O desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle em plataformas de tempo real é uma tarefa que envolve Engenharia de Controle e Ciência da Computação. Nas últimas décadas, estas áreas se desenvolveram como áreas independentes. Este trabalho busca diminuir distância entre as áreas propondo a utilização de métodos de Engenharia de Software em uma fase de modelagem do software de controle. Uma das propostas apresentadas no trabalho é a utilização de frameworks orientados a objetos no processo de Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) para substituir a geração automática de código, eliminar os problemas de integração com código legado e tornar o processo RCP mais interativo. Outra proposta é a utilização de plataformas para RCP composta por uma camada de hardware real, uma camada SOTR e uma camada de aplicação formada pelo framework para análise e desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle centralizado ou distribuído. / The development of real-time platform control systems is a task that involves Control Engineering and Computer Science. In the last decade, these areas have developed independent from each other. This paper seeks to decrease the distance between this areas, by proposing the use of Software Engineering methods in a software control modeling phase. One of the propositions in this paper is the use of object orientated frameworks in the Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) process to substitute the automatic code generation, thus eliminating the problems with the legacy code and making the RCP process more interactive. Another proposition is the use of RCP directed platforms composed by a real hardware layer, a RTOS layer and an application layer formed by the framework for the analysis and development of the centralized or distributed control systems.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse de la parole audio-visuelle. Dans la littérature disponible dans ce domaine, la plupart des approches traite le problème en le divisant en deux problèmes de synthèse. Le premier est la synthèse de la parole acoustique et l'autre étant la génération d'animation faciale correspondante. Mais, cela ne garantit pas une parfaite synchronisation et cohérence de la parole audio-visuelle. Pour pallier implicitement l'inconvénient ci-dessus, nous avons proposé une approche de synthèse de la parole acoustique-visuelle par la sélection naturelle des unités synchrones bimodales. La synthèse est basée sur le modèle de sélection d'unité classique. L'idée principale derrière cette technique de synthèse est de garder l'association naturelle entre la modalité acoustique et visuelle intacte. Nous décrivons la technique d'acquisition de corpus audio-visuelle et la préparation de la base de données pour notre système. Nous présentons une vue d'ensemble de notre système et nous détaillons les différents aspects de la sélection d'unités bimodales qui ont besoin d'être optimisées pour une bonne synthèse. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de synthétiser la dynamique de la parole plutôt qu'une tête parlante complète. Nous décrivons les caractéristiques visuelles cibles que nous avons conçues. Nous avons ensuite présenté un algorithme de pondération de la fonction cible. Cet algorithme que nous avons développé effectue une pondération de la fonction cible et l'élimination de fonctionnalités redondantes de manière itérative. Elle est basée sur la comparaison des classements de coûts cible et en se basant sur une distance calculée à partir des signaux de parole acoustiques et visuels dans le corpus. Enfin, nous présentons l'évaluation perceptive et subjective du système de synthèse final. Les résultats montrent que nous avons atteint l'objectif de synthétiser la dynamique de la parole raisonnablement bien / This work deals with audio-visual speech synthesis. In the vast literature available in this direction, many of the approaches deal with it by dividing it into two synthesis problems. One of it is acoustic speech synthesis and the other being the generation of corresponding facial animation. But, this does not guarantee a perfectly synchronous and coherent audio-visual speech. To overcome the above drawback implicitly, we proposed a different approach of acoustic-visual speech synthesis by the selection of naturally synchronous bimodal units. The synthesis is based on the classical unit selection paradigm. The main idea behind this synthesis technique is to keep the natural association between the acoustic and visual modality intact. We describe the audio-visual corpus acquisition technique and database preparation for our system. We present an overview of our system and detail the various aspects of bimodal unit selection that need to be optimized for good synthesis. The main focus of this work is to synthesize the speech dynamics well rather than a comprehensive talking head. We describe the visual target features that we designed. We subsequently present an algorithm for target feature weighting. This algorithm that we developed performs target feature weighting and redundant feature elimination iteratively. This is based on the comparison of target cost based ranking and a distance calculated based on the acoustic and visual speech signals of units in the corpus. Finally, we present the perceptual and subjective evaluation of the final synthesis system. The results show that we have achieved the goal of synthesizing the speech dynamics reasonably well

Target of rapamycin est une large kinase conservée chez la plupart des eucaryotes. Elle est au centre d’une voie de signalisation régulant la croissance, le métabolisme en fonction de l’environnement et a été largement étudiée chez l’homme du fait de son implication dans des maladies telles que le cancer. Chez les plantes, son étude est moins avancée mais le développement d’inhibiteurs ATP compétitifs chez l’homme a offert de nouvelles possibilités pour la recherche en biologie végétale. En effet, l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de TOR nous a permis de réaliser le criblage d’une banque de mutants ethyl méthansulfonate et de découvrir une nouvelle cible de TOR : YAK1. Cette dernière régule la croissance en inhibant la prolifération. Le criblage de mutants a également permis de découvrir des mutations dans TOR affectant sa sensibilité ou son affinité pour l’inhibiteur. Ceci offre un nouvel outil pour étudier la fonction de TOR de plantes. / Target of rapamycin is a large kinase existing in most eucaryots such as plants and animals. It is at the center of a signaling pathway regulating growth and metabolism in response to environmental changes, which has been the subject of many studies in humans because of its implication in diseases like cancer. However in plants, the exploration of this pathway is less advanced but the development of ATP competitive inhibitors in humans has offered new possibilities for plant research. Indeed, the use of a TOR inhibitor has allowed us to screen an ethyl methansulfonate mutant bank and discover a new target of TOR: YAK1. The latter regulates growth by inhibiting proliferation notably through cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitors. The screen also allowed us to uncover TOR mutations which potentially affect TOR activity and/or affinity to the inhibitor. This offers a new tool for the study of TOR function in plants.

<p>In our ever more international world, the English language plays an important role. This is</p><p>also reflected in its prominent position as a core subject in the Swedish school system. It is</p><p>therefore important that English teachers offer students an environment in which they have</p><p>the best possible opportunities to be successful in reaching the goals specified in the</p><p>syllabuses. One variable in a successful foreign language classroom is the teacher's usage</p><p>ofthe target language.</p><p>This study is about English teachers' views on the issue of target language usage in the</p><p>classroom, versus usage of the mother tongue. In this study, at Upper Secondary level, the</p><p>interviews show that the teachers are, more or less, in agreement that the target language</p><p>should be used all the time in the classroom. There are, however, occasions in which the</p><p>interviewed teachers do not work according to their own beliefs and methods and revert to</p><p>using Swedish. The main such occasions can briefly be said to be: explanation of grammar,</p><p>non-subject related "mentor's issues" and classroom management issues. In addition, this</p><p>study argues that the governing documents, previous research, as well as well-known</p><p>theories on the subject support a high usage of the target language by the teacher.</p>

In our ever more international world, the English language plays an important role. This is also reflected in its prominent position as a core subject in the Swedish school system. It is therefore important that English teachers offer students an environment in which they have the best possible opportunities to be successful in reaching the goals specified in the syllabuses. One variable in a successful foreign language classroom is the teacher's usage ofthe target language. This study is about English teachers' views on the issue of target language usage in the classroom, versus usage of the mother tongue. In this study, at Upper Secondary level, the interviews show that the teachers are, more or less, in agreement that the target language should be used all the time in the classroom. There are, however, occasions in which the interviewed teachers do not work according to their own beliefs and methods and revert to using Swedish. The main such occasions can briefly be said to be: explanation of grammar, non-subject related "mentor's issues" and classroom management issues. In addition, this study argues that the governing documents, previous research, as well as well-known theories on the subject support a high usage of the target language by the teacher.

Eine der drei Säulen der Krebsbehandlung ist die Strahlentherapie. Einer der neuesten Ansätze hierbei ist die Bestrahlung mit Ionen, zurzeit insbesondere Protonen und Kohlenstoffionen. Diese Hochpräzisionstherapie erfordert ein hohes Maß an Kontrolle, da die applizierte Dosisverteilung sehr empfindlich von Dichteveränderungen im durchstrahlten Gewebe abhängt. Das bisher einzige klinisch eingesetzte Verfahren zur in vivo Überwachung der Dosisapplikation bei Ionenbestrahlungen ist die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET). Sie ermöglicht eine Verifikation der Teilchenreichweite sowie der Lage des Bestrahlungsfeldes. Die mit der PET-Methode gemessene Aktivitätsverteilung lässt sich jedoch nicht direkt mit der geplanten Dosisverteilung vergleichen. Daher ist eine Vorherberechnung der erwarteten Aktivitätsverteilung auf der Grundlage des Bestrahlungsplanes notwendig, welche dann mit der Messung verglichen wird und eine qualitative Beurteilung der Bestrahlung ermöglicht. Die Vorherberechnung der erwarteten Aktivitätsverteilung erfordert bislang die Kenntnis einer Vielzahl von Wirkungsquerschnitten. Nur für wenige dieser Wirkungsquerschnitte liegen jedoch Messdaten im benötigten Energiebereich und mit ausreichender Genauigkeit vor. Daher verwenden viele Monte-Carlo-Simulationen intrinsische Kernmodelle oder semi-empirische Modellierungen, die häufig eine unzureichende Genauigkeit aufweisen. In Fachkreisen ist bisher noch nicht geklärt, welches die optimale Ionensorte für die Tumortherapie ist. Insbesondere Lithiumionen weisen aufgrund ihrer physikalischen und radiobiologischen Eigenschaften ein großes Potenzial auf. Auch für Bestrahlungen mit diesen Ionen ist ein PET-Monitoring der Therapie erstrebenswert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zunächst die Anwendbarkeit der Reichweite-Verifikation mittels PET bei Bestrahlung mit Lithiumionen gezeigt. Des Weiteren wird ein Konzept zur Modellierung der Positronenemitter-Verteilung ohne Kenntnis der Wirkungsquerschnitte entwickelt. Diese Vorhersage beruht auf in Referenzmaterialien (Wasser, Graphit und Polyethylen) gemessenen tiefenabhängigen Positronenemitter-Yields, mit welchen durch geeignete Linearkombination die Verteilung der Positronenemitter in beliebigen Materialien bekannter Stöchiometrie vorausberechnet werden kann. Die Anwendbarkeit des Yield-Konzeptes wird gezeigt für Lithium- und Kohlenstoffbestrahlungen homogener Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) Targets sowie verschiedener inhomogener Targets.

In this thesis study, single target tracking algorithms including IMM-PDA and IMM-IPDA algorithms / Optimal approaches in multitarget tracking including IMM-JPDA, IMM-IJPDA and IMM-JIPDA algorithms and an example of Linear Multi-target approaches in multitarget tracking including IMM-LMIPDA algorithm have been studied and implemented in MATLAB for comparison. Simulations were carried out in various realistic test scenarios including single target tracking, tracking of multiple targets moving in convoy fashion, two targets merging in a junction, two targets merging-departing in junctions and multitarget tracking under isolated tracks situations. RMSE performance, track loss and computational load evaluations were done for these algorithms under the test scenarios dealing with these situations. Benchmarkings are presented relying on these outcomes.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa möjligheter och begränsningar med olika tekniska system för att identifiera kontakter på stridsfältet, främst med avseende på att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Uppsatsen skall också belysa om införande av tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter är den enskilt bästa metoden för att undvika vådabekämpningar. Syftet är att läsaren skall uppnå en förståelse för vad olika typer av system för identifiering kan bidra med för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Utöver detta belyses andra nackdelar och fördelar med de olika tekniska systemen förutom just inom området identifiering. Uppsatsen beskriver olika händelser där vådabekämpningar skett och kopplar dessa mot hur olika tekniska system eventuellt hade kunnat minska risken för att vådabekämpningen skulle ha skett. Uppsatsen beskriver också ett antal olika tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter på stridsfältet. / The purpose of this essay is to shed light on possibilities and limitations regarding different systems for identification of contacts on the battlefield, mainly for the purpose of reducing fratricide. The essay will also shed light on if the introduction of systems for identification on the battlefield is the best one single method that will reduce fratricide. The purpose is that the reader will achieve an understanding of how different systems for target identification will reduce the risk for fratricide. In addition the possibilities and limitations of other systems in the field of combat identification will also be addressed. The essay describes different events where fratricide has occurred and connects these events with the possibilities and limitations of the identification systems described and how these systems could have reduced the risk for fratricide. The essay also describes different systems for target identification and combat identification.

Då dagens konflikter ofta utspelar sig mitt ibland civilbefolkningen och där aktörerna kan utgöras av allt från miliser till kriminella gäng ställs det nya krav på de militära förmågorna för att kunna agera i dessa komplexa miljöer. En generell trend för dagens artilleriförband är att de används till att verka mot mindre målgrupper utgörandes av två till fyra personer. Erfarenheter från konflikter i likhet med de i Irak och Afghanistan har visat på vikten av tillgång till precisionsbekämpning med indirekt eld för att undvika förluster bland de civila. En förutsättning för att kunna genomföra precisionbekämpning är att målets position kan lägesbestämmas med en mycket hög noggrannhet. Med hjälp av ett digitalt eldledningsstödssystem innehållandes en tredimensionell digital karta kopplat till EOI:et kan positionsfel i måluttaget i en urban miljö reduceras till under metern. / Today's conflicts often take place among the civilian population. Combatant can range from militias to criminal gangs. These conditions put new demand on the military capabilities to operate in these complex environments. A general trend of today's artillery units is that they must be able to act against smaller targets represented of groups of two - four persons. Experience from conflicts like those in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the need for the ability of precision fire in order to avoid casualties among the civilians and to reduce the risk of collateral damage. A prerequisite for the implementation of precision fire are that the target position can be determined with a very high accuracy.   With help of a digital fire management support systems containing a three-dimensional digital map linked to the FOI the target location error for the target in an urban environment can be reduced completely.

The Bethe-Weizsäcker cycle consists of a set of nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium and release energy in the stars. It determines the luminosity of low-metal stars at their turn-off from the main-sequence in the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram, so its rate enters the calculation of the globular clusters’ age, an independent lower limit on the age of the universe. The cycle contributes less than 1% to our Sun’s luminosity, but it produces neutrinos that can in principle be measured on Earth in underground experiments and bring direct information of the physical conditions in the solar core, provided that the nuclear reaction rate is known with sufficient precision. The 14N(p,γ)15O reaction is the slowest reaction of the Bethe-Weizs¨acker cycle and establishes its rate. Its cross section is the sum of the contributions by capture to different excited levels and to the ground state in 15O. Recent experiments studied the region of the resonance at Ep = 278 keV. Only one modern data set from an experiment performed in 1987 is available for the high-energy domain. Both energy ranges are needed to constrain the fit of the excitation function in the R-matrix framework and to obtain a reliable extrapolated S-factor at the very low astrophysical energies. The present research work studied the 14N(p,γ)15O reaction in the LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) underground facility at three proton energies 0.36, 0.38, 0.40MeV, and in Dresden in the energy range Ep = 0.6 - 2MeV. In both cases, an intense proton beam was sent on solid titanium nitride sputtered targets, and the prompt photons emitted from the reaction were detected with germanium detectors. At LUNA, a composite germanium detector was used. This enabled a measurement with dramatically reduced summing corrections with respect to previous studies. The cross sections for capture to the ground state and to the excited states at 5181, 6172, and 6792 keV in 15O have been determined. An R-matrix fit was performed for capture to the ground state, that resolved the literature discrepancy of a factor two on the extrapolated S-factor. New precise branching ratios for the decay of the Ep = 278 keV resonance were measured. In Dresden, the strength of the Ep = 1058 keV resonance was measured relative to the well-known resonance at Ep = 278 keV, after checking the angular distribution. Its uncertainty is now half of the error quoted in literature. The branching ratios were also measured, showing that their recommended values should be updated. Preliminary data for the two most intense transitions off resonance are provided. The presence in the targets of the other stable nitrogen isotope 15N with its well- known isotopic abundance, allowed to measure the strength of two resonances at Ep = 430 and 897 keV of the 15N(p,αγ)12 C reaction, improving the precision for hydrogen depth profiling.