Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Hospitality Management / Kristin Malek / Kevin R. Roberts / This experimental study explores how different marketing tactics, such as advertising types, message appeals, and social norms, influence attitude toward the advertisement, attitude toward the convention, and pro-environmental intention. This research has three objectives: to determine how message types in green advertising affect attitudes and intentions, to examine how message appeals in green advertising affect attitudes and intentions, and to investigate the role of social norms in green advertising in the formation of those attitudes and intentions. To examine the effects of message type, message appeals, and social norms on convention attendees’ behavioral intentions toward such a convention, a 2 (message type) x 2 (message appeals) x 2 (social norms) experimental design was adopted. This was chosen given its recognized ability to clarify associative relationships by enhancing internal validity and the robustness of findings. Several hypotheses were tested with a sample of convention attendees from the United States using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Specific findings from this study include that fact that green marketing messages combining verbal claims and visual claims were significantly more effective than messages using verbal claims only. Additionally, messages with emotional appeals were significantly more effective than ones with rational appeals and messages with injunctive norm claims were significantly more effective than ones with descriptive norm claims. As the first study of its kind to empirically investigate the use of green advertising in the context of conventions, this research involved several novel applications of various theories and a conceptual model. This study utilizes research from several disciplines whose examples can inform green marketing strategies in the convention industry. At the end, the researcher discusses the possible implications of its own findings for the convention industry in addition to its segment in the broader hospitality industry in the United States.

Succession planning and successor selection is a key theme in the FOB (Family Owned Business) literature. To enable the business to continue, FOB owner needs to decide who will be the next leader before resigning. Although the succession process is one of the most researched areas within the family business field, studies have mostly focused only on incumbent or successor viewpoints. However, the purpose of this study is to fill the gap and offers a different perspective on daughters’ succession by analysing owner, successor, and employee points of view. This dissertation aims to identify cultural patterns, and how factors based on different cultural patterns influence the daughter succession process in Turkish family businesses. Additionally, aim to reach novel insights regarding women entrepreneurs in Turkish FOBs, particularly how they gain business leadership positions, and the explicit and implicit factors determining the succession process. The research is grounded in the multidimensional model of succession process in family business theory, which has been expanded to include interactive and collaborative action, by addressing the family business cultural effects associated with stewardship theory. The adoption for this study of an epistemological interpretivist philosophy within a social constructivist perspective is justified. Data was collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 FOB owners and daughters, and surveys of 252 FOB employees to obtain information on their perspectives about selecting daughters as FOB successors.

The aim of this study is to discover how preschool teachers use their power toward children in circle time, and the different types of strategies of resistance children express as a response to the teacher's power performance. The analys is based on Michel Foucault's theory on power. This study focus on circle time in preschool, which plays a central role in daily activities where norms and rules create expectations for children about how they should behave. According to Foucault ́s theory the power exist where there is resistance. Norms is often used as a power implement in these contexts. We have used a qualitative method for this study, and observations have been made to collect data. The observations take place in two different departments in a preschool in Stockholm. This study shows that circle time still has the same structure today as it did when it originated in the 1800s. This structure includes the children being placed in a circle and that an adult who oversees leading the activity, which is a group adapted activity. The results also show a distinct power structure at circle time in preschools and that it affects children's choice to resist. Which indicates childrens impact and participation in preschool. The results of this study show that preschool teachers also have different personal approaches and rules during circle time. Which means that children will not adapt to the general rules in preschool as much as they adapt the leading teachers approach in circle time.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Mathematics

This dissertation provides support for the expansion of traditional definitions of information, to include experiential forms of data (e.g., attitudes, opinions, and familiarity related to the task at hand) that have typically been treated as nonsubstantive and therefore were often been excluded from most of the previous research on group information sharing. This study also examines how to effectively intervene when groups develop norms that privilege or suppress then mentioning of certain types of information during decision-making discussions. In an experimental design, groups worked on a series of three fact similar not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) cases. Findings indicate that the timing of the introduction of an intervention influences its effect, and that patterns of normative information use over time are different for traditional versus more experiential types of data.

The goal of effective rehabilitation should always be to restore “normal” function if possible. What is “normal” function? Although many subjective definitions may describe what is “normal”, it is the search for objective criteria of what constitutes “normality” that inspires exercise scientists worldwide! The primary aim of this study was to establish normative isokinetic torque values in young males, for rehabilitation purposes in South Africa. Four hundred and forty four (444) healthy male subjects participated in the study. A Cybex 340 isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure peak torque, using a quantitative experimental design. No correction was made for the effects of gravity. The following movement patterns were included: ankle plantar/dorsiflexion, knee flexion/extension, shoulder external/internal rotation, shoulder horizontal abduction/adduction, shoulder flexion/extension, elbow flexion/extension (using two different grip positions), and forearm pronation/supination. Descriptive statistics together with percentile scaling were used to develop normative values for the movement patterns studied. Normative values were presented in relative terms and expressed as a percentage in terms of Nm torque per kg body mass (% BM). In addition to the relative isokinetic torque values, the agonist/antagonist ratios were also expressed as a percentage. The percentile scales were also included to be used by clinicians involved in talent identification programmes and the screening of elite athletes. To conclude, normative isokinetic values were developed for young South African males. To enable subjects with large variations in body weight to utilize these norms, they were expressed in relative terms (% BM) instead of absolute terms (Nm). The possible benefit of the study was that population-specific and objective normative values were established for rehabilitation purposes and for use in sport science programs. / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Arts, Languages and Human Movement Studies Education / unrestricted

As the human population grows, so too does the need to understand human behavior. One particularly important aspect of human behavior is how it changes within conglomerations of people, i.e. crowds. In this thesis, a method for modeling crowd behavior is proposed. This method draws inspiration from the concept of behavioral intention and the related forces of attitudes, influences, and social norms. These topics are first defined and detailed, followed by a survey of related research. Next, the model is presented and adapted to three common crowd dynamics, each stressing a different component of behavioral intention. Observations are made about these models, and extensions to the models and directions for future research are considered.

This is a qualitative study that explores meanings around fatherhood among Xhosa fathers in Cape Town. In so doing, the dissertation goes on to explore attitudes, beliefs, and needs of these township fathers have with regards to taking care of their children. This is a descriptive and exploratory qualitative study which was conducted with a sample of 4 Xhosa fathers. Responses around fathering clustered into the following themes: challenging notions of nurturing as women's roles, changing patterns in fatherhood, fatherhood as a process, multiple ways of fathering, communal and familial support structures, and deviation from ‘traditional' norms and ‘traditional' ideas around fathering. The fathers in this study identified a number of benefits and opportunities to being good fathers who were actively involved in their children's lives.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Literature, Language and Media (Translation and Interpreting Studies), 2014 / As Herbert indicates (1952:82), “it is quite clear that in diplomatic conference the greatest attention should be paid to all nuances of words; while in gathering of scholars, technical accuracy will have greater importance; in a literary and artistic gathering, elegance of speech; and in a political assembly, forcefulness of expression.” This study aims to assess the impact of directionality on French and English interpreters working for the Pan-African Parliament (PAP). Directionality is whether interpreters should work from their B language or acquired language, into their A language or their native language (AIIC: 1999). Supporters of B-to-A interpreting indicate that interpreters are not at ease cognitively when interpreting from the A language into the B language due to more effort required to find corresponding expressions in their B language (e.g., Donovan, 2003; Seleskovitch, 1999). Those in favour of A-to-B interpreting, on the other hand, affirm that interpreters’ better comprehension of their native language may help them produce a more complete and reliable interpretation (Denissenko, 1989; Williams, 1995). This study explores the performance of French/English simultaneous interpreters in both directions by focusing on norms and strategies. The data for the study was gathered by means of questionnaire interviews and the recording of ten professional interpreters’ simultaneous interpretation performance during the Pan-African sessions and committees which took place in October 2013. The simultaneous interpreting processes of interpreters were analysed according to certain norms such as: accuracy, fluency and quality, and according to the strategies that they customise to avoid the traps contained in the source speeches of the parliamentarians. This study will assess whether or not French/English interpreters at the Pan-African Parliament do their work accordingly and with confidence when they are required to interpret in both directions. Directionality has to be understood well for interpreters to deliver quality interpreting required for good communication amongst parliamentarians.