Uppsatsen undersöker lärares och elevers attityd till och kunskap om språkriktighetsfrågorna de, dem och dom samt var och vart. Syftet är att undersöka attitydskillnader mellan skolans olika grupper kopplat till elevernas kunskapsnivå för att finna eventuella samband mellan dem, både från ett lärarperspektiv och elevperspektiv. Uppsatsen utgår från teorierna språkideologi, standardspråksteori, normdiskurs samt språklig verbal hygiene. Två enkäter konstruerades och skickades ut till både svensklärare samt högstadie- och gymnasieelever. Resultatet visade att lärarna hade en större vilja att bevara den mer traditionella språkriktigheten, men även eleverna visade både en vilja och önskan att lära sig normativ språkriktighet, med undantag för attityden till dom-reformen. Eleverna hade en större upplevd kunskapsnivå i var och vart än i de, dem och dom-frågan, men resultatet från kunskapstestet visade motsatsen. Man kunde inte urskilja några tydliga samband mellan ökad ålder/erfarenhet och attityd/kunskap bland lärarna och eleverna, eftersom årskurs 8 visade högst kunskapsnivå i båda kunskapstesterna. Studiens slutsats är att språkbrukare bör kunna anpassa sitt språk efter formell och informell kontext och texttyp.

This project is a result of a master thesis, as well as a conclusion of a three-year artistic master’s degree in graphic design. It might be that this project is the start of something else, something new. A start on a jour- ney in which I hope to engage and inspire others to dare to challenge and raise awareness of issues related to gender equality in the workplace. Furthermore, I hope that this project can show how the choices you as a designer make affect its recipients. In this project, I investigate how graphic and visual design can contribute to counteracting gender norms that lead to inherent attitudes and expectations for how we should be. I also investigate how graphic and visual design can func- tion as an identity marker for gender equality in working life that raises awareness and incre- ases knowledge of the issue. This project shows how all design accommodates relationships between history, tradition, culture and social conditions. Approaching an understanding of how design affects its recipient later means looking at the social and cultural context in which the recipient lives. This project is focused on the area of Luleå municipality. The process throughout this project has not been straightforward, it consisted of an iterative design journey where I alternated between theory, artistic explora- tion, analysis and reflection. The project is also based on norm-creative methods where the core lies in looking at what fits, and why. This has led to investigations in the form of workshops, questionnaires and literature studies to form an understanding of Luleå municipality as a context in relation to social norms – but also to make visible which gender-coded expressions dominate its narrative. Based on my interpretation of these results, the process in this project has wandered through a visual exploration of aesthetic expressions and de- sign language. Design methods such as sketching, prototyping, moodboard and image analysis have been analysed to arrive at the design proposal presented in this project. The project resulted in a the concept Apropå!. The concept is expressed in the form of a website that provides a handbook and a workshop about equality. The concept is based on norm-creative methods where Apro- på! and its handbook aims to create awareness and increase knowledge about gender equality and gender norms, while the workshop contains the method card game Snacka! which aims to go from thought to action. The goal of the concept is to create rings on the water, provoke thoughts, to invite conversation and a discus- sion - to create commitment and inspiration for a more equal workplace.

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While previous mathematics education research has shown that norms can change in mathematics classrooms, little research has closely documented the struggles, concessions, and compromises involved in the negotiation process. Negotiating norms is a complex process entailing deliberate teacher moves intended to promote norms, often met with misunderstandings or resistance from students. This thesis documented the negotiation process that occurred when a teacher attempted to require conceptual explanations from students who had not previously been accustomed to doing so. I recorded six days of instruction in a 9th grade algebra unit, transcribed the class discussions, and inferred norms "at play" for each line of speech in the transcripts. Inspection of these norms revealed a hierarchy of norms, with groups of smaller micro norms constituting larger macro norms. The data showed that meeting a macro norm was done by meeting a sufficient number of its micro norms. In addition to describing a hierarchy of norms, I identified 7 norm negotiation moves (NNMs) used by the teacher, one of which was also used by students. I looked beyond individual lines of speech to analyze whole discussions to see how the teacher used NNMs to accomplish goals concerning norms. My analysis revealed that the teacher used a combination of multiple NNMs to achieve the purposes of introducing, refining, and reinforcing norms. These results offer researchers a new theoretical framework for the structure of norms and can give teachers additional insights into the process of norm negotiation, better preparing them to successfully negotiate norms as they create effective and supportive learning environments.

This thesis examines the ways in which the rapid economic changes, as portrayed in two Costa Rican novels, Única mirando al mar (1993) and Los Peor (1995) by Fernando Contreras Castro, serve as solid foundation for laying out the deep-rooted economic and political challenges that have profoundly affected not only Costa Rican society but many of the national institutions. It focuses on revealing the uprising unfertile relationship between the residents and the governmental institutions, whose monstrous model of behavior are incompatible with the Costa Rican Constitution and thus, generating a systematic shift in the social norms. It explores the historical and literary Costa Rican context demonstrating how the narrative shade considerable light on the complex system of governance and its fragility in a democratic society. / Master of Arts / This thesis examines the institutions and the monstrosities in two Costa Rican novels—<i>Única mirando al mar</i> (1993) by Fernando Contreras Castro and <i>Los Peor</i> (1995) by Fernando Contreras Castro—to explore how the rapid economic changes under the neoliberal paradigm in Costa Rica have affected not only the most vulnerable sector of the population of this country but such affection has spread to all the internal institution of the nation.

An architecture for norm-regulated multi-agent systems based on an algebraic approach to normative systems is instrumentalized and further developed. The core of the instrumentalization is a Prolog module, which together with a Java library can be used for creating client/server-based runtime systems. Norms are represented as conditional sentences, whose normative consequences are formulated by applying normative operators to descriptive conditions. From such general normative conditions follow normative sentences regarding specific states of affairs. These in turn result in permission or prohibition of individual actions in specific situations. Furthermore, an approach to turning runtime systems into instruments for problem-solving by using evolutionary mechanisms for evolving normative systems, is presented. The construction of norm-creating operators on conditions, which forms the basis for the representation of normative systems, is approached from two angles. (i) A logical analysis based on the Kanger-Lindahl theory of normative positions is conducted. This results in two extended sets of types of normative positions, and based on an algebraic version of one of these extended systems, a set of operators for creating agent-specific norms is constructed. (ii) An alternative analysis, which takes as its starting point a systematic exploration of types of state transitions, yields a set of norm-creating operators based on prohibition of transition types. It is furthermore argued that in the context of a class of transition systems, in which transitions are deterministic and associated with a single agent performing an act, operators based on (ii) specify a meaningful semantics of operators based on (i). Theoretical results together with shared code and example applications contribute to make possible theoretically sound, transparently described, and efficiently implemented norm-regulated autonomous agent systems. / En arkitektur för normreglerade multiagentsystem baserad på en algebraisk representation av normativa system instrumentaliseras och vidareutvecklas. Kärnan i instrumentaliseringen utgörs av en Prolog-modul som tillsammans med ett Java-bibliotek kan användas för att skapa client/server-baserad körbar kod. Normer representeras som ordnade par av grundvillkor och följdvillkor. De senare konstrueras genom att normativa operatorer appliceras på deskriptiva villkor. Från sådana generella normativa villkor följer normativa satser om specifika sakförhållanden, vilka i sin tur ger upphov till förbud mot eller tillåtelse att utföra enskilda handlingar i olika situationer. Vidare skisseras en metod för att göra körbara multiagentsystem till verktyg för problemlösning genom att använda evolutionära mekanismer för att odla fram normativa system. Konstruktionen av normskapande operatorer på villkor, vilka ligger till grund för representationen av normativa system, betraktas ur två olika synvinklar. (i) En logisk analys, baserad på Kanger-Lindahls teori om normativa positioner. Denna resulterar i två utökade uppsättningar av typer av normativa positioner och utgående från en algebraisk version av ett av dessa utökade system konstrueras sedan en uppsättning operatorer för att skapa agentspecifika normer. (ii) En alternativ analys, som tar sin utgångspunkt i en systematisk undersökning av olika typer av tillståndsövergångar. Denna ger upphov till en uppsättning av normskapande operatorer som är baserade på förbud mot olika typer av övergångar. Argument presenteras vidare för att inom ramen för en klass av övergångssystem, där övergångar är deterministiska och associerade med en agent som utför en handling, så specificerar operatorer baserade på (ii) en meningsfull semantik för operatorer baserade på (i). Teoretiska resultat tillsammans med tillgängliggjord programkod och exempel på tillämpningar bidrar till att underlätta skapandet av teoretiskt sunda, transparent beskrivna och effektivt implementerade normreglerade system av autonoma agenter. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Forthcoming.</p>

Neue Normenkonzepte nach ISO /TR 14638 zwingen Unternehmen sich neu zu orientieren, um normgerechtes und wertschöpfendes Toleranzmanagement durchzuführen. INNEO-Produkte können dabei helfen.

This study was conducted to investigate norms for motherhood and gender equality among Swedish mothers. The aim was to find if there are differences in how women relate to the norms, how they control impressions they send out, and if there is any conflict regarding these norms. Used theoretical framework was norms in general and impression management. We used a qualitative approach, and conducted interviews with mothers of young children.   The results show that women relate to the norms about the good mother as a norm, feeling guilt and shame, not being able to reach up to all expectations, but also facing sanctions when being too good. On the other hand we find that the Swedish gender equality ideal, aren’t a norm but an ideal and that some women refer to equality in the household as a question of that both should be satisfied. We believe this is a proof of that the Swedish equality has not yet been integrated in the society norms, for our informants. We also find that norms and ideal affect the impression management. Various number of expectations therefore results into a norm conflict for the mother. All together these expectations are unreachable, and results in sanctions of for example guilt and shame. We introduce a new concept to describe all these norms and the norm conflict within the mother; norm conglomeration. Our conclusion are that to be a good mother you must be moderate both related to motherhood norms and ideals of gender equality.

With this project, I wish to question the processes of designing for normative, active bodies and create opportunities for more inclusive and democratic sports. It aims to render and re-engineer sports equipment as we know them.   The design thesis has been developed based on research and experiences of exclusion regarding accessible equipment for Parasports. From a norm-critical standpoint, my collaborator Ebba and I have therefore developed a new Paralympic seat and back support for the sport of rowing. As a norm-creative innovation, its design addresses the particularities of the individual body and its specific needs.  The project investigates the combination of co-creation, craft and norm-creative methods as a pragmatic and alternative approach to sports equipment. By 3D scanning Ebba’s body, digital and physical iterations were in combination with manual crafts, principles of the making. The result shows great potential as the equipment are fully functional, it consists of a sandwich construction with a (Nomex) core and layers of high modulus carbon fibre. The back support is adjustable in four axis points.  I state that if we want to engage in sustainable sports equipment, the notions of co-creation, norm-criticality and crafts have good potential in formulating inclusive and accessible outcomes that are both desirable, valuable and satisfying for people with disobedient bodies.

A indústria produtora de estanho e chumbo metálicos localizada em Pirapora do Bom Jesus, estado de São Paulo é responsável pela produção anual de cerca de 7000 toneladas de estanho e 350 toneladas de chumbo. A matéria prima utilizada nesse processamento é a cassiterita a qual apresenta em sua composição concentrações de radionuclídeos naturais de urânio e tório de 660 kBq kg-1 e 450 kBq kg-1 respectivamente. O processamento metalúrgico de redução e refino permite que esses radioanuclídeos fiquem concentrados principalmente no material particulado gerado pelas chaminés e pela dispersão da escória gerada que é estocada a céu aberto. A quantidade dessa escória rejeito atualmente estocada é estimada em 600000 toneladas. Esse trabalho pretende estudar o impacto radiológico ambiental da operação desse processamento e estabelecer seu Programa de Monitoramento Radiológico Ambiental (PMRA). Visando à realização desse trabalho, os contaminantes radioativos foram determinados na matéria prima, produtos, subprodutos, resíduo, lagoas e sistemas de exaustão. Na matéria prima os radionuclídeos provenientes da série de decaimento do urânio e do tório, apresentam-se praticamente em equilíbrio; durante o processamento esse equilíbrio é quebrado e os radionuclídeos migram de acordo com suas propriedades químicas. Concentrações de 31 kBq kg-1 para 238U, 69 kBq kg-1 para 226Ra, 2.5 kBq kg-1 para 210Pb, 130 kBq kg-1 para 232Th e 120 kBq kg-1 para 228Ra foram obtidas para escória rejeito. O impacto radiológico ambiental foi estabelecido pelo monitoramento dos radionuclídeos nos compartimentos críticos os quais podem causar doses de exposições ao público. Se a pilha de escória rejeito for considerada, os caminhos críticos são a exposição interna devido à inalação da poeira e a ingestão de água, decorrentes da re-suspensão e dispersão da pilha e da contaminação do lençol freático, respectivamente. Exposições externas se devem à imersão na nuvem radioativa e aos solos contaminados. Para a emissão de efluentes gasosos e materiais particulados das chaminés, os caminhos críticos são a exposição interna oriunda da inalação do radônio e exposição externa devido à imersão na nuvem radioativa e ao solo contaminado. As matrizes ambientais críticas definidas foram: águas subterrâneas, solo e ar, e os radionuclídeos U, Th, 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb. / The tin and lead industry located in Pirapora do Bom Jesus in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is responsible for the production of about 7000 ton year-1 of tin and 350 ton year-1 of lead. The raw material used in this facility is cassiterite, which presents in its composition concentrations of natural radionuclides from the uranium and thorium series up to 660 kBq kg-1 and 450 kBq kg-1, respectively. The smelting and refining processes may lead to concentrations of these radionuclides, mainly in the precipitated dust and in slag. In the operational process, intermediate refining and final slag are obtained and are stored in piles in open air. It is estimated that the amount of waste stored is about 600000 ton. This work aims to study the environmental radiological impact of the operation of this facility and to establish its Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program. In order to accomplish this task the content of radioactivity was determined in the raw material, products, byproducts, residue, deposition pond and exhausting systems. Although in the raw material the radionuclides from the uranium and thorium series are almost in equilibrium, during the processing this equilibrium is disrupted and the radionuclides migrate according to their chemical properties. Concentrations up to 31 kBq kg-1 for 238U, 69 kBq kg-1 for 226Ra, 2.5 kBq kg-1 for 210Pb, 130 kBq kg-1 for 232Th and 120 kBq kg-1 for 228Ra were obtained in the slag. The environmental radiological impact was established by measuring the radionuclides in the critical compartments that is the ones that may cause exposure to the public. If the residue pile is considered, the critical pathways are the internal exposition from the dust inhalation and the water ingestion, due to re suspension and dispersion of the pile dust and groundwater contamination, respectively; and external exposure due to immersion in the radioactive cloud and soil contamination. For the emission of gaseous and particulate effluents from the chimneys, the critical pathways are the internal exposition from the radon inhalation and external exposure due to immersion in the radioactive cloud and due to soil contamination. The environmental matrices defined as critical were: ground water, soil and air; and the critical radionuclides were U, Th, 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb.