Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Eucalyptus. grandis is one of the main species used in forestry, in the Rio Grande do Sul State. The reforestations have been concentrated in low fertility soil areas, especially in phosphorus, such as the Quartzarenic Neosoils, which occur in the south of the state. It represents a problem for the establishment of this culture in field. This forestry species has the capacity of making symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi that increase plant grown and the absorption of water and nutritious. The aim of the work was to evaluate the initial growth of eucalyptus in sandy area and the ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation isolated, individually or mixed in Neosoil. In the first stage, eucalyptus seedlings were produced in greenhouse, inoculated or no-inoculated with the UFSC-Pt116 isolated, produced in peat or in Neosoil. After 120 days seedlings were transplanted to an area subjected to the process of sanding in São Francisco de Assis and evaluated regarding the survival, height, stem s diameter and tenors of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, and wood production. In the second stage it was tested, in greenhouse, the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation with the UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 and UFSC-SA9 isolates, individually or mixed in peat substrate and in Neosoil. Determinations were accomplished regarding stem s diameter and height, dry matter of the aerial portion and the roots, roots volume, mycorrhizal colonization as well as the level of nitrogen, potassium and total, organic and inorganic phosphorus of the aerial portion of plants. In field, the plants produced in Neosoil and inoculated with the isolated UFSC-Pt116 obtained the highest survival, stem s height and diameter, nitrogen level, as well as wood production in relation to the no-inoculated seedlings. In the second study, the plants that received individual inoculation of the isolated UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-SA9 and that were produced with peat obtained the highest height, stem s diameter, mycorrhizal colonization and dry matter accumulation. The plants that were produced in Neosoil and the individually inoculated with the isolated UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt118 and UFSCSA9 showed highest height, stem s diameter, dry matter of the aerial portion and roots volume. The seedlings produced in Neosoil obtained higher height and diameter than those produced in peat. / No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul o E. grandis é uma das principais espécies utilizadas na silvicultura. Os reflorestamentos têm se concentrado em regiões de solos com baixa fertilidade, especialmente em fósforo, como os Neossolos Quartzarênicos, que ocorrem na metade sul do Estado, tornando-se um problema para o estabelecimento dessa cultura no campo. Esta espécie florestal tem a capacidade de formar simbiose com fungos ectomicorrízicos que auxiliam o crescimento das plantas através do aumento na absorção de nutrientes e água. No presente trabalho teve-se por objetivos avaliar o crescimento inicial do eucalipto em área arenizada e a inoculação dos isolados fúngicos ectomicorrízicos, individualmente ou em mistura em Neossolo. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram produzidas mudas de eucalipto em casa de vegetação, que foram inoculadas ou não com o isolado UFSC-Pt116, produzidas em turfa ou em Neossolo. Após 120 dias, essas foram transplantadas para uma área arenizada em São Francisco de Assis e avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, altura, diâmetro do caule e teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, fósforo total, fósforo inorgânico, fósforo orgânico e produção de madeira. Na segunda etapa testou-se em casa de vegetação o efeito da inoculação dos isolados de fungos ectomicorrízicos UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 e UFSC-SA9, individualmente e em mistura no substrato turfa e no Neossolo. Foram realizadas avaliações quanto à altura e diâmetro do caule, massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, volume de raízes, percentual de colonização micorrízica e teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio da parte aérea das plantas. No campo, as plantas que foram produzidas no Neossolo e inoculadas com o isolado UFSC-Pt116 obtiveram a maior sobrevivência, altura e diâmetro do caule, teores de nitrogênio, bem como produção de madeira em relação às mudas não inoculadas. No segundo estudo, as plantas que receberam inoculação individual dos isolados UFSC-Pt116 e UFSC-SA9 e foram produzidas com turfa obtiveram a maior altura, diâmetro do caule, colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de massa seca. As plantas que foram produzidas em Neossolo e inoculadas com os isolados UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 e UFSC-SA9 individualmente alcançaram a maior altura, diâmetro do caule, massa seca da parte aérea e volume de raízes. As mudas produzidas no Neossolo alcançaram altura e diâmetro maiores que as produzidas na turfa.

abstract: This thesis investigates different unidirectional topologies for the on-board charger in an electric vehicle and proposes soft-switching solutions in both the AC/DC and DC/DC stage of the converter with a power rating of 3.3 kW. With an overview on different charger topologies and their applicability with respect to the target specification a soft-switching technique to reduce the switching losses of a single phase boost-type PFC is proposed. This work is followed by a modification to the popular soft-switching topology, the dual active bridge (DAB) converter for application requiring unidirectional power flow. The topology named as the semi-dual active bridge (S-DAB) is obtained by replacing the fully active (four switches) bridge on the load side of a DAB by a semi-active (two switches and two diodes) bridge. The operating principles, waveforms in different intervals and expression for power transfer, which differ significantly from the basic DAB topology, are presented in detail. The zero-voltage switching (ZVS) characteristics and requirements are analyzed in detail and compared to those of DAB. A small-signal model of the new configuration is also derived. The analysis and performance of S-DAB are validated through extensive simulation and experimental results from a hardware prototype. Secondly, a low-loss auxiliary circuit for a power factor correction (PFC) circuit to achieve zero voltage transition is also proposed to improve the efficiency and operating frequency of the converter. The high dynamic energy generated in the switching node during turn-on is diverted by providing a parallel path through an auxiliary inductor and a transistor placed across the main inductor. The paper discusses the operating principles, design, and merits of the proposed scheme with hardware validation on a 3.3 kW/ 500 kHz PFC prototype. Modifications to the proposed zero voltage transition (ZVT) circuit is also investigated by implementing two topological variations. Firstly, an integrated magnetic structure is built combining the main inductor and auxiliary inductor in a single core reducing the total footprint of the circuit board. This improvement also reduces the size of the auxiliary capacitor required in the ZVT operation. The second modification redirects the ZVT energy from the input end to the DC link through additional half-bridge circuit and inductor. The half-bridge operating at constant 50% duty cycle simulates a switching leg of the following DC/DC stage of the converter. A hardware prototype of the above-mentioned PFC and DC/DC stage was developed and the operating principles were verified using the same. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

A high level of free-stream turbulence and surface roughness are known to cause breakdown of an otherwise stable laminar flow. In transition induced by free-stream turbulence, streaks are formed due to the lift-up effect and low-speed streaks with high shear breakdown to turbulence. Streaks are also present in transition caused by a roughness element and they may breakdown via sinuous or varicose instability. In general, streamwise streaks, their lift-up and streak instability are integral to the bypass transition process. If the lift-up of a high-shear layer or its breakdown is manipulated by some external means, then the downstream flow is expected to change. An experimental study was carried out to understand the effect of flow modification caused by a mesh placed normal to the flow and at different wall-normal locations in the late stage of bypass transitions induced separately by an isolated cylindrical roughness element and a high level of free-stream turbulence. The measurements were made on a flat plate boundary layer in a low-speed wind tunnel using the particle image velocimetry technique. The mesh causes an approximately 30% reduction in the free-stream velocity, and mild acceleration in the boundary layer, irrespective of its wall-normal location. Interestingly, when located near the wall, the mesh suppresses several transitional events leading to transition delay over a large downstream distance. The transition delay is found to be mainly caused by suppression of the lift-up of the high-shear layer and its distortion, along with modification of the spanwise streaky structure to an orderly one. However, with the mesh well away from the wall, the lifted-up shear layer remains largely unaffected, and the downstream boundary layer velocity profile develops an overshoot which is found to follow a plane mixing layer type profile up to the free stream. Reynolds stresses, and the size and strength of vortices increase in this mixing layer region. The high-intensity disturbance in this region can possibly enhance the transition of accelerated flow far downstream, although a reduction in streamwise turbulence intensity occurs over a short distance downstream of the mesh. However, the shape of large-scale streamwise structure in the wall-normal plane is found to be more or less the same as that without the mesh.

This thesis deals with two different approaches to teaching vocabulary at the basic school. The first approach is based on guessing from context, the other, the traditional method, consists in learning isolated translations from a list. The results of the research also show the role the context plays in dependence on the age of the learners. The author provides a theoretical background to define the difference between the two methods, which are verified in the practical part. The effectiveness of the presentations, established on one of these approaches, is immediately tested and evaluated in the end.

abstract: The Believe It! program developed and evaluated by Kovalski & Horan (1999) was the first interactive, multimedia, psychological-education intervention deployed on the Internet. In a controlled study, the authors reported that the ethnically diverse cartoon models were partially successful in using cognitive restructuring to promote more reasonable career beliefs among Caucasian middle-school young women. It was not clear if the program's lack of efficacy among minority young women was due to computer literacy factors affected by SES. Subsequently, three studies explored the role of matching or mismatching the ethnicity of animated agents in a graphically enhanced program with that of the young women receiving the cognitive restructuring treatment. Each of the studies used the same four outcome measures (Occupational Sex-Role Questionnaire, Believe It Measure, Career Beliefs Inventory, and the Career Myths Scale) before and after matched and mismatched participants received the Believe It! intervention. Webster (2010) analyzed data from African-American participants, Hardy (2011) Latinas, and Zhang (2013) Asian-Americans. The current study examined the matching hypothesis on a sample of ethnically isolated Caucasian young women in a rural setting. The results obtained in the three previous studies are consistent with similar research involving client and counselor dyads (e.g., Cabral & Smith, 2011). The Believe It! program had a clear impact on ethnically matched African-American young women, whereas pairings on ethnicity did not improve outcomes for either Latinas or Asian-Americans. A solitary effect on the Occupation Sex-Role Questionnaire in the current study suggests the hypothesis is worthy of further study. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Counseling Psychology 2014

Esta pesquisa objetiva apresentar uma análise sobre a utilização da vitrine como espaço integrante da obra de arte. Problematiza a necessidade do uso do espaço isolado e intocável da vitrine como área imprescindível para determinadas propostas artísticas contemporâneas. Averigua também as relações entre a área envidraçada da vitrine e o observador. Verifica como a vitrine é tematizada não só no espaço arquitetônico, mas também na pintura e na fotografia. Examina dessa maneira a atitude dos artistas em colecionar, selecionar, organizar, classificar, deslocar e exibir uma série de objetos reunidos no interior de tal dispositivo. Interroga se a presença de artistas que trabalham com a vitrine ou com o espaço, apenas delimitado, não estaria ligada à crise do conceito tradicional de autor. / This research aims to present an analysis of the use of the museums display as an integrating space of the work of art. It gives emphasis on the use of an isolated and untouchable space in the museums display as an essential area to establish contemporary aesthetic proposals. So, it also checks how the display case is given thematically not only in the architectural space, but also in the painting and photograph. It analyses the artists approach of collecting, selecting, arranging, assorting, displacing and displaying a series of united objects in the interior of such device. It is questioned if the presence of the artists who work with the museum display or with demarked space would not be tied to the crisis of the authors traditional concept.

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo as avaliações e o ensino dos saberes elementares matemáticos nas escolas isoladas de Porto Alegre, entre os anos de 1873 e 1919. Para tanto, foram analisados regulamentos e regimentos relativos à Instrução Pública, com o intuito de apresentar as escolas isoladas na organização do ensino público do RS. Buscou-se, também, descrever as avaliações destas escolas, procurando identificar os agentes envolvidos nos rituais anuais e, a partir do estudo das atas dos exames, identificar os saberes matemáticos exigidos em tais ocasiões, bem como entender o resultado final, no que se refere ao desempenho dos alunos. Pretendeu-se, ainda, através da análise dos programas de ensino de Aritmética, Geometria e Desenho e do estudo dos livros adotados nas escolas, identificar os saberes matemáticos priorizados no ensino em tais estabelecimentos. Para a condução dos objetivos, a pesquisa buscou se amparar na História Cultural e dialogar com estudiosos da história da educação, história das disciplinas escolares e da história da educação matemática, bem como pesquisadores que tratam de objetos relacionados à cultura escolar, às avaliações escolares e ao livro escolar. No que se refere aos saberes elementares matemáticos, é que a apreciação exclusiva dos programas do período indicaria que o ensino e, consequentemente, as avaliações inclinavam-se a atender o elenco de conteúdos prescritos para Aritmética, Geometria e Desenho. No entanto, apesar da maneira concisa com que descrevem os conteúdos avaliados, as atas reforçaram três aspectos: os registros ressaltaram a Aritmética como o saber priorizado nas avaliações anuais, a ausência de referências ao Desenho nas avaliações e, por fim, as poucas vezes em que a Geometria foi indicada. / The object of study of this work is the evaluations and teaching of elementary mathematical knowledge in isolated schools in Porto Alegre, between 1873 and 1919. Regulations and regiments related to Public Instruction were analyzed in order to present the isolated schools in the public education of Rio Grande do Sul state. It attempts to also describe the evaluation methods of these schools, trying to identify the agents involved in the annual rituals and, from the study of the minutes of the exams, to identify the mathematical knowledge required for such occasions as well as understand the final result on the student performance. It was also intended, by analyzing the teaching programs of Arithmetic, Geometry and Drawing and by studying the books adopted by the schools, to identify the mathematical knowledge priorities in such institutions. For the conduction of this work, the research tried to be supported by the Cultural History and to dialogue with academics of the history of education, history of school classes and the history of mathematics education, and researchers dealing with objects related to the school culture, the school reviews and the textbook. Regarding the elementary mathematical knowledge, the exclusive reviews of such programs indicates that the teaching and, consequently, the ratings, was focused on the list of contents for Arithmetic, Geometry and Drawing. However, despite the short manner that the contents were evaluated, the minutes reinforced three aspects: the records highlighted the Arithmetic as the priority of the annual evaluations, the absence of references for the Drawing reviews and, finally, the few times the Geometry was mentioned.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2007. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-10-18T22:06:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gabriela Silva da Rosa(gabrielasilvadarosa@gmail.com) on 2013-07-01T21:57:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-01T21:57:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) avaliao da textura apresentada por embutido emulsionado adicionado de isolado protico mido de corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1043240 bytes, checksum: 77c0e13062a9c99439f6b5a4812a0877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O município de Rio Grande, RS, localizado na zona litorânea do extremo sul do Brasil, caracteriza-se por ser um pólo pesqueiro regional onde podem ser obtidas diversas espécies de pescado. Uma das espécies capturadas na região é a corvina (Micropogonias furnieri), esta espécie é pouco comercializada devido ao seu baixo valor, podendo ser utilizada para produção de alimentos processados. Dentre os produtos que podem ser elaborados adicionando isolado protéico de pescado estão os embutidos emulsionados. As proteínas exibem propriedades multifuncionais quando manipuladas adequadamente, estas são os principais componentes funcionais e estruturais de produtos cárneos processados e determinam as características de manuseio, textura e aspecto destes produtos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter e caracterizar o isolado protéico úmido de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) desenvolvido através de processo de extração química, avaliando a funcionalidade dos mesmos e após estudar os efeitos da incorporação deste isolado protéico úmido na textura de um embutido emulsionado. Os processos apresentaram rendimento de 55,35% para o isolado obtido por solubilização alcalina e 46,6% para o isolado obtido por solubilização ácida. Os isolados apresentaram valores de proteína em base seca de 97% para ambos os processos. Os maiores valores encontrados de solubilidade foram em pH 11, com 97,54% para o isolado alcalino e 93,67% para o isolado ácido. A máxima capacidade de retenção de água foi em pH 11 sendo esta 21,94 mLH2O/gproteína para o isolado alcalino e 22,94 mLH2O/gproteína para o isolado ácido. A capacidade de retenção de óleo foi de 4,7 mLóleo/gproteína no isolado alcalino e 4,62 mLóleo/gproteína no isolado ácido. Os isolados protéicos obtidos foram incorporados ao embutido emulsionado. Deste embutido foram avaliados os efeitos da adição do isolado úmido e da temperatura de cocção na textura dos mesmos. Através da Análise de Perfil de Textura (TPA) foram avaliados os efeitos na dureza, coesividade, elasticidade, gomosidade e mastigabilidade e por teste de penetração foi avaliada a força de penetração. Para as variáveis estudadas nenhum efeito foi significativo (p>0,05) quando incorporado o isolado protéico obtido pelo processo de solubilização ácida. Para o isolado obtido pelo processo de solubilização alcalina os efeitos estudados não foram significativos (p>0,05) para as respostas de dureza, elasticidade, gomosidade e mastigabilidade, os efeitos foram significativos (p<0,05) apenas para a força de penetração e coesividade do embutido emulsionado. O maior valor encontrado para a coesividade (0,652) foi quando o embutido foi adicionado de 1,45% de isolado protéico e temperatura de cocção de 87,7oC. Para a força de penetração o valor máximo (684,45 g) foi encontrado quando adicionado 10% de isolado protéico e temperatura de cocção de 82,5 oC. / The city of Rio Grande, RS, located in the littoral zone of the south extremity of Brazil, characterizes itself for being a regional fishing pole where a variety of fish species can be found. Among the species captured in the region is the corvine (Micropogonias funieri), this species is not much commercialized because of its low value, and so it can be used for processed food production. Among the products that can be elaborated adding isolated protein of fish, the sausages are cited. The proteins show multi-functional properties when manipulated adequately, these are the main functional and structural components of processed meat products and determine the handling characteristics, texture and aspect of these products. The present work had as objective to get and to characterize the isolated humid protein of corvine (Micropogonias furnieri) developed through process of chemical extraction, evaluating it's functionality and after to study the effect of the incorporation of this isolated humid protein in the texture of an sausages. The processes showed a 55.35% increase for the isolated obtained alkaline solubility and 46.6% for the isolated obtained acid solubility. The isolated showed 97% dry-based protein values for both processes. The highest solubility found had a pH of 11, with 97.54% for the alkaline isolated and 93.67% for the isolated acid. The maximum water retention capacity was pH 11, with 21.94 mLH2O/gprotein for the isolated alkaline and 22.94 mLH2O/gprotein for the isolated acid. The oil retention capacity was 4.7 mLoil/gprotein in the isolated alkaline, and 4.62 mLoil/gprotein in the isolated acid. The protein isolated obtained were incorporated to the sausages. The effect of the addition of humid isolated and cooking temperature on texture of these sausages was evaluated. Through the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) the effect in the hardness was evaluated, cohesiveness, springeness, gumminess and chewiness and the penetration force was evaluated using the penetration test. For the studied variables, no effect was significant(p>0,05) when incorporated the isolated protein obtained by the process of acid solubilizing. For the obtained isolated alkaline solubilizing process the studied effects were not significant(p>0.05) for the answers of hardness, springeness, gumminess and chewiness, the effect was significant (p<0.05) only for the force of penetration and cohesiveness of the sausages. The biggest value found for the cohesiveness (0.652) was found when the sausages were added of 1.45% of isolated protein and temperature of cooking of 87.7°C. For the penetration force the maximum value (684.45 g) was found when added 10% of isolated protein and temperature of 82.5° cooking.

Context and objective: Experimental models demonstrate an important role of growth hormone (GH) in retinal development. However, the interactions between GH/IGF-I axis and the neuro-vascularization of the human retina are still not clear. A model of untreated congenital isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) may clarify the action of GH on the retina. The purpose of this work was to assess the retinal neuro-vascularization in adults with congenital IGHD. Methods: In a cross sectional study, we performed fundus photographs (to assess the number of retinal vascular branching points and the optic disc and cup size), and optical coherence tomography (to assess the thickness of macula) in 25 adults IGHD subjects (13 males, 50,9 yr. [12,0]) homozygous for a null mutation (c.57+1 G>A) in the GH releasing hormone receptor gene and 28 controls (14 males, 46,4 yr. [14,7]). Results: Fisher's exact test revealed that IGHD subjects presented more reduction of vascular branching points in comparison to controls (91% vs. 53% [p=0.049]). Conversely, the percentage of moderate reduction in IGHD was higher than in control (p=0,01). The rates of individuals with increased optic disc and cup size were increased in IGHD in comparison to controls (92,9% vs. 57,1 for optic disc and 92,9% vs. 66,7% for cup [p<0.0001 in both cases]). The percentage of increased optic disc and cup in IGHD was higher than in control (p=0,005 for optic disc and p=0,028 for cup). There was no difference in fovea thickness or in any of the macula areas. Conclusions: Most IGHD individuals present moderate reduction of vascular branching points, increase of optic disc and cup size, but equal thickness of the macula. / Contexto e Objetivo: O hormônio do crescimento (GH) tem importante papel no desenvolvimento da retina, como demonstram diversos modelos experimentais. Contudo, a relação entre o eixo GH/IGF-I e a neuro-vascularização da retina humana ainda não é completamente conhecida. O modelo da deficiência isolada, congênita e vitalícia do GH (DIGH) não tratada é ideal para estudar a ação do GH nos tecidos oculares. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a neuro-vascularização retiniana em indivíduos adultos com DIGH. Casuística e Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, examinamos 25 indivíduos (13 homens, idade 50,9 anos [12,0]) com DIGH devido a mutação c.57+1G>A no gene do receptor do hormônio liberador do GH e 28 controles (14 homens, idade 46,4 anos [14,7]), pareados por idade e sexo. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a retinografia (para avaliar o número de ramificações nos vasos retinianos, o tamanho do disco óptico e da escavação) e tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) (para avaliar a espessura da mácula). Resultados: Os indivíduos com DIGH apresentaram maior redução no número de ramificações vasculares em relação aos controles (91% vs. 53% [p=0,049]), segundo teste exato de Fisher. A porcentagem de redução moderada foi maior na DIGH que nos controles (p=0,01). A taxa de indivíduos com aumento do disco óptico e da escavação foi maior na DIGH em relação aos controles (92,9% vs. 57,1% para o disco e 92,9% vs. 66,7% para a escavação [p<0,0001 em ambos os casos]). A porcentagem de aumento do disco óptico e da escavação foi maior na DIGH (p=0,005 e p=0,028, respectivamente). Não houve diferença na espessura da mácula. Conclusões: A DIGH congênita e vitalícia não tratada provoca diminuição no número de ramificações dos vasos da retina, aumento do disco óptico e da escavação, mas não altera a espessura da mácula.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-19T12:25:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique Alves - 2016.pdf: 2763667 bytes, checksum: ed46b206ebbbad30bdfc2a13fa22abab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-19T13:13:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique Alves - 2016.pdf: 2763667 bytes, checksum: ed46b206ebbbad30bdfc2a13fa22abab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T13:13:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique Alves - 2016.pdf: 2763667 bytes, checksum: ed46b206ebbbad30bdfc2a13fa22abab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The proline-riche-oligopeptides (PROs) were identified in the crude venom of snakes Bothrops jararaca (Bj), Bothrops cotiara (Bc) and Bothrops fonsecai (Bf). Previous studies have shown hypotensive/antihypertensive effects of the PROs in normotensive and hypertensive (SHR) rats. However, the direct effect of PROs in the aorta and heart isolated, as well as, the action mechanisms involved in these effects is unknown. In the presenty study, were evaluated the cardiovascular effect of six PROs, Bj-PRO-5a,-7a,-10c, Bc-PRO-10e, Bf-PRO-10d,-10f. The aortic rings, with (E+) or without (E-) endothelium, were preconstricted with phenylephine (Phe, 0.1 μmol/L), following increasing concentrations of PROs (0.1 nmol/L – 1 μmol/L) in presence or absence of a nonselective antagonist muscarinic receptors (Atropine, 3µmol/L), M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist (Pirenzepine, 1 µmol/L), synthase nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME, 1 µmol/L), adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (MDL 12.330A, 3 µmol/L), guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (ODQ, 3µmol/L) or argininosuccinate synthetase inhibitor (MDLA, 1 µmol/L). To evaluated the coronary and cardiac contractility effects of PROs, the hearts were perfused according Langendorff technique. The hearts were perfused for a basal period with Krebs Ringer solution containing the PROs (0.05 or 5 nmol/L) in presence or absence of L-NAME (10 nmol/L), ODQ (200 nmol/L) or MDL (1 µmol/L). The PROs utilized in this study induced endothelium-dependend vasorelaxation in aortic rings of Wistars and SHRs. Atropine and pirezenpine blocked the vasorelaxant effect of Bj-PRO-7a in isolated aorta from Wistar and SHR. L-NAME, ODQ or MDL inhibited the aortic vasorelaxation induced by Bj-PRO-7a and Bj-PRO-10c in both strains. MDLA inhibited the Bj-PRO-10c-induced vasorelaxation in aortic rings of SHR, but not in Wistar. Just the peptides Bj-PRO-7a and Bj-PRO-10c promoted a significant coronary vasodilatation in isolated heart from Wistar and SHR rats. The coronary vasodilatation induced by Bj-PRO-7a was inhibited in the presence of L-NAME in isolated heart from Wistar. Already in isolated heart from SHR this effect was abolished by L-NAME, ODQ or MDL. The Bc-PRO-10e and Bf-PRO-10f did not induce significant effects on cardiac contractility. However, the Bj-PRO-5a, -7a, -10c and Bf-PRO-10f promoted negative inotropic effect in the isolated hearts from Wistar and/or SHR. This effect in isolated hearts perfused by Bj-PRO-7a was inhibited in the presence of L-NAME in Wistars. Differently, the effect of Bj-PRO-10c was blocked by L-NAME, ODQ or MDL in both strains. Sumarizing, the PROs utilized in this study induced endothelium-dependend vasorelaxation. The data demonstrated participation of pathways NO/GCs/GMPc and AC/AMPc in the vasorelaxant effect of peptides Bj-PRO-7a and Bj-PRO-10c. In addition, the muscarinic receptors are involved in the vasorelaxant effects induced by peptide Bj-PRO-7a in aortic rings from Wistar and SHR rats. Moreover, the negative inotropic effect induced by Bj-PRO-7a and Bj-PRO-10c is linked with activation of NO in cardiomyocyte of normotensive and hypertensive rats. / Os oligopeptídeos ricos em prolina (PROs) foram identificados no veneno bruto das serpentes Bothrops jararaca (Bj), Bothrops cotiara (Bc) e Bothrops fonsecai (Bf). Estudos anteriores demonstram que os PROs promoveram efeitos hipotensor/anti-hipertensivo em ratos normotensos e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). No entanto, os efeitos diretos dos PROs em aorta e coração isolado, bem como, os mecanismos de ação envolvidos nestes efeitos são desconhecidos. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos cardiovasculares de seis PROs, Bj-PRO-5a, Bj-PRO-7a, Bj-PRO-10c, Bc-PRO-10e, Bf-PRO-10d e Bf-PRO-10f. Os anéis de aorta com (E+) e sem endotélio (E-) foram pré-constritos com fenilefrina (Phe, 0,1 µmol/L), seguido de concentrações cumulativas dos PROs (0,1 nmol/L – 1 µmol/L) na presença ou ausência de um antagonista não seletivo dos receptores muscarínicos (atropina, 3 µmol/L), antagonista do receptor muscarínico M1 (pirezenpina, 1 µmol/L), inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase (L-NAME, 3 µmol/L), inibidor da adenilato ciclase (MDL12,330a, 3 µmol/L), inibidor da guanilato ciclase (ODQ, 3 µmol/L) ou inibidor da argininosuccinato sintetase (MDLA, 1 µmol/L). Para avaliar os efeitos dos PROs na coronária e contratilidade cardíaca, os corações foram perfundidos de acordo com a técnica de Langendorff. Os corações foram perfundidos por um período basal com solução Krebs Ringer contendo os PROs (0,05 ou 5 nmol/L) na presença ou ausência de L-NAME (10 nmol/L, ODQ (200 nmol/L) ou MDL (1µmol/L). Todos os PROs utilizados neste estudo induziram vasorelaxamento dependente do endotélio em anéis de aorta de ratos Wistar e SHR. Atropina e pirenzepina bloquearam os efeito vasorelaxante do Bj-PRO-7a em aorta isolada de ratos Wistar e SHR. L-NAME, ODQ e MDL inibiram o vasorelaxamento induzido pelo Bj-PRO-7a e Bj-PRO-10c em ambas as linhagens. O MDLA inibiu o vasorelaxamento induzido pelo Bj-PRO-10c somente em anéis de aorta de SHRs. Somente os peptídeos Bj-PRO-7a e Bj-PRO-10c promoveram uma vasodilatação coronariana em corações isolados de ratos Wistar e SHR. A vasodilatação coronariana induzida pelo Bj-PRO-7a foi inibida na presença de L-NAME em corações de ratos Wistar. Já em corações isolados de SHRs este efeito abolido por com L-NAME, ODQ ou MDL. O Bc-PRO-10e e Bf-PRO-10f não induziram efeitos significantes na contratilidade cardíaca. No entanto, o Bj-PRO-5a, Bj-PRO-7a, Bj-PRO-10c e Bf-PRO-10f promoveram efeito inotrópico negativo em corações isolados de ratos Wistar e/ou SHRs. Este efeito desencadeado pelo Bj-PRO-7a foi inibido na presença de L-NAME em corações isolados de Wistar. Diferentemente, o efeito do Bj-PRO-10c foi bloqueado pelo L-NAME, ODQ ou MDL em ambas as linhagens. Sumarizando, os PROs utilizados neste estudo induziram vasorelaxamento dependente do endotélio. Os dados demonstram a participação das vias NO/GC/GMPc e AC/AMPc nos efeitos vasorelaxantes promovidos pelos peptídeos Bj-PRO-7a e Bj-PRO-10c. Além disso, os receptores muscarínicos estão envolvidos nos efeitos vasorelaxantes do peptídeo Bj-PRO-7a em anéis de ratos Wistar e SHRs. O efeito inotrópico negativo induzidos pelo Bj-PRO-7a e Bj-PRO-10c está relacionado com a ativação do NO em cardiomiócitos de ratos normotensos e hipertensos.