamental, eficaz e democrático-construtivo das relações de trabalho. Em conclusão, questiona-se se essa verificação não seria necessária para um futuro saudável das relações coletivas trabalhistas. / This dissertation investigates the possible legal consequences attributable to the noncompliance with good faith obligations in collective labor bargainings. Therefore, the collective labor bargaining is researched in itself, its origins, the interests involved, its functions, its principles, delinating it as a negotiation phase comparable to the pre-contractual moment of contracts in general. After, the principle of good faith is studied, from its birth in commom Law, especially in its objective strand, which has a primordial role in limitating the principle of negotiation autonomy, for then analyse its applicability to the Collective Labour Law, specifically about collective labor bargainings, with the visualization of its incidents good faith obligations. Also, the legal consequences for the noncompliance of good faith obligations in the collective labor bargaining are verified, which seems to require, to harmonize the system and to reach the purpose of the very institute of the collective labor bargaining, responsaes that, in fact, stimulate, privilege and optimize the collective labor bargaining as a fundamental, effective and democratic-constructive right. In conclusion, it is questioned whether this verification would not be necessary for a healthy future of collective labor relations.

Framställan behandlar i vilken utsträckning den ena avtalspartens brott mot lojalitetsplikten medför att den andra avtalsparten får en, helt eller delvis, inskränkt lojalitetsplikt (lojalitetsreciprocitet). Då lojalitetsreciprocitet utgör en del av lojalitetsplikten är förståelsen för det senare institutet avgörande för att kunna analysera reciprociteten. Därför studeras även lojalitetspliktens innehåll och betydelse. Slutsatserna om reciprocitet grundas i stor utsträckning på avtalstyper där lojalitetsplikten är särskilt långtgående. Det medför slutsatserna störst betydelse vid en mer långtgående lojalitetsplikt. Emellertid gör slutsatserna anspråk på att vara så generella att de grunder och principer som fastställs för bedömningen har betydelse även vid en mindre långtgående lojalitetsplikt. Vidare studeras reciprociteten i förhållande till lojalitetsförpliktelser, vilka inte skiljer sig åt lika mycket mellan olika kontraktstyper. En fråga av stor vikt för lojalitetsreciprocitetens betydelseområde är om det kan anses föreligga en allmän lojalitetsplikt inom hela kontraktsrätten. Slutsatsen i den delen är att det föreligger en allmän lojalitetplikt inom varje kontraktstyp även om den är starkt varierande till sin omfattning. Det medför att lojalitetsreciprocitet får ett stort betydelseområde eftersom det då kan beaktas inom varje kontraktstyp avseende både den allmänna lojalitetsplikten och lojalitetsförpliktelserna. Föremålet för framställan, lojalitetsreciprocitet, analyseras dels utifrån förekommande lojalitetsreciprocitet inom ett antal utvalda kontraktstyper (bl.a. mellanmans-, samarbets- och företagsförsäkringsförhållanden), dels utifrån reciprocitet oberoende av kontraktstyp. Utifrån de reciprocitetsuttryck som finns i materialet fastställs generella ramar och principer för bedömningen av lojalitetsreciprocitet inom lojalitetsplikten i dess helhet. Slutsatserna visar att det finns många gemensamma överväganden och principer för bedömningen av lojalitetsreciprocitet. För det första finns det tre förutsättningar som är nödvändiga för att lojalitetsreciprocitet överhuvudtaget ska kunna föreligga: ett lojalitetsbrott, en ömsesidig lojalitetsplikt och att reciprociteten inte drabbar en tredje avtalspart. För det andra har det identifierats två förhållanden som är av störst vikt för lojalitetsreciprocitet: dels  hur allvarligt lojalitetsbrottet är, dels i vilken omfattning reciprocitet skulle riskera onödig förstöring. Det förra har i sin tur funnits primärt vara beroende av den subjektiva skulden hos parten som begår lojalitetsbrottet, om denne varit i en överordnad ställning och hur långtgående lojalitetsplikten som inte efterlevdes var.För det tredje finns ett antal andra förhållanden som påverkar reciprociteten, bland annat: om skyddshänsyn avseende lojalitetssubjektet gör sig gällande, passivitet hos reciprocitetssubjektet och om annan lojalitetsbrottsverkan inträder. / The essay seeks to determine the extent to which a breach of the obligation of good faith reducesthe corresponding obligation of the other party to the contract (reciprocity). To be able to graspthe meaning and analyze reciprocity it is necessary to understand the institute of good faith.Thus, the text firstly examines good faith in general, followed by an analysis of reciprocity withinthat institute. The paper is based on legal sources typified by strong obligation of good faith.Accordingly, the analysis primarily sheds light on areas where the obligations of good faith arefar-reaching. The general principles of reciprocity, however, are applicable across the board,regardless of how strong the obligations of good faith are. The study evaluates reciprocity inrelation to several types of contracts, but it also interprets reciprocity as a freestanding generalprinciple which is applicable to all contracts. The specific obligations of good faith undoubtedly fall within the scope of reciprocity. Arelated and important question, which needs to be addressed, is whether there is a generalobligation of good faith within all type of contracts. The subsequent answer determines theadditional scope of reciprocity. In this matter the essay concludes that the question should beanswered in the affirmative. There is a general obligation of good faith, but the strength of thatobligation varies considerably depending on the type of contract. The conclusion of the essay is that there are several general principles within reciprocity.Firstly, there are three prerequisites for reciprocity: (i) a breach of the obligation of good faith; (ii)a mutual obligation of good faith between the involved parties; and (iii) the rule that reciprocitycannot affect a third party. Secondly, the paper identifies that the following two questions are the most significantfactors in the assessment of reciprocity: how severe is the breach of good faith and to whichextent does it entail negative economic consequences? An essential aspect of the former question is whether the party responsible for the breachhad ill intent and, if so, the degree and severity of that ill intent. Another important factor iswhether the party responsible for the breach is in a superior position. Three further examples of factors relevant to the assessment are: when a vulnerable partyis responsible for the breach such circumstances can affect the possibility of reciprocity andmitigate the seriousness of the misconduct in question; occasions when the other party has failedto act (passivity); and when the responsible party suffers consequences in addition to reciprocity.

Magister Artium - MA / Imam Malik b. Anas (d. 179 A.H.) is an important intellectual figure in Islam. He is the author of the first hadith collection, the Muwatta, and is the founder of one of the four major Sunni schools of law. His contribution towards formulating a distinct legal school allows millions of Muslims daily to perform their daily rituals of worship. Previous research, however, has not given enough attention to a systematic study of his beliefs. This study intends to address this shortcoming. My thesis examines the belief of imam Malik, particularly his concept of faith and the external expression thereof. It examines the first two eras of Islam, that of the Companions and Followers, which preceded him and their influence on his methodology of formulating his theological and legal views. It further looks at his approach to the textual evidences and his attitude towards speculative reasoning (kalam) regarding theological issues. This study further aims to verify the statements attributed to imam Malik regarding what constitutes correct faith and whether it increases or decreases. It also looks at the conflicting statements attributed to him regarding the increase and decrease of faith and tries to resolve them. Furthermore, it sources reliable biographical information on imam Malik to determine his attitude towards the diverse theological trends such as the Qadarites and Murji’ites prevalent during his time. In addition, the study compares the views of imam Malik with that of the other three founders of the Sunni Sunni legal schools.

The lack of consensus and consistency in defining and integrating the role of religion in development cooperation as well as in resilience building agendas undermines the Global Development Agenda and the effectiveness of interventions being implemented in the Global South. This research examines international development and aid organizations’ resilience frameworks and concepts, such as the ACT Church of Sweden, Oxfam, Lutheran World Relief, Islamic Relief Worldwide, and Baha’i International Community. The data collection and analysis are guided by the Social Capital Theory and by Resilience Building Approach. Analyzing how international organizations theorize the role of religion in resilience building provides this research with concrete examples to how faith-based actors are pinnacle actors of their communities during shocks, stressors, and everyday adversities. Spirituality in specific is a powerful capital that drives inner and outer movements and contribute to building hopeful and compassionate societies. However, this role of religion, faith, and spirituality and their conceptualization and use by faith actors remains to be complex and problematic to donor, intergovernmental and governmental agencies.

The persistently high rate of repeat incarcerations poses a threat to the safety of lives and properties. The problem that led to this study was the prevailing high rate of repeat incarcerations in Nigeria, despite interventions to reduce their occurrences. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prisoner reentry programs in reducing reincarcerations of ex-prisoners. The focus of the research questions was on whether treatment and the type (faith- or non-faith-based) made a difference in a prisoner's reincarceration status after release. The theoretical foundation was based on the transtheoretical model of change. Reincarceration outcomes were analyzed for 818 prisoners who were released between January 2010 and December 2013 from 3 prisons located in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were obtained from the prison records on the reincarceration status of the subjects based on an at-risk period of 36 months after release. A propensity score matching procedure was used to select an equal number (n = 409) of treated subjects (those who participated in a prisoner reentry program) and untreated subjects (nonparticipants in the program). Findings from a Cox-regression analysis revealed that participating in any of the programs (faith- or non-faith-based) reduced reincarceration at a statistically significant level; however, there was no difference in reincarceration status based on the type of treatment received. Findings provide evidence that prisoner reentry programs can reduce reincarceration. With this knowledge, the reentry program providers may advocate more government supports for reentry activities. They may collaborate with the policymakers and legislators to develop strategies that will enhance the reintegration of ex-prisoners into communities and thereby prevent their return to crimes but ensure they are productive for themselves, their families and the community.

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Problematic substance use is a pressing global health problem, and dissemination and implementation of accurate health information regarding prevention, treatment, and recovery are vital. In many nations, especially the US, many people are involved in religious groups or faith communities, and this offers a potential route to positively affect health through health information dissemination in communities that may have limited health resources. Health information related to addiction will be used as the backdrop issue for this discussion, but many health arenas could be substituted. This article evaluates the utility of commonly used health communication theories for communicating health information about addiction in religious settings and identifies their shortcomings. A lack of trusting, equally contributing, bidirectional collaboration among representatives of the clinical/scientific community and religious/faith communities in the development and dissemination of health information is identified as a potential impediment to effectiveness. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) tenets of trauma-informed practice, although developed for one-on-one use with those who have experienced trauma or adversity, are presented as a much more broadly applicable framework to improve communication between groups such as organizations or communities. As an example, we focus on health communication within, with, and through religious groups and particularly within churches.

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[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a quantificação do lucro da intervenção, partindo da convicção de que a utilização indevida do direito de um terceiro não pode jamais ser um bom negócio. Inicialmente, será demonstrado que o enriquecimento sem causa é o instituto mais adequado para lidar com situações em que uma pessoa se beneficia injustamente à custa de outra. Serão minuciosamente analisados os critérios que precisam ser atendidos para que se caracterize esse tipo de enriquecimento, como o aumento patrimonial do interveniente, a obtenção da vantagem à custa de outrem, a ausência de justa causa e a subsidiariedade do instituto. Em seguida, serão explorados os métodos objetivos para calcular o valor que deve ser devolvido ao titular do direito violado, apontando a inaplicabilidade da teoria do duplo limite aos casos de lucro da intervenção, bem como as razões pelas quais os valores pagos a título de reparação de danos extrapatrimoniais não devem ser abatidos do montante a ser restituído. Sustenta-se, ainda, a inadequação de compensar o lucro com o dano dentro do contexto de enriquecimento sem causa. Por fim, será discutido o papel da boa-fé e da má-fé na conduta do interventor, onde o trabalho explorará as divergências na doutrina sobre o tema, concluindo que se o interventor age de boa-fé deve restituir o valor de mercado da vantagem obtida e o lucro da intervenção deve ser repartido entre o interventor e o titular de direito, de forma proporcional à contribuição de cada um. Quanto à má-fé, conclui-se que, além do valor devido pelo uso do bem, o interventor deve restituir todo o lucro obtido com a intervenção. Essa abordagem proporcionará uma análise detalhada dos aspectos legais e éticos envolvidos na quantificação do lucro da intervenção, contribuindo para uma compreensão mais profunda do tema no contexto do Direito brasileiro. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the quantification of the disgorgement of profits, based on the conviction that the improper use of a third party s right can never be a good deal. Initially, it will be demonstrated that unjust enrichment is the most appropriate institute for dealing with situations in which one person benefits unfairly at the expense of another. The criteria that need to be met in order to characterize this type of enrichment will be thoroughly analyzed, such as the increase in the intervening party s assets, obtaining the advantage at the expense of others, the absence of just cause and the subsidiarity of the institute. Next, objective methods will be explored to calculate the amount that must be returned to the holder of the violated right, pointing out the inapplicability of the double limit theory to cases of profit from intervention, as well as the reasons why the amounts paid as reparation of moral damages must not be deducted from the amount to be refunded. It is also argued that it is inappropriate to compensate profit for damage within the context of unjust enrichment. Finally, the role of good faith and bad faith in the intervenor s conduct will be discussed, where the work will explore the divergences in the doctrine on the subject, concluding that if the intervenor acts in good faith he must restore the market value of the advantage obtained and the profit from the intervention must be shared between the intervener and the right holder, in proportion to the contribution of each one. As for bad faith, it is concluded that, in addition to the amount due for the use of the asset, the intervener must refund all the profit obtained from the intervention. This approach will provide a detailed analysis of the legal and ethical aspects involved in quantifying the profit from the intervention, contributing to a deeper understanding of the topic in the context of Brazilian Law.