The dissertation deals with the pronunciation of Czech pupils in the Russian language. In this work, the phonetic literacy is defined and the attention is paid to its formation. The text is divided into three basic parts - the first is devoted to theoretical foundations which influence pupils' acquisition of the phonological system of a foreign language (from the linguistic, psychological and lingvodidactic points of view); the second part summarizes the results of the analysis of the relationship of Russian language teachers to the examined problem, the results of an analysis of available textbook sets and it describes a performed phonetic testing of secondary school pupils including the interpretation of its results; in the third part of the thesis there is a synthesis of the findings from both preceding chapters, followed by a discussion. During the research within the domain of the dissertation focus, quantitative and qualitative methods of educational research were used: a survey, content analysis of textbook sets, phonetic testing and analysis of recordings of students' authentic speech. The work provides a comprehensive view of the examined problem in the context of the current situation when the Russian language at Czech schools is taught as L3. It proves that Russian language teachers...

Jihoon Park (b.1973), a South Korean composer with over 500 compositions spanning multiple genres, is treasured in his motherland as the most noteworthy composer of his generation. This study provides an in-depth introduction of the gagok (Korean art songs) of Park to Western teachers and students of singing, discussing his compositional techniques and their application to the interpretation of his selected songs. Moreover, the introduction to International Korean Phonetic Alphabet (IKPA) to supplement the traditionally used International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) serves as the foundation and model for further exploration into Korean art song literature by Western scholars.

Aim, of this master thesis is training of phoneme recognizer with phoneme set, which have been made by merging of several phoneme sets, which are containted in SpeechDat-E database and find out if this kind of recognizer will have better results than recognizers which were trained on one language. This work also deals with phoneme sets, principles of phoneme recognition using recognizers based on artifical neural networks, language identification and merging of given phoneme sets. Also is described process of training phoneme recognizer and phoneme recognition.

This study presents detailed phonetic and acoustic analyses of the speech characteristics of two new cases of Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS). Participants include a 48-year-old female who began speaking with an "Eastern European" accent following a traumatic brain injury, and a 45-year-old male who presented with a "British" accent following a subcortical cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Identical samples of the participants' pre- and post-morbid speech were obtained, thus affording a new level of control in the study of Foreign Accent Syndrome. The speech tasks consisted of oral readings of the Grandfather Passage and 18 real words comprised of the stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/ combined with the peripheral vowels /i/, /a/ and /u/ and ending in a voiceless stop. Computer-based acoustic measures included: 1) voice onset time (VOT), 2) vowel durations, 3) whole word durations, 4) first, second and third formant frequencies, and 5) fundamental frequency. Formant frequencies were measured at three points in the vowel duration: a) 20%, b) 50%, and c) 80% to assess differences in vowel 'onglides' and 'offglides'. The phonetic analysis provided perceptual identification of the major phonetic features associated with the foreign quality of participant's FAS speech, while acoustic measures allowed precise quantification of these features. Results indicated evidence of backing of consonant and vowel productions for both participants. The implications for future research and clinical applications are also considered.

Актуальность магистерской работы обусловлена глобализацией, взаимопроникновением культур, большой интеграцией в политике, экономике, образовании и других сферах, интеграцией русских специалистов в Китае – все это делает изучение китайского языка актуальным, и подразумевает, что в будущем понадобятся специалисты со знанием данного языка, что также предполагает и владение фонетикой китайского языка. Объектом исследования является процесс обучения китайскому языку. Предметом исследования выступает методика обучения фонетике китайского языка. Цель магистерского исследования – разработать методику обучения фонетике китайского языка и комплекс упражнений для формирования и отработки фонетических навыков. Данная магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка использованных источников. Работа содержит 28 рисунков и 15 таблиц. Список использованных источников насчитывает 72 наименований на русском и английском языках. Объем работы составляет 154 страницы. Первая глава «Фонетика китайского языка и принципы ее обучения» магистерской диссертации посвящена особенностям китайской фонетической системы: звуковой состав и тональность китайского языка, постановка ударения в слогах, изменение звуков и тонов в потоке речи. Чтобы подчеркнуть характерные черты фонетической системы китайского языка, описание проходило посредством сравнения их с признаками фонетической системой русского языка. Во второй части первой главы нашего исследования была подчеркнута важность овладения произносительными навыками при обучении любому иностранному языку. особенно важно уделить фонетике при изучении китайского языка, так как это напрямую связано с особенностями его фонетической системы. Для преподавания фонетики китайского языка в первую очередь были определены общедидактические, общеметодические и частные методические принципы обучения, на основе которых была составлена методика ее обучения, которая получила название «комплексная» и «комбинаторная», так как она состоит из нескольких комплексов упражнений, направленных на развитие различных фонетический навыков, и которые зависят не только от уровня, потребностей и способностей обучающихся, но и от индивидуальных особенностей преподавателя. Во второй главе «Комплексная и комбинаторная методика обучения фонетике китайского языка» были рассмотрены и описаны методические приемы и рекомендации при обучении фонетики китайского языка. Была приведена последовательность, в которой рекомендуется овладевать звуками, звукосочетаниями и тонами для того, чтобы добиться более эффективных результатов в обучении фонетике китайского языка. Также были подробно рассмотрены особенности произнесения китайских гласных и согласных звуков и звукосочетаний и тонов. Вторая часть главы посвящена комплексу упражнений на формирование и отработку фонетических навыков в произнесении и различении звуков, звукосочетаний, тонов, постановку ударений в словах, отработку таких явлений как сандхи тонов и эризация, которые характерны для китайского языка. Также в комплекс упражнений были включены игровые упражнения на отработку произношения и дополнительные упражнения, которые включают в себя межкультурный аспект обучения китайскому языку. В этот вид упражнений вошли детские песни, скороговорки, идиоматические сказки из китайского фольклора и ряд стихотворений из эпохи династии Тан. / The relevance of the master's thesis is caused by globalization, cross-cultural interaction, great integration into politics, economics, education and other fields, the integration of Russian specialists in China. As a result, learning of Chinese is relevant, and it means that in future specialists with language proficiency will be needed, which also implies mastering of Chinese phonetics. The target of the research is the process of teaching Chinese. The research subject is the methodology of teaching Chinese phonetics. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology for teaching the phonetics of Chinese and a set of exercises to train the pronunciation skills. This master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, list of cited references. The work contains 28 figures and 15 tables. The list of cited references includes 72 titles in Russian and English. The body of work is 154 pages. The first chapter “Chinese phonetics and the principles of its teaching” of the master's thesis is devoted to the features of Chinese phonetic system: the sounds, tones, stress, change in sounds and tones in the flow of speech. To emphasize the characteristic features of the phonetic system of Chinese, the description was carried out by comparing them with the features of the phonetic system of Russian. In the second part of the research, the importance of mastering pronunciation skills in teaching any foreign language was emphasized. On account, it is especially important to pay attention to phonetics while learning Chinese, since it is directly related to the peculiarities of its phonetic system. For teaching Chinese phonetics, general didactic, general methodical and particular methodological principles of teaching were determined. On their basis the “complex and combinatorial methodology” of teaching Chinese phonetics was compiled. In the second chapter "Complex and combinatorial methodology of teaching Chinese phonetics”, methodological techniques and recommendations for teaching Chinese phonetics were reviewed and described. A sequence was given in which it is recommended to master the sounds, sound combinations and tones in order to achieve more effective results in learning Chinese phonetics. The features of the pronunciation of Chinese vowels, consonants, sound combinations and tones were reviewed in detail. The second part of the chapter is devoted to a set of exercises for development of phonetic skills in pronouncing and distinguishing sounds, sound combinations, tones, stress; practicing sandhi tones and erization. The set of exercises also includes game exercises for practicing pronunciation and additional exercises that include the cross - cultural aspect of teaching Chinese. This type of exercise includes children's songs, tongue twisters, idiomatic tales from Chinese folklore, and several poems from the Tang Dynasty.

Cette thèse présente une recherche exploratoire sur l'application du Formalisme Microcanonique Multiéchelles (FMM) à l'analyse de la parole. Dérivé de principes issus en physique statistique, le FMM permet une analyse géométrique précise de la dynamique non linéaire des signaux complexes. Il est fondé sur l'estimation des paramètres géométriques locaux (les exposants de singularité) qui quantifient le degré de prédictibilité à chaque point du signal. Si correctement définis est estimés, ils fournissent des informations précieuses sur la dynamique locale de signaux complexes. Nous démontrons le potentiel du FMM dans l'analyse de la parole en développant: un algorithme performant pour la segmentation phonétique, un nouveau codeur, un algorithme robuste pour la détection précise des instants de fermeture glottale, un algorithme rapide pour l’analyse par prédiction linéaire parcimonieuse et une solution efficace pour l’approximation multipulse du signal source d'excitation. / This thesis presents an exploratory research on the application of a nonlinear multiscale formalism, called the Microcanonical Multiscale Formalism (the MMF), to the analysis of speech signals. Derived from principles in Statistical Physics, the MMF allows accurate analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of complex signals. It relies on the estimation of local geometrical parameters, the singularity exponents (SE), which quantify the degree of predictability at each point of the signal domain. When correctly defined and estimated, these exponents can provide valuable information about the local dynamics of complex signals and has been successfully used in many applications ranging from signal representation to inference and prediction.We show the relevance of the MMF to speech analysis and develop several applications to show the strength and potential of the formalism. Using the MMF, in this thesis we introduce: a novel and accurate text-independent phonetic segmentation algorithm, a novel waveform coder, a robust accurate algorithm for detection of the Glottal Closure Instants, a closed-form solution for the problem of sparse linear prediction analysis and finally, an efficient algorithm for estimation of the excitation source signal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAEL - Assunta M Aguena.pdf: 7858063 bytes, checksum: 5132d82bef108bfd802b3da32d81774a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-20 / This dissertation aims at investigating the rhythmical and intonation aspects of the English production by a fluent speaker of this language whose mother language is Portuguese, having as a reference the production of a native speaker of English, and thus, to inspect how and in which level the phonological-phonetic processes related to sounds, rhythm and intonation of the target language are transferred to the mother language prosody. The relation between the sound production and the prosody can be seen in the connected speech provided by sound modifications in the juncture between words, in the use of pauses, assimilation, reduction and elimination of sounds, among others. The corpus, comprised of 40 sentences from the film Dozen by the Cheaper was used to get closer to a connected speech production. The sentences were typed in individual cards and read six times by each subject, both female, between 25 and 30 years old, and the cards were shuffled before each repetition. The six reading recordings were done at PUC-SP s Radio and TV studio. The data analysis was provided by the Acoustic Phonetic using duration measures (time a sound takes to be produced) and the variation of the fundamental frequency (tone variation during the speech) based on the waveform ranged to the wide-band spectrograms, extracted from the speech signal digitalized by an acoustic analysis program. Some sentences from the corpus were chosen to the analysis, and consonantal and vowel segments were measured. Duration measures and f0 charts were made in order to observe how much the subjects got closer or farther to the sound production, and to the English rhythm and intonation due to the Brazilian Portuguese interference. The final results point that: (1) the sound production, English rhythm and intonation are related to the connected speech, the mother language (in this case, the Brazilian Portuguese) interfere in the sound production and English prosody, but, an important aspect is that this interference is not categorical, it can occur or not and, if it occurs, it must be done in different levels; and (3) the Acoustic Phonetic provides some advantages to the teaching and learning of a foreign language rhythm and intonation, in so far as the different production aspects can be observed, making possible that the Brazilian English teacher makes clear the differences between the mother language and the target one to the students, differences that can or can t be noticed or produced by the students, and in different levels / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo investigar os aspectos rítmicos e entoacionais na produção do inglês por um falante proficiente nessa língua e nativo do português brasileiro (PB), tendo como referência a produção de um falante nativo do inglês, e assim inspecionar de que modo e em que grau processos fonético-fonológicos da relação entre sons e ritmo e entoação da língua-alvo são mapeados na prosódia da língua materna. A relação entre a produção de sons e prosódia é observada na fala corrente por meio da transformação de sons na juntura entre palavras, do uso de pausas, da assimilação, redução e/ou apagamento de sons, entre outros. Para aproximar-se de uma produção de fala corrente, foi utilizado um corpus composto por 40 sentenças, retiradas do script do filme Dozen by the Cheaper (Doze é Demais), as quais foram digitadas em fichas individuais e lidas por cada sujeito, ambos do sexo feminino e na faixa etária entre 25 e 30 anos, em seis repetições, sendo as fichas embaralhadas antes de cada repetição. A gravação das leituras foi feita no Estúdio de Rádio e TV da PUC-SP. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da Fonética Acústica, a partir de medidas de duração (tempo que um som leva para ser produzido) e da variação da freqüência fundamental (variação de tons durante a fala), realizadas com base na forma da onda alinhada a espectrogramas de banda larga, extraídos do sinal de fala digitalizado, por um programa de análise acústica. Foram selecionadas algumas sentenças do corpus para análise, nas quais foram medidos segmentos acústicos correspondentes a vogais e consoantes. Em seguida, foram elaborados gráficos das medidas de duração e f0 para observar o quanto os dois sujeitos aproximavam-se ou distanciavam-se na produção dos sons e do ritmo e entoação do inglês em função da interferência do português brasileiro sobre o sujeito não-nativo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: (1) a produção de sons e do ritmo e entoação estão intimamente relacionadas na fala corrente; (2) há interferência da língua materna (neste trabalho, o português brasileiro) na produção de sons e prosódia do inglês; porém, o aspecto importante é que essa interferência não é categórica; podendo ou não ocorrer e, se ocorrer, fazê-lo em diferentes graus; e (3) a Fonética Acústica proporciona vantagens para o ensino e aprendizagem das questões rítmicas e entoacionais de uma língua estrangeira, na medida em que os diferentes aspectos da produção podem ser observados, possibilitando que professores brasileiros de inglês possam explicitar as diferenças entre a língua materna e a língua-alvo aos seus alunos, diferenças que podem ou não ser por eles percebidas e/ou produzidas, ou incorporadas, e em diferentes graus

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - SILVA-PINTO (2016).pdf: 21201769 bytes, checksum: 9aa83582fd61c6b36c3b56e9436a66ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / Sem bolsa / Este estudo investiga a aquisição das vogais anteriores arredondadas [y], [q] e [E] do francês por locutoras brasileiras adultas, proficientes em francês (L2). De acordo com a literatura (ALCÂNTARA, 1998; RESTREPO, 2011), a aquisição das vogais anteriores arredondadas do francês por aprendizes adultos brasileiros mostra-se uma tarefa complexa, tanto em termos de percepção quanto de produção. Diante disso, neste trabalho, procuramos contribuir ao entendimento dessa complexidade e fomentar os poucos estudos brasileiros envolvendo sujeitos proficientes em francês (L2) e a aquisição dos referidos sons. Desse modo, buscamos responder de que maneira os locutores brasileiros adultos, proficientes em francês (L2), lidam com sons alheios à fonologia da sua LM, no que concerne à sua percepção e produção. Para tanto, objetivamos, especificamente, detectar o grau de acuidade com o qual as vogais-alvo são identificadas e discriminadas pelas participantes avaliadas, bem como definir o comportamento acústico desses sons em sua fala, de modo que seja possível explicar uma provável produção autêntica dos segmentos franceses investigados em função de as informantes os identificarem, discriminarem e articularem. Diante disso, dois grupos de informantes participam desta pesquisa: o composto pelas brasileiras, três professoras-pesquisadoras de FLE no ensino superior público brasileiro, residentes em Pelotas/RS, e o formado por uma locutora francesa nativa, da região parisiense, a qual constitui o grupo controle e cujos dados se somam aos disponíveis na literatura. Para a coleta dos dados de produção em ambos os grupos, foram elaborados quatro experimentos, três envolvendo vogais orais francesas e o outro vogais orais do PB, as quais se encontravam em palavras e logatomas do francês e do PB, produzidos dentro de frases-veículo. Para a coleta dos dados de percepção relativos às vogais do francês, foram construídos quatro experimentos, dois testes de identificação e dois testes de discriminação. A metodologia utilizada na construção desses experimentos foi baseada, em parte, naquela elaborada por Restrepo (2011), com adaptações para atender aos objetivos específicos deste trabalho. As coletas ocorreram em ambiente acústico controlado (cabine acústica), com a utilização de um gravador digital Zoom H4N e de um par de fones de ouvido modelo AKG K 44. Os dados coletados foram analisados acústica e estatisticamente, por meio dos softwares Praat (versões 6.0.08 e 6.0.19) e SPSS Statistics (versão 17.0), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos, interpretados à luz do modelo HipCort (MCCLELLAND et al.,1995), um modelo dinâmico de formação da memória e do aprendizado, confirmam nossa tese do potencial êxito de nossas informantes na aquisição dos sons investigados, pois identificam, discriminam e produzem acuradamente as vogais anteriores arredondadas do francês, demonstrando terem se distanciado de uma possível influência de sua LM. Os resultados alcançados contribuem, portanto, para se refutar a existência da atuação de restrições biológicas ligadas a uma concepção de aquisição da linguagem calcada nos pressupostos do paradigma simbólico, indo ao encontro de estudos que evidenciam a possibilidade de aprendizes tardios apresentarem um nível de competência fonético-fonológica em L2 comparável àquele do falante nativo. / This study investigates the acquisition of front rounded vowels [y], [q], and [E] of French by adult female speakers who are proficient in French (L2). According to the literature (ALCÂNTARA, 1998; RESTREPO, 2011), the acquisition of front rounded vowels of French by Brazilian adult learners is a complex challenge, either in terms of perception or in terms of production. From this point, in this study we sought to contribute to the understanding of this complexity and develop the not many Brazilian studies involving individuals with proficiency in French language (L2) and the acquisition of its sounds. Thus, our challenge was to answer in what way adult Brazilian speakers, with proficiency in French (L2), deal with foreign sounds, different from the ones of their ML phonology, when it comes to their perception and production. Therefore, we aimed to detect, specifically, the level of perceptiveness with which the target vowels are identified and distinguished by the considered participants, as well as defining the acoustic behaviour of these sounds in their speaking, in a possible way to explain a probable authentic production of the investigated French segments according to the identification, distinction, and articulation of the participants. Then, two groups of volunteers participated in this research: one counts with the presence of three Brazilian women, professors and researchers of FFL in superior public education, residents in Pelotas/RS; the second group is formed by a native French speaker from Parisian region, who participates of the control group, which data is added to the one available in literature. For the collecting of data of production in both groups, four experiments were elaborated, three involving French oral vowels, and the last one involving oral vowels of BP, which were found in words and non-words from French and BP, produced inside of carrier sentences. For the collecting of information of perception related to the French vowels, four experiments were formed, two tests of identification, and two tests of distinction. The methodology used in the construction of these experiments was based on the one elaborated by Restrepo (2011), with adaptions to attend to the specific objectives of this study. The collection of the material occurred in a controlled acoustic environment (acoustic compartment), with the use of a digital recorder Zoom H4N and a pair of earphones model AKG K 44. The collected data was analysed acoustically and statistically with the softwares Praat (6.0.08 and 6.0.10 versions) and SPSS Statistics (17.0 version), respectively. The results achieved were interpreted with the HipCort model (MCCLELLAND et al, 1995), a dynamic model of formation of memory and learning. They confirmed our thesis of the potential outcome of our participants in the acquisition of the investigated sounds, because they could identify, distinguish, and produce accurately the front rounded vowels of French, demonstrating the distance of a possible influence from their ML. The results contribute, so, to refute the existence of an operation of biological restrictions connected to a conception of acquisition of language based on the presupposition of the symbolic paradigm, which meets the studies that evince the possibility of late learners to present a level of phonetic and phonologic competences in L2 comparable to the native speaker.

The present dissertation aims at analyzing the interplay between initial acoustic biases and language exposure during acquisition of language in the first year of life. This is a critical period in development because it is when phonetic categories are attuned to the native language. This goal is addressed by integrating the results from two developmental studies. The first study explores the presence of asymmetries in vowel perception in infants from 4 to 12 months of age, as a function of the acoustic salience and distributional properties in the test language. The second study investigates the previous contrasting results on vowel perception in 8-month-old infants growing in bilingual environments, and in particular and their relationship with task demands and the properties of the bilingual input. The results emerging from these studies point to two developmental trends. On one hand, asymmetries in vowel perception are modulated by acoustic biases before and during perceptual reorganization, and by distributional cues after perceptual reorganization. On the other hand, discrimination abilities of 8-month-old bilinguals parallel those of monolinguals when tested with an Anticipatory Eye Movement procedure, highlighting the importance of task demands in determining infants' performance. / L'objectiu d'aquesta tesis és analitzar la dinàmica que s'estableix entre els biaixos acústics i l'experiència amb el llenguatge durant el primer any de vida. Aquest és un període decisiu durant el qual les categories fonètiques s'ajusten a les propietats de la llengua materna. Aquest objectiu s'assoleix integrant els resultats de dos estudis. En el primer estudi s'explora la presència d'asimetries en la percepció de les vocals en bebès de 4 a 12 mesos d'edat, en funció de la saliència acústica i les propietats distribucionals de la llengua. El segon estudi investiga els resultats contradictoris obtinguts amb bebès de 8 mesos d'edat bilingües, i la seva relació amb les demandes de la tasca i les propietats de l'input bilingüe. Els resultats d'aquests estudis indiquen dos tendències al desenvolupament. Per una banda, que les asimetries en la percepció de les vocals són modulades per biaixos acústics abans i durant la reorganització perceptiva i per les propietats distribucionals després de la reorganització perceptiva; per l'altra banda, els resultats mostren que les habilitats de discriminació dels bilingües de 8 mesos d'edat són corresponents a les dels monolingües quan es fa servir un procediment d'anticipació de la mirada, posant en rellevància la importància de les demandes de la tasca en determinar el rendiment dels bebès.

SANTRAUKA Šiame darbe analizuojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir Lietuvos teismų praktika, siekiant identifikuoti prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymui reikšmingus kriterijus, šių kriterijų taikymo sąlygas bei įtaką vertinant bendrą prekių ženklų įspūdį, taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į teorinius ir praktinius probleminius prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymo klausimus ir siūlomi jų sprendimai. Pirmojoje dalyje labai koncentruotai nurodomas su prekių ženklų tapatumu ir panašumu susijęs teisinis reglamentavimas. Antrojoje dalyje atskleidžiama prekių ženklų tapatumo sąvoka bei prekių ženklų tapatumo vertinimas buvusio Pirmosios Instancijos Teismo, dabartinio Bendrojo Teismo ir ETT praktikoje, taip pat, siekiant tapatumo klausimą išnagrinėti visapusiškai, pasiremiant pavyzdžiais ir iš Vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo tarnybos praktikos. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta aptarti prekių ženklų panašumą bei išnagrinėti jam nustatyti reikšmingus kriterijus. Šioje dalyje Bendrijos ir Lietuvos teismų sprendimų analizė atlikta pagal bendriausius prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo kriterijus: skiriamuosius ir dominuojančius elementus, vaizdinį, fonetinį bei konceptualų lyginimą. Darbo pabaigoje atskirai aptariama netradicinių prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo specifika. / SUMMARY Establishment of Identity and Similarity of Trade Marks in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian Courts This master thesis is dedicated to analyze case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts, with the aim to identify criteria significant for establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks, conditions for application of those criteria as well as influence upon evaluation of the general impression created by trade marks. In addition, attention is drawn to theoretical and practical problem issues in establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks and suggestions on their solution are made. In the first part, a list of condensed references is made to laws pertinent to the identity and similarity of trade marks. The second part reveals the concept of identity of trade marks and judgment of identity of trade marks in the case law of the former Court of First Instance, currently the General Court, and the European Court of Justice, supplemented by additional illustrations from the practice of the OHIM, in attempt of painting the full picture of the identity issue. The third part of the thesis focuses on the discussion of the similarity of trade marks and analysis of criteria for establishment of similarity of trade marks. Herein the analysis of case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts has been carried out based on general criteria of similarity of trade marks: distinguishing and dominating... [to full text]