Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral--Universität Hamburg, 1996). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-151).

RODRIGUES, Adriano Messias. A transformação semiótica da filosofia transcendental clássica. 2011. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-08T14:30:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-08T14:58:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-08T14:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This paper is on the theme of the transformation of Philosophy held by Karl-Otto Apel from the radicalization of linguistic and pragmatic twist by showing the ineradicable nature of linguistic praxis for the general knowledge by means of a strict self-reflexive attitude of thought along with the language on the assumptions of the irrefutable argument as such. To this end, we investigate the main theoretical features for a semiotic transformation of the classic transcendental philosophy, especially the three-dimensional Peircean semiotics. Moreover, the objective is to demonstrate that a self-reflexive philosophy is able to justify scientific propositions as well as ethical and moral standards. The end of this research points to the relevance of the proposal of Apel when he faces the challenge imposed by the “historicization” of the thought, not through an “untranscendentalizing” posture towards reason but in the way of an eventual non-metaphysical foundation – beyond the social and historical contingencies, thereby reflecting what is specific of the philosophical reflection as the themes of the universal principles of our thinking and acting. / Neste trabalho aborda-se o tema da transformação da filosofia realizada por Karl-Otto Apel a partir da radicalização da reviravolta linguístico-pragmática através da demonstração do caráter ineliminável da práxis linguística para o saber em geral por meio de uma atitude estritamente autorreflexiva do pensamento unido à linguagem sobre as pressuposições irrecusáveis da argumentação enquanto tal. Para tanto, investigam-se os principais delineamentos teóricos para uma transformação semiótica da filosofia transcendental clássica, especialmente a semiótica tridimensional peirceana. Ademais, objetiva-se demonstrar que uma autofundamentação reflexiva da filosofia é capaz de justificar inclusive as proposições científicas e as normas ético-morais. No final desta pesquisa, aponta-se para a relevância da proposta apeliana ao enfrentar o desafio imposto pela historificação do pensar, não por meio de uma postura destranscendentalizante da razão, porém, pelo caminho de uma fundamentação última não metafísica para além das contingências histórico-sociais, retomando assim, o específico da reflexão filosófica enquanto tematização dos princípios universalíssimos de nosso pensar e agir.

The ability to innovate and launch customized products that are well matched to customer demands is a competitive factor for many manufacturing companies. Development of highly customized products requires following an engineer-to-order business process to allow the products to be modified or adapted to new customers’ specifications, which brings more value to the customer and profit to the company. Design of a new product variant involves a large amount of repetitive and time consuming tasks but also information handling activities that are sometimes beyond human capabilities. Such work that does not rely so much on creativity can be carried out more efficiently by applying design automation systems. Design automation stands out as an effective means of cutting costs and lead time for a range of well-defined design activities and is mainly considered as a computer-based tool that processes and manipulates the design information. Adaptation and variant design usually concern generating a new variant of a basic design, which has been developed and proved previously, according to new customer’s demands. In order to efficiently generate a new variant, a deep understanding of the previous design is essential. Such understanding can be achieved by access to the design rationale explaining the reasons and justifications behind the design. Maintenance of design automation systems is essential to retain their usefulness over time and adapt them to new circumstances. New circumstances are, for example, introduction of new variants of existing products, changes in design rules in order to meet new standards or legislations, or changes in technology. To maintain a design automation system, updating the design knowledge (e.g. design rules) is required. Use of design rationale will normally become a necessity to allow a better understanding of the knowledge. Consequently, there is a need of principles and methods to enable capture, structure, and access design rationale. In this study, a framework for modeling design knowledge and managing design rationale in order to support maintenance of design automation systems is presented. Managing of design rationale concerns enabling capture, structure, and access to design rationale. In order to evaluate the applicability of the framework, the findings are tested through design automation systems in two case companies. / Impact / Adapt

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Neste trabalho aborda-se o tema da transformaÃÃo da filosofia realizada por Karl-Otto Apel a partir da radicalizaÃÃo da reviravolta linguÃstico-pragmÃtica atravÃs da demonstraÃÃo do carÃter ineliminÃvel da prÃxis linguÃstica para o saber em geral por meio de uma atitude estritamente autorreflexiva do pensamento unido à linguagem sobre as pressuposiÃÃes irrecusÃveis da argumentaÃÃo enquanto tal. Para tanto, investigam-se os principais delineamentos teÃricos para uma transformaÃÃo semiÃtica da filosofia transcendental clÃssica, especialmente a semiÃtica tridimensional peirceana. Ademais, objetiva-se demonstrar que uma autofundamentaÃÃo reflexiva da filosofia à capaz de justificar inclusive as proposiÃÃes cientÃficas e as normas Ãtico-morais. No final desta pesquisa, aponta-se para a relevÃncia da proposta apeliana ao enfrentar o desafio imposto pela historificaÃÃo do pensar, nÃo por meio de uma postura destranscendentalizante da razÃo, porÃm, pelo caminho de uma fundamentaÃÃo Ãltima nÃo metafÃsica para alÃm das contingÃncias histÃrico-sociais, retomando assim, o especÃfico da reflexÃo filosÃfica enquanto tematizaÃÃo dos princÃpios universalÃssimos de nosso pensar e agir. / This paper is on the theme of the transformation of Philosophy held by Karl-Otto Apel from the radicalization of linguistic and pragmatic twist by showing the ineradicable nature of linguistic praxis for the general knowledge by means of a strict self-reflexive attitude of thought along with the language on the assumptions of the irrefutable argument as such. To this end, we investigate the main theoretical features for a semiotic transformation of the classic transcendental philosophy, especially the three-dimensional Peircean semiotics. Moreover, the objective is to demonstrate that a self-reflexive philosophy is able to justify scientific propositions as well as ethical and moral standards. The end of this research points to the relevance of the proposal of Apel when he faces the challenge imposed by the âhistoricizationâ of the thought, not through an âuntranscendentalizingâ posture towards reason but in the way of an eventual non-metaphysical foundation â beyond the social and historical contingencies, thereby reflecting what is specific of the philosophical reflection as the themes of the universal principles of our thinking and acting.

As the markets’ needs change rapidly, developing a variety of products that meet customers’ diverse needs is a competitive factor for many manufacturing companies. Development of highly customized products requires following an engineer-to-order business process to allow the products to be modified or adapted to new customers’ specifications, which brings more value to the customer and profit to the company. The design of a new product variant involves a large amount of repetitive and time-consuming tasks but also information handling activities that are sometimes beyond human capabilities. Such work that does not rely so much on creativity can be carried out more efficiently by applying design automation systems. Design automation stands out as an effective means of cutting costs and lead time for a range of well-defined design activities and is mainly considered as a computer-based tool that processes and manipulates the design information. Variant design usually concern generating a new variant of a basic design, that has been developed and proved previously, according to new customer’s demands. To efficiently generate a new variant, a deep understanding of the intention and fundamentals of the design is essential and can be achieved through access to design rationale—the explanation of the reasons and justifications behind the design. The maintenance of product families and their corresponding design automation systems is essential to retaining their usefulness over time and adapting them to new circumstances. Examples of new circumstances can include the introduction of new variants of existing products, changes in design rules to meet new standards or legislations, or changes in technology. To maintain a design automation system, updating the design knowledge (e.g. design rules) is required. The use of design rationale will normally become a necessity for allowing a better understanding of the knowledge. Consequently, there is a need for principles and methods that enable the capture and structure of the design rationale and sharing them with the users. This study presents methods and tools for modeling design knowledge and managing design rationale in order to support the utilization and maintenance of design automation systems. Managing design rationale concerns enabling the capturing, structuring, and sharing of design rationale. The results have been evaluated through design automation systems in two case companies. / Att kunna erbjuda kundanpassade produkter har blivit allt viktigare för många tillverkande företag. Utformningen av en ny produktvariant involverar en stor mängd repetitiva och tidskrävande uppgifter men även informationshanteringsaktiviteter som ibland är bortom mänskliga möjligheter. Sådant arbete som inte förlitar sig så mycket på kreativitet kan genomföras mer effektivt genom att använda designautomatiseringssystem. Designautomatisering framstår som ett effektivt sätt att minska kostnader och ledtid för en rad väldefinierade designaktiviteter och betraktas huvudsakligen som ett datorbaserat verktyg som analyserar och syntetiserar designinformationen. Variantdesign handlar vanligtvis om att skapa en ny variant av en grundläggande design, som har utvecklats och bevisats tidigare enligt nya kunders krav. För att effektivt skapa en ny variant är en djup förståelse för designens avsikt och grundläggande uppbyggnad avgörande och kan uppnås genom tillgång till ”design rationale”- förklaringen av skälen och motiveringarna bakom designen. Underhållet av produktfamiljer och deras motsvarande designautomatiseringssystem är viktigt för att behålla användbarheten över tid och anpassa dem till nya omständigheter. Exempel på nya omständigheter kan innefatta införande av nya varianter av befintliga produkter, ändringar av designregler för att uppfylla nya standarder, lagstiftningar eller tekniska ändringar. För att upprätthålla ett designautomatiseringssystem krävs uppdatering av designkunskapen (t ex designregler). Användningen av design rationale kommer normalt att bli en nödvändighet för att ge en bättre förståelse av kunskapen. Följaktligen finns det ett behov av principer och metoder som möjliggör fångande och strukturering av design rationale och dela dem med användarna. Denna studie presenterar metoder och verktyg för modellering av designkunskap och hantering av design rationale för att stödja utnyttjande och underhåll av designautomatiseringssystem. Vid hantering av design rationale gäller det att göra det möjligt att fånga, strukturera och dela med sig av design rationale. Resultaten har utvärderats genom att undersöka effekterna av dem i designautomationssystem i två företag.

O volume crescente de projetos de pesquisa que envolvem software motiva a realização de análises sobre os processos utilizados no desenvolvimento desses projetos, considerando-se as atividades realizadas, os resultados obtidos e a aplicação de recursos. Na área de Engenharia de Software, processos têm sido propostos nos últimos anos com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa que envolvem software. Busca-se, de forma geral, auxiliar o gerenciamento dos diversos artefatos que podem ser gerados, por exemplo, modelos, código fonte, relatórios técnicos e artigos científicos. As soluções apresentadas na literatura começaram a ser propostas recentemente e, portanto, os estudos realizados nessa área apresentam-se em estágio bastante inicial. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi definir um processo para o desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa envolvendo software, que esteja de acordo com um conjunto de requisitos identificado e que possa contribuir para a evolução desses projetos. Para reforçar a continuidade dos projetos, foi estudada a abordagem de design rationale, com o objetivo de oferecer meios para que as decisões sejam capturadas e registradas em fases específicas do desenvolvimento. O processo de documentação foi enfatizado, ou seja, foi investigado como a abordagem de design rationale poderia ser utilizada para melhorar a documentação dos projetos de pesquisa. Como um resultado obtido, foi definido um modelo para representação de design rationale (DR-SACI), implementado em uma ferramenta CASE e avaliado em um experimento / The increasing volume of research projects in the context of software is a motivation for analyzing processes which are used to develop such projects, regarding activities that are carried out, results that are gathered and application of resources. In the Software Engineering area, recently, processes have been considered with the objective to contribute for research projects development in which software is an element. Overall, the main purpose is to help management overtime of artifacts that can be produced, such as, models, code, technical reports and scientific papers. However, research developed in this direction and solutions discussed in the literature are presented in an initial stage. Therefore, the objective of this work was to define a process for development of research projects regarding a set of requirements. It is expected that such process can be useful to contribute for evolution of these projects. To reinforce the aspect of research project evolution, the design rationale approach was studied. The goal was to provide the opportunity of capturing and registering decisions in specific development phases. The documentation process was emphasized, i.e., the design rationale approach was analyzed focusing on the improvement of research projects documentation. As a result, a model for design rationale representation was defined, implemented in a CASE tool and evaluated by means of an experiment

This study engaged fourth and fifth graders in solving a set of proportional tasks with focused discussion and concept development by the teacher. In order to understand the students’ ability to generalize the concept, they were asked to write problems that reflected the underlying concepts in the tasks and lessons. A qualitative analysis of the student generated problems show that the majority of the students were able to generalize the concepts. The analysis allowed for a discussion of problems solving approaches and a rich description of how students applied multiplicative reasoning in composing mathematics problems. These results are couched in a discussion of how the students solved the proportional reasoning tasks.

This thesis presents a new method that improves upon the existing approaches to developing collaborative tools. The new method uses automatically inferred and manually recorded design rationale to intelligently filter the information that is shared by a collaborative tool. This represents an improvement upon the existing state of the art in collaborative engineering tools. To demonstrate the viability of the method three collaborative tools were created. The first is a multi-user collaborative design environment tool named SimulPart and built upon the NX CAD package. SimulPart uses the new method to limit the amount of communication required to keep every user in synch during a multi-user co-design session. The second implementation is a visual history tool named VisiHistory that allows designers to watch time lapse videos of the creation of a design that are automatically generated using the new method. The final tool is an intelligent user directory named SmartHelp that uses the new method to allow designers to identify which of their peers have expertise in certain CAD operations. Validation was performed for each of these tools by benchmarking the tool against the leading commercial solution or industry process. The results of the validation showed that the new method does in fact offer a superior collaborative solution as it outperforms the existing tools and methods in several key collaborative metrics. As a result of this work future efforts are encouraged into both improving upon the quality of the inferred design rationale and increasing the functionality of the three tools created using the new method.

Genom en kvalitativ analys har jag försökt påvisa möjligheten i att kombinera de båda begreppsramarna habitus och förgrund. Jag har en intervjuat en elev i årskurs 1 på en yrkesföreberedande skola och utifrån en narrativ ansats analyserat hans matematiska livsberättelse. Jag har valt att intervjua en elev från en yrkesföreberedande skola då min uppfattning var att han inte var lika beroende av teoretisk matematik som elever på studieförberedande utbildningar. Jag har kommit fram till att begreppet förgrund är en lämplig påbyggnad av habitus under en livsberättelse då begreppens styrkor ligger inom olika tidsramar samt att förgrunden, till skillnad från habitus, tillåter individen att lättare ändra på sitt förhållningssätt. Vidare verkar elevens habitus ifråga om matematiska föreställningar framförallt ha påverkats av familj och släkt samt förgrunden av generaliserade andre.

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