Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1931.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Psychology. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The aim of this study is to investigate how explicit CSR values are implemented in the organizational culture of companies through MCS. The focus is on which elements of MCS affect the tacit CSR values of employees, so that employee and corporate values can be aligned. Additionally, the role that shared values play on corporate social behavior is explored. To answer the research question both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by conducting multiple case studies. The primary data was collected through qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Secondary data was collected from the case companies’ official reports, codes of conduct and statements. A model was created to create a visualization of the concepts used in the theoretical framework. This study found that companies from nine different industries utilize MCS to align CSR values in their organization, and realize green marketing behavior. Shared values are created through four MCS; a belief system, a diagnostic control system, a boundary system and an interactive control system. These are the building blocks upon which positive corporate social behavior is grounded on. This study’s results provide managers tools to affect their company’s corporate social behavior. Additionally, on a broader level, this study indicates that green marketing and greenwashing behavior can be viewed as choices that companies can deliberately make. Managers can affect the corporate social behavior of their company and are therefore responsible for the path they choose regarding CSR.

The social brain hypothesis predicts that larger group size and greater social complexity select for increased brain size. In ants, social complexity is associated with large colony size, emergent collective action, and division of labor among workers. The great diversity of social organization in ants offers numerous systems to test social brain theory and examine the neurobiology of social behavior. My studies focused on the Australasian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, a polymorphic species, as a model of advanced social organization. I critically analyzed how biogenic amines modulate social behavior in ants and examined their role in worker subcaste-related territorial aggression. Major workers that naturally engage in territorial defense showed higher levels of brain octopamine in comparison to more docile, smaller minor workers, whose social role is nursing. Through pharmacological manipulations of octopaminergic action in both subcastes, octopamine was found to be both necessary and sufficient for aggression, suggesting subcaste-related task specialization results from neuromodulation. Additionally, I tested social brain theory by contrasting the neurobiological correlates of social organization in a phylogenetically closely related ant species, Formica subsericea, which is more basic in social structure. Specifically, I compared brain neuroanatomy and neurometabolism in respect to the neuroecology and degree of social complexity of O. smaragdina major and minor workers and F. subsericea monomorphic workers. Increased brain production costs were found in both O. smaragdina subcastes, and the collective action of O. smaragdina majors appeared to compensate for these elevated costs through decreased ATP usage, measured from cytochrome oxidase activity, an endogenous marker of neurometabolism. Macroscopic and cellular neuroanatomical analyses of brain development showed that higher-order sensory processing regions in workers of O. smaragdina, but not F. subsericea, had age-related synaptic reorganization and increased volume. Supporting the social brain hypothesis, ecological and social challenges associated with large colony size were found to contribute to increased brain size. I conclude that division of labor and collective action, among other components of social complexity, may drive the evolution of brain structure and function in compensatory ways by generating anatomically and metabolically plastic mosaic brains that adaptively reflect cognitive demands of worker task specialization and colony-level social organization.

A model of family influences on the development of antisocial behavior and scholar problems in adolescents is presented. Two-hundred four students of junior and high school were assessed. Data were analyzed through a structural equation model. Results showed that child abuse, a no cooperative family and mothers' alcohol consumption had a direct effect on antisocial behavior,which in turn promoted delinquen behavior and negatively affected school grades of students. Delinquency and mothers' alcohol consumption had an influence on students' school problems,which could be partially overturned by their social abilities. Results suggest the necessity of counselling for families in arder to prevent school problems and bad grades in adolescents. / Se presenta un modelo de influencias familiares en el desarrollo de conducta antisocial, delictiva,rendimiento y problemas escolares en adolescentes. Doscientos cuatro estudiantes de educación secundaria y preparatoria fueron evaluados y sus respuestas se analizaron en un modelo estructural. Los resultados mostraron que el maltrato de los padres, el vivir en una familia no cooperativa y la ingesta de alcohol y drogas de la madre influía en el desarrollo de conducta antisocial, la cual promovía el comportamiento delictivo y afectaba negativamente el promedio escolar. La conducta delictiva y la ingesta de alcohol de la madre influían en los problemas escolares,los cuales podían ser parcialmente revertidos por las habilidades sociales de los jóvenes. Se observó la necesidad de orientación escolar a las familias para prevención.

A criação de novilhas pode utilizar aditivos fitogênicos, como o extrato de chá-verde (Camellia sinensis L.) para melhorar aspectos ligados à sanidade e eficiência digestiva. Todavia existem poucas informações sobre os seus efeitos no comportamento animal. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de diferentes doses do extrato herbal de chá-verde no comportamento social e ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 35 novilhas não prenhes e com idades entre 14 e 15 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e medidas repetidas no tempo. O comportamento foi avaliado nos períodos diário (24 horas) e diurno (11 às 20:30 horas), e foi observado visualmente de forma individual em intervalos de 10 minutos. As variáveis estudadas foram: tempo em decúbito direito, tempo em decúbito esquerdo, tempo deitada total, tempo em estação, tempo em ócio, tempo ruminando, tempo pastejando, e a frequência com que os animais caminhavam, corriam, ingeriam água, ingeriam sal, interagiam e tinham comportamento de dominância/dominada entre eles. Os atributos comportamentais contínuos foram avaliados quanto ao efeito das doses de extrato de chá verde, segundo a análise de regressão e análise de variância, testando os efeitos de dia de avaliação, doses e sua interação, e os atributos comportamentais eventuais foram analisados usando regressão logística. Em relação ao comportamento diário (24h), a inclusão do extrato de chá verde na dieta aumentou linearmente o tempo deitada em decúbito direito e reduziu o tempo em pastejo. Os demais atributos não tiveram diferenças significativas. Em relação ao comportamento diurno, a inclusão do extrato de chá verde na dieta de novilhas influenciou o tempo deitada em decúbito direito, as que receberam 3g apresentaram maiores tempos em decúbito direito comparados com aquelas que receberam 2g. A chance de ocorrência de interações entre os animais diminuiu em 30% a cada grama de extrato de chá verde fornecida no alimento. Nos demais atributos não houve diferenças significativas. O extrato de chá verde altera em parte o comportamento ingestivo, diminuindo as atividades de pastejo, enquanto aumenta o tempo de permanência deitada em decúbito direito e diminui as interações sociais entre os animais. / In the production of dairy heifers, phytogenic additives, such as green tea extract (Camellia sinensis L.) might be used to improve aspects of health and digestive efficiency. There is limited information of the effects on performance and animal behavior. This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of green tea herbal extract in the diet on the ingestive and social behavior of dairy heifers. Thirty-five non-pregnant heifers, aged between 14 and 15 months, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and repeated measures. The behavior was visually observed individually and focal at 10 minute intervals. The variables studied were: time spent in right decubitus, in left decubitus, lying, standing, resting, ruminating, grazing, and the frequency animals walked, ran, drank water, ate salt, interacted and had dominance/submission behavior. Continuous behavioral attributes were evaluated for the effect of green tea extract doses, according to regression analysis and analysis of variance, testing the effects of valuation date, doses and their interaction, and discrete or categorical behavioral attributes were analyzed using logistic regression. Regarding the daily behavior (24 hours), the inclusion of green tea extract in the diet linearly increased the time lying on right decubitus and reduced grazing time. The other attributes did not differ significantly. Regarding the diurnal behavior, green tea extract in heifers’ diet influenced the lying time on right decubitus, those receiving 3g spent more time in right decubitus than those receiving 2g. The chance of occurrence of interactions between animals decreased by 30% every 1g of green tea extract of grass added into the diet. No differences were detected for other attributes. Green tea extract alters partially feeding behavior, reducing grazing activities, while it increases the time lying in right decubitus and reduces social interactions among animals.

xi, 111 p. : ill. (some col.) / Excitatory glutamatergic synapses facilitate important aspects of communication between the neurons that govern complex forms of behavior. Accordingly, small differences in the molecular composition of glutamatergic synapses have been suggested to underlie neurodevelopment disorders, drive evolutionary changes in brain function and behavior, and enhance specific aspects of cognition in mammals. The appropriate development and later function of these structures in the adult involves the wellcoordinated activities of hundreds of molecules. Therefore, an important goal in neuroscience is to identify and characterize how specific molecules contribute to the development of excitatory synapses as well as how manipulations of their function impact neural systems and behavior throughout life. This dissertation describes two important contributions toward this effort, (1) that the newly discovered molecule, Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (SynCAM1) specifically contributes to the early stages of glutamatergic synapse formation and (2) that Neuroligin1 (NL1) contributes to the mature function of glutamatergic synapses and mature forms of behavior in vivo. In the first set of experiments, I developed an in vitro cell based assay in order to determine the minimal molecular components necessary to recruit developmentally relevant glutamate receptor subtypes to sites of adhesion mediated by SynCAM1. In these experiments we discovered that protein 4.1B interacted with SynCAM1 in order to cause the specific recruitment of the NMDA type glutamate receptor containing the NR2B subunit. In the second set of experiments, we show that expression of NL1 missing the terminal 55 amino acids enhanced short term learning and flexibility in behaving mice while increasing the number of immature excitatory postsynaptic structures. Interestingly, this behavioral profile had components more consistent with 1 month old juvenile controls than age matched control littermates. In contrast, full length NL1 overexpression impaired learning and enhanced perseverance while yielding an increase in the proportion of synapses with mature characteristics. These results suggest that NL1's C-terminus drives the synaptic maturation process that shapes the development of complex behavior. Both studies bolster our understanding of how specific molecules impact the development of excitatory synapses and complex behavior. This dissertation includes both my previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: William Roberts, Chairperson; Philip Washbourne, Advisor; Victoria Herman, Member; Michael Wehr, Member; Judith Eisen, Member; Clifford Kentros, Outside Member

A criação de novilhas pode utilizar aditivos fitogênicos, como o extrato de chá-verde (Camellia sinensis L.) para melhorar aspectos ligados à sanidade e eficiência digestiva. Todavia existem poucas informações sobre os seus efeitos no comportamento animal. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de diferentes doses do extrato herbal de chá-verde no comportamento social e ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 35 novilhas não prenhes e com idades entre 14 e 15 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e medidas repetidas no tempo. O comportamento foi avaliado nos períodos diário (24 horas) e diurno (11 às 20:30 horas), e foi observado visualmente de forma individual em intervalos de 10 minutos. As variáveis estudadas foram: tempo em decúbito direito, tempo em decúbito esquerdo, tempo deitada total, tempo em estação, tempo em ócio, tempo ruminando, tempo pastejando, e a frequência com que os animais caminhavam, corriam, ingeriam água, ingeriam sal, interagiam e tinham comportamento de dominância/dominada entre eles. Os atributos comportamentais contínuos foram avaliados quanto ao efeito das doses de extrato de chá verde, segundo a análise de regressão e análise de variância, testando os efeitos de dia de avaliação, doses e sua interação, e os atributos comportamentais eventuais foram analisados usando regressão logística. Em relação ao comportamento diário (24h), a inclusão do extrato de chá verde na dieta aumentou linearmente o tempo deitada em decúbito direito e reduziu o tempo em pastejo. Os demais atributos não tiveram diferenças significativas. Em relação ao comportamento diurno, a inclusão do extrato de chá verde na dieta de novilhas influenciou o tempo deitada em decúbito direito, as que receberam 3g apresentaram maiores tempos em decúbito direito comparados com aquelas que receberam 2g. A chance de ocorrência de interações entre os animais diminuiu em 30% a cada grama de extrato de chá verde fornecida no alimento. Nos demais atributos não houve diferenças significativas. O extrato de chá verde altera em parte o comportamento ingestivo, diminuindo as atividades de pastejo, enquanto aumenta o tempo de permanência deitada em decúbito direito e diminui as interações sociais entre os animais. / In the production of dairy heifers, phytogenic additives, such as green tea extract (Camellia sinensis L.) might be used to improve aspects of health and digestive efficiency. There is limited information of the effects on performance and animal behavior. This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of green tea herbal extract in the diet on the ingestive and social behavior of dairy heifers. Thirty-five non-pregnant heifers, aged between 14 and 15 months, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and repeated measures. The behavior was visually observed individually and focal at 10 minute intervals. The variables studied were: time spent in right decubitus, in left decubitus, lying, standing, resting, ruminating, grazing, and the frequency animals walked, ran, drank water, ate salt, interacted and had dominance/submission behavior. Continuous behavioral attributes were evaluated for the effect of green tea extract doses, according to regression analysis and analysis of variance, testing the effects of valuation date, doses and their interaction, and discrete or categorical behavioral attributes were analyzed using logistic regression. Regarding the daily behavior (24 hours), the inclusion of green tea extract in the diet linearly increased the time lying on right decubitus and reduced grazing time. The other attributes did not differ significantly. Regarding the diurnal behavior, green tea extract in heifers’ diet influenced the lying time on right decubitus, those receiving 3g spent more time in right decubitus than those receiving 2g. The chance of occurrence of interactions between animals decreased by 30% every 1g of green tea extract of grass added into the diet. No differences were detected for other attributes. Green tea extract alters partially feeding behavior, reducing grazing activities, while it increases the time lying in right decubitus and reduces social interactions among animals.

abstract: Social structure affects many aspects of ecology including mating systems, dispersal, and movements. The quality and pattern of associations among individuals can define social structure, thus detailed behavioral observations are vital to understanding species social structure and many other aspects of their ecology. In squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes), detailed observations of associations among individuals have been primarily limited to several lineages of lizards and have revealed a variety of social structures, including polygynous family group-living and monogamous pair-living. Here I describe the social structure of two communities within a population of Arizona black rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerberus) using association indices and social network analysis. I used remote timelapse cameras to semi-continuously sample rattlesnake behavior at communal basking sites during early April through mid-May in 2011 and 2012. I calculated an association index for each dyad (proportion of time they spent together) and used these indices to construct a weighted, undirected social network for each community. I found that individual C. cerberus vary in their tendency to form associations and are selective about with whom they associate. Some individuals preferred to be alone or in small groups while others preferred to be in large groups. Overall, rattlesnakes exhibited non-random association patterns, and this result was mainly driven by association selection of adults. Adults had greater association strengths and were more likely to have limited and selected associates. I identified eight subgroups within the two communities (five in one, three in the other), all of which contained adults and juveniles. My study is the first to show selected associations among individual snakes, but to my knowledge it is also the first to use association indices and social network analysis to examine association patterns among snakes. When these methods are applied to other snake species that aggregate, I anticipate the `discovery' of similar social structures. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2012

Le concept d’affectivité (LAMY, HDR (2011)) est une variable indépendante dont Lamy, Guéguen& Fischer-Lokou (2008, 2009,2010) vont mesurer les effets par évocation sémantique sur le comportement pro social. Comme l’évocation sémantique du concept de liberté (Gueguen & Pascual, 2000, 2002), le concept d’affectivité facilite l’action. Amorcer sémantiquement un concept par la violence testée par Todorov et Bargh (2002), une phrase (Banaji, Hardin & Rothman, 1993), un objet (McCall et Belmont, 1996), permet de modifier les jugements voire les comportements de l’individu (Devine, 1989 ; Bargh, Chen et Burrows, 1996). Nous testons les effets de l’amorçage du concept d’affectivité par un mot sur le comportement pro-social. Six expérimentations sont conduites pour explorer cette hypothèse. Les résultats montrent que le comportement pro-social est facilité lorsque que le concept d’affectivité est amorcé visuellement par le mot « AIMER » pour obtenir un acte de don, qu’il y ait interaction ou non avec l’individu ; de même l’influence de ce concept introduit oralement dans une phrase, facilite la production du comportement attendu. Le symbole de l’affectivité exprimé par un flyer en forme de cœur, permet d’obtenir un don plus fréquemment qu’un flyer de forme rectangulaire. Enfin, le verbe « AIMER » comparé à l’expression symbolique d’un cœur rouge apposé sur un tee-shirt, permet d’obtenir plus de don. La force du concept d’affectivité amorcé par le mot « AIMER » introduit dans l’environnement de l’individu visuellement sur un tee-shirt dans une demande explicite ou implicite d’aide ou oralement introduit dans la phrase d’interaction avec l’individu, facilite le comportement attendu. La théorie des réseaux sémantiques explique ces résultats. La perspective de ce travail est de tester ce concept d’affectivité chez l’enfant, dans d’autres cultures, d’explorer le lexique mental afin d’identifier les concepts susceptibles d’influencer positivement l’action pro-sociale. / The concept of affectivity (LAMY, HDR (2011)) is an independent variable that Lamy, Guéguen &Fischer-Lokou (2008, 2009,2010) will measure the effects by semantic evocation on pro-socialbehavior. As the semantic evocation of the concept of freedom (Gueguen & Pascual, 2000, 2002),the concept of affectivity facilitates action. Semantic Beginning of a Concept by Violence Tested byTodorov and Bargh (2002), a sentence (Banaji, Hardin & Rothman, 1993), an object (McCall and Belmont, 1996) makes it possible to modify the judgments or behaviors of the individual (Devine, 1989; Bargh, Chen and Burrows, 1996). We test the effects of the initiation of the concept of affectivity by a word on pro-social behavior. Six experiments are conducted to explore this hypothesis. The results show that pro-social behavior is facilitated when the concept of affectivity is visually initiated by the word "LOVE" in order to obtain an act of giving, whether or not there is an interaction with the individual; Similarly, the influence of this concept introduced orally into a sentence facilitates the production of the expected behavior. The symbol of affectivity expressed by a flyer in the shape of a heart, makes it possible to obtain a gift more frequently than a flyer of rectangular form. Finally, the verb "AIMER" compared to the symbolic expression of a red heart affixed on a tee-shirt, makes it possible to obtain more donation. The force of the concept of affectivity initiated by the word "LOVE" introduces into the environment of the individual visually on a tee shirt in an explicit or implicit request for help or orally introduced in the phrase of interaction with the " Individual, facilitates the expected behavior. The theory of semantic networks explains these results. The perspective of this work is to test this concept of affectivity in children, in other cultures, to explore the mental lexicon in order to identify the concepts likelyto positively influence the pro-social action.