Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-17T12:18:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maíse Soares Pereira.pdf: 1072154 bytes, checksum: 1d57ed3cafa138c0d99a0265873c519b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T12:18:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maíse Soares Pereira.pdf: 1072154 bytes, checksum: 1d57ed3cafa138c0d99a0265873c519b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-16 / Nenhuma / Até algumas décadas visto como fenômeno sociológico, o boca-a-boca tem sido utilizado como tática de marketing para disseminação de informação, persuasão e conquista de novos clientes. De forma crescente, uma das estratégias que as empresas estão descobrindo para melhor aproveitá-lo se traduz na construção de programas de marketing boca-a-boca, que nada mais é do que a gestão de recomendações provocadas pela organização, via incentivo a um grupo de participantes. Essas iniciativas suscitam novas abordagens e questionamentos, considerando possíveis problemas éticos sobre a credibilidade deste tipo de recomendação, bem como trazendo o foco dos estudos sobre boca-a-boca para seu receptor, ao contrário do extenso corpo de pesquisa sobre seus antecedentes. Para tentar preencher estas lacunas de conhecimento do que faz alguém aceitar uma recomendação e qual o impacto dela fazer parte de um programa incentivado de marketing boca-a-boca é que esta tese se apresenta. Objetivando conhecer e mensurar as fontes de influência para a aceitação de uma recomendação boca-a-boca, este estudo, após revisão de pesquisas sobre o tema, propôs um modelo capaz de relacionar e mensurar o impacto de um conjunto de elementos influenciadores para a aceitação de uma recomendação, bem como o efeito específico da participação em programa incentivado de marketing boca-a-boca. Após investigação qualitativa, com 12 entrevistas em profundidade para compreensão e refinamento dos elementos, uma survey foi aplicada a 350 participantes, público em geral. O instrumento de coleta de dados aplicado continha uma abordagem retrospectiva - inquirindo sobre recomendações passadas recebidas - e uma apresentação de cenário hipotético - inquirindo sobre a participação da recomendação em programa incentivado de marketing boca-a-boca. Como resultados do modelo, destaca-se a expertise de quem recomenda, bem como a similaridade que este possui com quem recebe a recomendação, os elementos mais relacionados à mensagem recomendada e sua consequente predisposição a aceitá-la. Ainda, foi possível identificar que o incentivo não anula a predisposição de aceitação da recomendação, no entanto, provoca sua redução, sugerindo cautela em sua utilização. Outros resultados do estudo ainda foram discutidos, bem como suas implicações para a academia e comunidade empresarial. / Considered over the last decades as a sociological phenomenon, word-of-mouth (WOM) has been used as a marketing tool for information diffusion, persuasion and customer winning. One of the growing company strategies due to these activities are the word-of-mouth marketing programs, which offer a group of current customers incentives to talk positively about their products/services to others. Such initiatives raise new approaches and concerns, considering possible ethical dilemmas about WOM credibility and also changing its focus from WOM givers to those who receive it. Hence, this dissertation is presented in order to fulfill the knowledge gaps of what makes someone accept a WOM recommendation and the impact of it coming from a company organized marketing program. Aiming to identify and measure sources of influence for WOM recommendation acceptance, the present study proposes, after literature review, a relational model able to correlate and measure the impact of a group of elements on WOM acceptance willingness as well as the particular effect of it being part of a company designed marketing campaign. So as to identify new and refine theoretical elements, a qualitative inquiry of 12 in-depth interviews was held which results conveyed input to a survey applied to 350 interviewees. Data collection questionnaire presented a retrospective design – inquiring about past received recommendations – and also a hypothetical scenario presentation – implying the recommendation being part of a company designed marketing program. Main model results indicate provider’s expertise as well as its similarity with receiver most related elements to WOM message and its resultant acceptance willingness. Still, findings could show company incentive does not annul recommendation acceptance willingness, however causes its reduction, suggesting caution on its usage. More detailed findings were discussed in the study, as well as its implications to academy and business community.

由聯合國環境署和世界氣象組織在1988年成立之「跨政府氣候變遷小組」（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，IPCC）公佈之「2007氣候變遷報告」中指出，近五十年來觀察到之暖化現象極可能係由人類活動所導致。報告中引用最新科學研究資料指出，氣候變暖之趨勢正在加快，明顯可觀察到之現象包括：極端氣溫天氣之增多、全球海平面上升、一些地區乾旱加重、冰川融化、冰蓋萎縮等等。這種快速氣候變遷所帶來的衝擊，對於地球生態而言，是一種嚴峻的考驗。 台灣地處亞熱帶，且因所在地理位置，深受海洋與大氣交互作用之影響，再加上地形狹窄、河道短促等自然環境因素影響，使台灣成為颱風頻繁的地方；除了颱風本身外，颱風之累積雨量與單位時間內之降雨量又屢創新高，甚至出現了罕見之冬颱；其所附帶的豪雨，造成重大損失。 我國文獻對於颱風洪水險是否作為政策性保險之討論較少，故本論文希望能就颱風洪水險是否適合做為政策性保險加以探討。首先，從氣候風險管理之角度著手，收集現行國內外氣候變遷現況之資料，提出氣候巨災風險管理之方法。再介紹外國與我國現行之颱風洪水保險制度，並論述颱風洪水保險制度之設計原則與方式。接下來，介紹政策性保險，並針對颱風洪水保險可否為政策性保險為違憲審查。最後，針對颱風洪水險作為政策性保險之可行性進行研討，提出可行之方案，並與我國現行已存在之政策性保險相比較，討論我國現行颱風洪水保險之優缺點，再為制度之抉擇。之後，再討論相關問題，以作為我國以後是否發展強制或半強制颱風洪水險之參考。

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jan. 31, 2007). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-85).

The urgency of sustanible development is world-over issue. This essay focuses on the relations of enviromental ethics in the context of the Swedish upper secondary school and the subject of geography, by analysing different educational texts. The purpose of this essay is to reveal and identify discourses of enviromental ethics in curriculum documents; Lgr 11 and the plan- and the coursedocuments for the subject of geography, in educational publisher’s textbooks and in sponsored texts related to the subject of geography and finally to discuss potential consequences this might implicate for education. For this have the methodology of Norman Fairclough´s critical discourse theory, CDA, as well as a matrix of environmental ethics, based upon Mikael Stenmarks classifications of enviromental ethics, been used. In the Cirriculum, Lgr 11 and documents for the subject of Geography, and in the educational textbooks from “Liber” and “Gleerups”, are the environmental ethics of intergenerational anthropocentrism the dominant. The analysis of the sponsored texts and the educational textbook from “Natur och Kultur” indicated a mixture of anthropocentric traditionell environmental and anthropocentric intergenerational enviromental ethics. None of the analysed texts shows any clear non-anthropocentric features. And to conclude; we have seen that the consequences of uncritically select and follow, independent “type” of educational texts, is not a garant for fulfilling the intentions of curriculum. / Föreliggande uppsats syfte är att identifiera och därmed åskådliggöra miljöetiska diskurser i styrdokument, förlagsläroböcker och sponsrade läromedel i en gymnasie- och ämnesgeogra­fisk kontext, och diskutera dess eventuella pedagogiska konsekvenser. Uppsatsens frågeställ­ningar är: Vilka miljöetiker kan synliggöras i läroplanen Lgr 11 och i ämnesplans- liksom kursbeskrivningarna för geografi? Vilka miljöetiker kan synliggöras i dels förlagsproduce­rade läroböcker och dels i sponsrade läromedel med geografianknytning, och vilka eventuella pedagogiska konsekvenser kan detta ge upphov till? Analysen utgår från Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella kritiska diskursanalys, CDA, och Mikael Stenmarks miljöetiska kategoriserar. I arbetet likställs Mikael Stenmarks kategoriseringar av olika miljöetiker som motsvarande miljöetiska diskurser. Styrdokumenten uppvisar kopplingar till en ämnesakademisk tradition och till det intergene­rationellt miljöetiskt färgade begreppet hållbar utveckling. De tre förlagsproducerade geogra­filäroböckerna tycks följa samma intergenerationella antropocentriska grundhållning. Detta är dock mer tydligt hos de två nyare Lgr 11-anpassade läroböckerna från Liber och Gleerups än den från Natur och kultur. För samtliga analyserade texter på styrdokumentsnivån och de förlags­producerade läroböckerna kan biocentriska och ekocentriska tendenser sägas vara uteslutna med några enstaka undantag. Sammantaget följer detta resultaten från tidigare studier inom samma ämnesområde väl. I de sponsrade texterna från Utbudet framträder en mer heterogen miljöetik, där både en traditionell miljöetik och intergenerationell gör sig närvarande. Här tycks även någon form av miljövänlighetsdiskurs skymta fram, vilken eventuellt kan knytas till en större reklam- och försäljningsdiskurs. De pedagogiska konsekvenserna rör främst de risker som hör till ett ensidigt och okritiskt för­hållningssätt till och användande av läromedel, vilka kan leda till att läroplaners intentioner går förlorade. I föreliggande arbete kan detta ses i frånvaron av de icke-människocentrerade miljöetikerna i de undersökta läromedelstexterna. Vikten av olika etiska perspektiv är något som både Lgr 11 och geografiämnets styrdokument påtalar vikten av. Dessa och liknade frågor torde bli allt viktigare i utbildningssammanhang inte minst i takt med att allt fler producerar numera genom Internet lättåtkomliga läromedel. Sedan kan ju alltid frågor kring om det i dagsläget alls existerar läromedel som verkligen lyfter etiska perspektiv utanför den antropocentriska, och vilka konsekvenser detta kan innebära ställas?

This research focuses on online brand communities from a brand management perspective. The purpose of this study is to contribute to understanding of online brand communities by examining differences in brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities, and to extend research into online brand communities by examining online brand communities for a sports brand. The first phase of this study investigates how consumption practices differ in brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities. Online brand communities for the All Blacks brand were selected as a case study for this research. The All Blacks brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities were observed for eight weeks and afterwards discussions in both communities were analysed for two weeks to identify consumption practices. Ethical issues pertinent to this research design meant raw comments and discussions could not be collected and instead discussions were immediately analysed through a coding process. The second phase of this study investigates marketing industry expert views on brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities. Interviews with three representatives from service and sports organisations were held. The findings from this research contribute to literature on online brand communities by demonstrating brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities differ in consumption practices, language, self-expression, modes of interaction, and legitimacy. This study also extends research into online brand communities by investigating online brand communities for sports brands. Findings imply there are minimal differences between online brand communities for service or sports brands compared with online brand communities for goods. The outcomes from this research may also have a number of implications for marketers, hoping to capitalise on the growth of online brand communities.

Orientador: Flávio Keidi Miyazawa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_ViniciusdeNovaesGuimaraes_M.pdf: 1343382 bytes, checksum: e44e4ecf8abf29e4b44af22979e1269b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Uma das fontes de receita mais lucrativas da internet são os anúncios para sites de busca. O crescimento deste mercado bilionário foi, em média, 20% ao ano nos últimos anos. Como o público alvo e variedade de anunciantes deste mercado são grandes e diversificados, um pequeno aumento da eficiência deste mecanismo representa um grande aumento de receita para os sites. Neste trabalho discutimos a evolução dos mecanismos usados neste mercado, identificando as razões destas mudanças. Avaliamos os mecanismos usados atualmente, modelando-o de formas diferentes e calculando o seu preço da anarquia / Abstract: Sponsored search auction is one of the most profitable sources of revenue on the internet. The growth of this market was, on average, 20% per year over the past years. Since the target audience and advertiser variety are big and diverse, a small increase in efficiency in this mechanism can bring a huge increase in the sites profits. In this work we discuss the evolution of the mechanisms used in this market, identifying the reasons of these changes. We evaluate the currently used mechanism, modeling in different ways and calculating the price of anarchy / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Denna studie handlar om hur ett sponsrat blogginlägg av en influencer inkodas och hur läsarna i kommentarerna avkodar meddelandet och reagerar på inlägget. Studiens syfte är att öka förståelsen för hur läsare avkodar sponsrade blogginlägg. Vi antog innan genomförandet att fler skulle avkoda meddelandena på ett sätt som skulle vara mer kritiskt gentemot samarbetet, därför har det gjorts en teoriprövande studie av Stuart Halls teori om inkodning och avkodning. För uppnå vårt syfte har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Med hjälp av analytiska begrepp från MCDA har vi undersökt både inläggen samt de tillhörande kommentarerna och tagit fram de relevanta delarna i materialet. Detta har sedan analyserats med våra teoretiska begrepp. För att se hur influencern, i vårt fall Isabella Löwengrip, förmedlar känslor som ett sätt att inkoda ett meddelande använde vi oss av de retoriska övertalningsmedlen ethos, pathos och logos. När kommentarerna analyserades användes de tre hypotetiska positionerna från receptionsteorin för att se hur läsarna avkodade meddelande. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av läsarna avkodade meddelandet som Isabella Löwengrip avsett och hamnade i den dominerande/hegemoniska positionen. Det går att utläsa i analysen att inte alla som kommenterar befinner sig i den dominerande/hegemoniska positionen. Slutsatsen blir att receptionsteorin, närmare bestämt Stuart Halls teori om inkodning och avkodning stämmer då olika individer avkodar ett meddelande på olika sätt. Detta betyder att antagandet om att mottagarna ställer sig kritiskt gentemot samarbeten på den utvalda bloggen inte stämmer. / This study is about how a sponsored blog post of an influencer is encoded and how the readers in the comments decode the message and respond to the post. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of how readers decode sponsored blog posts. We assumed before the implementation that more people would decode the messages in a manner that would be more critical of the cooperation, so a theory-based study of Stuart Hall's theory of encoding and decoding has been made. To achieve our purpose, we have used a qualitative content analysis. With the help of analytical concepts from MCDA, we have investigated both the submissions and the accompanying comments and developed the relevant parts of the material. This has since been analyzed with our theoretical concepts. To see how a influencer, in this case Isabella Löwengrip, imparts feelings as a way of writing a message, we used the rhetorical persuasions ethos, pathos and logos. When the comments were analyzed, the three hypothetical positions were used from the reception theory to see how readers decoded the message. The result showed that the majority of readers decoded the message that Isabella Löwengrip intended and ended up in the dominant/hegemonic position. It is possible to read in the analysis that not everyone commenting is in the dominant/hegemonic position. The conclusion is that the reception theory, more specifically Stuart Hall's theory of encoding and decoding, is correct when different individuals decode a message in different ways. This means that the assumption that recipients are critical of the cooperation on the chosen blog do not match.

Higher education in post-independence Kenya from 1963 to 2009 has been characterized by rapid expansion - both in terms of student enrolment and in a sharp increase in the number of both private and public universities. While national and institutional mechanisms, such as the establishment of a revolving fund, the Higher Education Loans Board and the introduction of the Privately Sponsored Students Programme, have been initiated to address the sharp demand for higher education against a backdrop of diminishing financial support, violent student unrest - which seriously undermined these efforts - has persisted. A sustained period of student unrest has characterized Kenya‟s higher education. This has manifested itself in the form of violent protests, riots, boycotts and strikes. Statistics indicate that the intensity/frequency and violence of the strikes has steadily increased over the years. For example, between 1969 and 2000 sixty-nine cases of student strikes were recorded at all the public universities. Of these cases, twenty-two (31.88%) occurred within a time span of 20 years (1969-1989) while forty-seven cases (68.12%) occurred in a short period of just one decade (1990-2000).At Moi University twenty-four cases of strikes, which affected its colleges and campuses, were recorded between 1985 and 2009. In terms of radical policy adaptation at both national and institutional levels, one would expect a downward trend in unrest. Instead, however, the frequency and intensity of violence associated with strikes has increased at an alarming rate with several deaths being reported. As such, this study has investigated the factors that have contributed to, and informed, a sustained period of student unrest with a specific focus on Moi University in order to identify policy lessons. Global, national and institutional aspects were examined. A case study strategy was applied - with Moi University as its focus. Data was collected through an in-depth review of the relevant literature, document analysis and interviews. Past and present senior management staff members at Moi University, including Deans of Faculties, Deans of Students, Heads of Departments, and Heads of Sections as well as former student leaders were interviewed. The study concludes in its findings that the university is operating within a highly dynamic and unstable social-political environment, leading to the emergence of inadequate policy adaptations. The resultant shortcomings in the operations of the university attract the wrath of an informed student population in the form of unrest. The students action is not however simply reactionary, as they too, as change agents have their own agenda that evolves over time as they seize opportunities created by the policy shortcomings to pursue it. The study summarized the salient factors responsible for the violent unrest in five broad thematic areas. These include: (i) Unrest associated with flawed international and national policies and social pressure; (ii) Unrest associated with critical national issues and identification with progressive change agents; (iii) Unrest associated with student politics;(iv) Unrest associated with social identity and threats of their welfare from organized groups; and (v) Unrest associated with the prevalence of institutional catalyzing factors. A typical strike develops through four main phases: (i) The development/ brewing phase; (ii) The heightened tension phase; (iii) The full blown strike phase; and (iv) The dissipation/uneasy calm phase. Organizational disequilibrium describes the general state of instability characterizing the university, while organizational paranoia is associated with instances of devastating strikes during a heightened tension phase. A strike matrix of Spontaneous vs Orchestrated and Flash vs Protracted typify the strikes. Unrest has led to the disruption of academic programmes; the destruction of property and deaths; a loss of critical study time; and damage to students‟ careers caused by suspensions and expulsions. The need for a well-considered policy that involves exhaustive consultation with all the stake-holders emerges as critical for the future stability of universities. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / am2013 / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

The focus of this study is to establish how victimization through violence has affected the families who are interviewed. The purpose is to describe how the family’s world has changed in different moments during the political strife in South Africa. The different context or moments are those of political inactivity, the struggle years, the period after the struggle when the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was constituted and the new world order in which the families continue with their lives. Using a phenomenological approach, the experiences of families subjected to different forms of political violence, such as disappearances of victims, torture in detention and death in detention, are discussed. The literature review on violence in the South African context situates any discourse which occurred within the broader social, historical and political context. Systems Theory, Social Identity Theory and an Integrated Theory of Political Violence are used as theoretical perspectives in understanding the interconnectedness between violence which affected the families in the present study and the whole society. The qualitative research interview method postulated by Kvale (1996) has been used to collect data from the families. This procedure has enabled the researcher to study the data as it emerged thus allowing an understanding of the essential meanings implicit in the participants’ descriptions of their experiences. The data consists of audio taped interviews conducted with twenty-two members from ten families. This resulted in twenty-two protocols which were transcribed and analysed. The analysis of the protocols, though used differently from the situated structure identified by Wertz (1983), brought essential themes common to all participants. The research findings reveal themes which demonstrate that experiences of the families subjected to political violence had an impact on their lives. They remember living routinely before the struggle against the apartheid structures. This is remembered as a very long time. The struggle years brought disintegration of the family unit as people fled their homes into exile. Others disappeared, were detained, tortured and dies in prison. The relationship between the families and their children was that of concern, as parents discouraged their children to participate in the political activities. The effects of violence culminated in hardship for many families as they experienced an absence of a helpful community, alienation from political organizations, and distrust of the State during the time that missing family members could not be traced by the security police. This distrust also existed among the communities who were experiencing suffering through incidents of black on black violence. The introduction of the TRC, as a major these with sub-themes of healing and forgiveness, is perceived positively by these families. At last, they feel that through this process their suffering of loss of their children, husbands and wives is acknowledged. However, there are divergent opinions about this acknowledgement, as research findings point to an incomplete sense of individual healing for these families though they have told their stories of pain and suffering. This is a controversial issue which needs further research to explicate if individual experience off the victim is perceived to be similar to the collective experience of the broader community. The performance of rituals and memories on behalf of their dead fulfils an important healing role for the families. There is ambivalence about forgiveness for many families as they feel that perpetrators who seek amnesty have not made full disclosures about their activities. There is polarization that surfaces between the present government and the families who testified with regard to reparation which was included as a clause in the TRC process. The families in the present study perceive that in order to continue with the new world order, they have to be compensated for their suffering. Further research should investigate if reparations to individuals who testified before the TRC would be healing, before implementing processes that would heal the whole nation. / Thesis (DPhil (Psychotherapy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

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