Nosokomiale Infektionen bei Früh- und Neugeborenen stellen aufgrund ihrer hohen Inzidenz und Mortalität eine große Herausforderung für die moderne Versorgung dar. Außerdem sind sie Indikatoren für die Pflegequalität, wie auch Verletzungen und Gefäßschädigungen. In dieser retrospektiven Querschnittsstudie wurden die epidemiologische Situation nosokomialer Infektionen auf den neonatologischen Stationen der Universitätskinderklinik Leipzig für das Jahr 2006 beleuchtet, die Abhängigkeit der genannten Komplikationen von Plegepersonalqualifikation und –quantität untersucht, sowie die Stationsauslastung und Personalbesetzung mit deutschen Empfehlungen verglichen. Die Inzidenz systemischer Infektionen lag sowohl auf der neonatologischen Intensiv- als auch auf der Nachsorgestation unter dem deutschlandweiten Durchschnitt. Dagegen traten Lokalinfekte wie Windel-/ Mundsoor und Konjunktivitiden häufig auf. Das beobachtete Keimspektrum zeigte das aus der Literatur bekannte Bild, multiresistente Keime traten nicht auf. Bei der Untersuchung der Abhängigkeiten zeigte sich für die Intensivstation eine signifikante Häufung von Candidainfektionen bei geringerer Stationsauslastung und höherer Personalbesetzung, unabhängig von der Qualifikation des Personals. Auf der Nachsorgestation wurde eine vermehrte Zahl systemischer Infektionen bei höherem Anteil von Schwestern am Gesamtpersonal festgestellt. Beide Stationen waren gegenüber den Empfehlungen fast das ganze Jahr überbelegt und unterbesetzt. Gründe für die gefundenen Abhängigkeiten wurden vermutet in Informationsverlust und Trittbrettfahrerproblemen in größeren Kollektiven und verstärkter minimal-handling-Pflege und verstärkter Hygiene-Compliance in Stresssituationen. Die geringe Inzidenz systemischer Infektionen spricht für eine sichere Pflege und ist demnach sehr positiv zu bewerten, trotzdem sollten die Hintergründe für das Auftreten der Lokalinfekte, auch wenn sie meist einen milden Verlauf zeigten, überprüft werden. Eine Gesamtbeurteilung der Pflege ist anhand der gemachten Untersuchungen nicht möglich, da aufgrund der Retrospektive keinerlei Faktoren wie Belastungseinschätzung der Schwestern, Lerneinschätzung der Schüler oder Betreuungseinschätzung der Eltern einfließen konnten.

Thesis (MSc.(Medical Microbiology)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summary in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Medidas restritivas de controle de antimicrobianos têm sido propostas para controlar surtos epidêmicos de infecção por germes multirresistentes em hospitais, mas são escassas as publicações a respeito de sua eficácia. Em um estudo quaseexperimental com controles históricos, avaliou-se a efetividade de uma intervenção restritiva ao uso de antimicrobianos para controlar a emergência de germes multirresistentes em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos (UTI) de um hospital geral. Os Serviços de Controle de Infecção e Comissão de Medicamentos restringiu o uso de drogas antimicrobianas em pacientes hospitalizados na UTI a não mais que dois agentes simultaneamente, exceto em casos autorizados por aqueles serviços. A incidência de eventos clínicos e bacteriológicos foi comparada entre o ano que precedeu a intervenção e o ano que a seguiu. No total, 225 pacientes com idade igual ou maior de 15 anos , com infecção, internados na UTI por pelo menos 48 horas, foram estudados no ano precedente a intervenção e 263 no ano seguinte a ela. No ano seguinte à intervenção, um percentual menor de pacientes foi tratado simultaneamente com mais de dois antimicrobianos, mas não houve modificação no número total de antimicrobianos prescritos, na duração e no custo do tratamento. Mortalidade e tempo de internação foram similares nos dois períodos de observação. O número de culturas positivas aumentou depois da intervenção, tanto para germes Gram positivos, quanto para germes Gram negativos, principalmente devido ao aumento do número de isolados do trato respiratório. A maioria dos isolados foi Staphylococcus aureus dentre os Gram positivos e Acinetobacter sp dentre os germes Gram negativos. No ano seguinte à intervenção, a sensibilidade dos microorganismos Gram negativos para carbenicilina, ceftazidima e ceftriaxona aumentou, e para o imipenem diminuiu. A ausência de resposta dessa intervenção sobre desfechos clínicos pode ser em conseqüência da insuficiente aderência ou a sua relativa ineficácia. A melhora da sensibilidade microbiana de alguns germes, semaumento de custos ou a incidência de efeitos adversos, encoraja o uso de protocolos similares de restrição de drogas antimicrobianas para reduzir a taxa de resistência bacteriana na UTI. / Restrictive policies of the use of antimicrobial drugs have been proposed to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks of infection by multiresistant germs in hospitals, but assessments of their effectiveness have been scarcely reported. In a quasiexperimental study with historical controls, we evaluate the effectiveness of a policy of restriction in the use of antimicrobial drugs to control the emergence of multiresistant strains in an Intensive Care Unit of a general hospital. The Services of Infection Control and Intensive Care and of the Committee of Pharmacy restricted the use of antimicrobial drugs in patients hospitalized in the ICU a no more than two agents simultaneously, excepted in cases authorized by those Services. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes were compared in the year preceding the intervention with the year following the restriction. In the total, 225 patients with 15 years of age or more, with infection, hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit for at least 48 hours, were studied in the year preceding the intervention and 263 in the year following it. In the year following the intervention fewer patients were treated simultaneously with more than two antimicrobial drugs, but the total number of drugs used, the duration of use and expenses with antimicrobial drugs did not change. Mortality rates and length of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit and in the Hospital were also similar in both periods of observation. The number of positive cultures increased after the intervention, both for Gram positive and Gram negative germs, mainly due to the increase of isolates from the respiratory tract. Most isolates were Staphylococcus aureus among Gram positive germs and Acinetobacter sp among Gram negative germs. In the year following the intervention the sensibility of Gram negative microorganisms to carbenecillin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone increased and to imipenem decreased. The absence of efficacy of this intervention on clinical outcomes may be due to the insufficient adherence by the clinical staff it or to its inefficacy. The improvement in the antimicrobial sensitivity of some germs, without increasing in costs and in the incidence of adverse events, encourages the use of this or similar rules of restriction of antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance rates of bacterial strains in intensive care units.

Introdução: Devido ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos, infecção por Clostridium difficile (ICD) tem aumentado significativamente em frequência e severidade ao longo dos anos, acarretando em maior morbidade e mortalidade além de maiores custos hospitalares. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os fatores de risco e fatores associados à pior prognóstico por colite Clostridium difficile em pacientes adultos internados. Desenho do estudo: Estudo de caso-controle retrospectivo Métodos: Em um Hospital terciário, durante o período de 1° de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de julho de 2012, foram comparados 75 pacientes com colite por Clostridium difficile documentada com 75 controles correspondentes com diarreia de origem nosocomial devido a outras etiologias. Foram identificados pacientes com ICD aqueles cuja pesquisa de toxinas A ou B, exame imunoenzimático VIDAS®, foi positiva ou aqueles com exames negativos ou indeterminados para estas toxinas com colonoscopia compatível com colite por Clostridium difficile. Todas variáveis clínicas e microbiológicas com P <0,10 na análise univariada, foram incluídos na análise de regressão logística múltipla afim de avaliar potenciais fatores de risco e fatores de pior prognóstico associados a colite por C. difficile entre pacientes com diarréia internados. Na análise multivariada, variáveis independentes permaneceram se P < 0,05. Resultados: Uso prévio de antibióticos (OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 1.40-126.90), presença de distensão abdominal (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.35-10.98) e leucócitos fecais (OR, 8.79; 95% CI, 1.41-54.61) diante a apresentação de diarreia foram de preditores de infecção por Clostridium difficile. Por outro lado, presença de anorexia esteve negativamente associado com ICD (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.66). Em relação a análise multivariada, alimentação por sonda naso-entérica (SNE) mostrou-se o único fator independente associado a pior prognóstico, este avaliado como: pacientes admitos em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), mortalidade hospitalar e falência de tratamento (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.24-11.29). Conclusão: Uso de antibiótico foi fator de risco para colite por Clostridium difficile observado neste estudo. O uso de suporte nutricional por SNE foi o único fator associado a pior prognóstico. / Background: Due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) is increasing in frequency and severity over the years, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality as well as higher hospital costs. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with Clostridium difficile infection among adult patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea and factors associated with poor prognosis. Study design: Retrospective case-control study. Methods: In a terciary hospital, during the period of january 1° 2010 to 31 july 2012, were compared 75 patients with documented Clostridum difficile colitis with 75 matched controls with hospital-acquired diarrhea secondary to an etiology other than Clostridium difficile. Patients with colits were identified by a positive toxins A or B, an immunoenzymatic test VIDAS®, or by a negative or indeterminate test for these toxins with colonoscopy compatible with Clostridium difficile colitis. All clinical and microbiological variables with a P value <0.10 in the univariate analysis were included in the stepwise multiple logistic regression to identify potential factors associated with C. difficile etiology among patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea and factors associated with poor prognosis among those patients with documented C.difficile colitis. In the multivariate model, independent variables remained in the model if the P value was < 0.05. Results: Previous antibiotic treatment (OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 1.40-126.90), presence of abdominal distension (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.35-10.98) and fecal leukocytes (OR, 8.79; 95% CI, 1.41-54.61) at the onset of diarrhea were predictors of CDI. On the other hand, presence of anorexia was negatively associated with C.difficile etiology (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.66). Upon multivariate analysis, enteral tube feeding was the only factor independently associated with a composite endpoint which included in-hospital mortality, ICU admission and treatment failure (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.24-11.29). Conclusion:.Previous antibiotic use was risk factor for clostridium difficile colits. In this study tube feeding was the only factor associated with poor prognosis.

Nosocomial infections are one of serious problems of modern medicine and nursing also nosocomial infections mean real serious problems for future. Prevention of nosocomial infections, applied together with pointed and meaningful antimicrobial therapy is the only causal solution now. This work was aimed primarily at a comparison of knowledge of common nurses working in intensive care wards and common nurses in standard wards. In general, it could be said that the aim of this work was to map the scope of knowledge of common nurses as for nosocomial infections as well as aseptic care for central venous catheters including catheter sepses. The found deficit in knowledge of common nurses pointed out the occurrence of mistakes in nursing practices. Quality of nursing is connected closely with standardisation of nursing procedures. Quantitative research inquiry was realised in 4 medical facilities: Regional hospital Liberec, a.s., Masaryk city hospital in Jilemnice, Hospital České Budějovice, a.s. and Hospital with polyclinic in Semily. As the research method there was chosen a non-standardised questionnaire. The sample of respondents was chosen as an intentional selectionand and in to statistic processing included 290 relevantly filled out forms. The research investigation also included a comparison and quantification of nursing standards. In view of the performed comparison of standards in nursing we concluded that creation of incomplete or even inconsistent standards occurs here. We have prepared a "Proposal on a standard of nursing care for inserted venous catheter", of which form could enable to implement it in medical care facilities within the Czech Republic and define clearly basic nursing procedures within the scope of these problems.

Theoretical part of dissertation was written on the basis of studying professional literature. It provides overview of Scabies disease, its epidemiological incidence, transmission, clinical course, diagnostics and also of its treatment. Practical part was formed retrospectively by qualitative research and secondary data analysis. These data were collected from different publications from the State Health Institute in Prague and the Health Information and Statistics Institute in the Czech Republic. The main aim of this dissertation was analyzing the trend of scabies incidence in the Czech Republic within ten years period (2003 2012). Moreover the practical part of this dissertation contains information related to trends of scabies incidence in individual districts of the Czech Republic depending on age, sex, team, seasonal index, or epidemiological scabies incidence as occupational disease. Linear regression was used to assess the incidence trend. Subsequently correlations were ascertained by using method of correlation coefficient calculation. In the research it was found that registered scabies incidence seems to more likely be decreasing from the beginning of followed period (i.e. from the beginning of 2003). According to the seasonal index the most common incidence of this disease within followed period was in October. On the other hand the lowest scabies incidence was in June. The highest sickness rate was recorded in the district Ústí nad Labem with almost 50 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Scabies as occupational disease belongs to the most common recorded transmissible and parasitic disease in the Czech Republic, mainly at nurses in the hospitals, attendants in retirement homes, in internal wards and in social care institutes. The highest incidence rate was notified in age categories from 5 to 9 years. There exists strong positive linear correlation between scabies incidence and age. Epidemiological scabies incidence in the Czech Republic had two main peaks during period 1965 2012, in 1970 and 1993.

Espécies do gênero Acinetobacter são patógenos oportunistas que têm sido associados a várias infecções relacionadas à assistência em saúde acometendo principalmente, pacientes hospitalizados em centros de tratamento intensivo. A. baumannii , Acinetobacter genoespécie 3 e Acinetobacter genoespécie 13TU constituem o complexo A. baumannii e são consideradas as espécies de maior importância clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar em nível de espécie, avaliar o perfil de resistência e analisar a diversidade genética de 102 amostras de Acinetobacter spp. isoladas de hemoculturas de pacientes internados em quatro hospitais do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Após a utilização de duas técnicas moleculares, 87 (85,3%) amostras foram identificadas como A. baumannii, sete (6,9%) como A. genoespécie 3, duas (1,9%) A. genoespécie 13TU e seis (5,9%) não foram identificadas em nível de espécie. A maioria das amostras de A. baumannii apresentou caráter multirresistente mostrando percentuais de resistência acima de 70% para ceftazidima, cefotaxima e ciprofloxacina. A resistência aos carbapenêmicos variou de 59% a 91%. Foi encontrada uma grande variedade de antibiotipos entre as amostras de A. baumannii, sendo prevalente dois multirresistentes. Um deles, caracterizado pela sensibilidade apenas aos aminoglicosídeos, ocorreu em 20,7% das amostras e o outro observado em 14,9% das amostras , foi caracterizado pela resistência a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Através da PCR, foi observado que 77% das amostras de A. baumannii apresentaram produto de amplificação compatível com gene blaOXA-23-like e destas, 64 mostraram-se resistentes tanto a imipenem quanto a meropenem. Em contrapartida, todas as amostras de A. baumannii OXA-23 negativas mostraram-se sensíveis aos carbapenens. Em relação às amostras de A. genoespécie 3 e 13TU, foram observados baixos percentuais de resistência frente aos antimicrobianos testados e apenas uma amostra de Acinetobacter genoespécie 3 apresentou produto de amplificação compatível com gene blaOXA-23-like, sendo esta sensível aos carbapenens. Não foram detectados os genes blaOXA-40-like e blaOXA-58-like nas 102 amostras de Acinetobacter spp.. A análise do polimorfismo genético das amostras de A. baumannii por PFGE mostrou a presença de 35 clones distribuídos entre os hospitais. Um clone (designado A), presente em 32 amostras (36,9%), foi encontrado nos quatro hospitais, sendo prevalente em três. Em 93,8% das amostras do clone A foi detectado o gene blaOXA-23-like. A disseminação de um clone de A. baumannii multirresistente produtor de OXA-23 entre os hospitais estudados evidencia a importância de medidas de controle de infecções mais eficazes, visando minimizar a morbidade e a mortalidade causadas por este importante patógeno. Além disso, como outras espécies também podem estar associadas a infecções, destacamos a importância da identificação correta das amostras em nível de espécie, visando o conhecimento da patogenicidade, do perfil de resistência e dados epidemiológicos des outras espécies, principalmente as pertencentes ao complexo A. baumannii / Acinetobacter species are opportunistic pathogens that have been associated with wide variety infections related to health care affects mainly patients hospitalized in intensive care units. A. baumannii and its phenotypically related species (Acinetobacter genoespécie 3 and genoespécie 13TU), together forming the A.baumannii complex and are considered species of greatestclinical importance. The objective of this study was to identify at the species level, to know the resistance profile and analyze the genetic diversity of 102 samples of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from blood cultures of patients admitted to four hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. After using two molecular techniques, 87 (85.3%) were identified as A. baumannii, seven (6.9%) as A. genoespécie 3, two (1.9%) A. genoespécie 13TU and six (5.9%) were not identified at the species level. The most specimens of A. baumannii presented multidrug resistance, showing resistance rates above 70% for ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. The carbapenem resistance ranged from 59% to 91%. There was a wide variety of antibiotype between samples of A. baumannii, with two prevalent multiresistant antibiotypes. One, characterized by sensitivity only to aminoglycosides occurred in 20.7% of the samples and the other (14.9% of the samples) characterized by resistance to all antimicrobials tested. By PCR, we observed that 77% of the samples of A. baumannii showed amplification product consistent with gene blaOXA-23-like and of these, 64 were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. In contrast, all samples of A. baumannii OXA-23 negative were sensitive to carbapenems. In samples of A. genoespécie 3 and 13TU were observed low percentages of resistance against the tested antimicrobials and only a sample of Acinetobacter genoespécie 3 showed amplification product consistent with blaOXA-23-like, which was sensitive to carbapenens. The genes blaOXA-40-like and blaOXA-58-like were not detected in 102 samples of Acinetobacter spp.. Analysis of genetic polymorphism of the samples of A. baumannii by PFGE showed the presence of 35 clones distributed among the hospitals. A clone (designated A), present in 32 samples (36.9%) was found in four hospitals. In 93.8% of the samples inclued clone A were detected the gene blaOXA-23-like. The spread of a clone multidrug-resistant A. baumannii producing the OXA-23 enzyme in the four hospitals showed the importance of infections control measures more effective, in order to minimize morbidity and mortality caused by this important pathogen. Moreover, as other species may also can be associated with infections, we showed the importance of correct identification of the samples at the species level, for the knowledge of the pathogenicity.The resistance profile and epidemiological study of species of Acinetobacter other than A. baumannii, especially those belonging to the Complex A. baumannii

Medidas restritivas de controle de antimicrobianos têm sido propostas para controlar surtos epidêmicos de infecção por germes multirresistentes em hospitais, mas são escassas as publicações a respeito de sua eficácia. Em um estudo quaseexperimental com controles históricos, avaliou-se a efetividade de uma intervenção restritiva ao uso de antimicrobianos para controlar a emergência de germes multirresistentes em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos (UTI) de um hospital geral. Os Serviços de Controle de Infecção e Comissão de Medicamentos restringiu o uso de drogas antimicrobianas em pacientes hospitalizados na UTI a não mais que dois agentes simultaneamente, exceto em casos autorizados por aqueles serviços. A incidência de eventos clínicos e bacteriológicos foi comparada entre o ano que precedeu a intervenção e o ano que a seguiu. No total, 225 pacientes com idade igual ou maior de 15 anos , com infecção, internados na UTI por pelo menos 48 horas, foram estudados no ano precedente a intervenção e 263 no ano seguinte a ela. No ano seguinte à intervenção, um percentual menor de pacientes foi tratado simultaneamente com mais de dois antimicrobianos, mas não houve modificação no número total de antimicrobianos prescritos, na duração e no custo do tratamento. Mortalidade e tempo de internação foram similares nos dois períodos de observação. O número de culturas positivas aumentou depois da intervenção, tanto para germes Gram positivos, quanto para germes Gram negativos, principalmente devido ao aumento do número de isolados do trato respiratório. A maioria dos isolados foi Staphylococcus aureus dentre os Gram positivos e Acinetobacter sp dentre os germes Gram negativos. No ano seguinte à intervenção, a sensibilidade dos microorganismos Gram negativos para carbenicilina, ceftazidima e ceftriaxona aumentou, e para o imipenem diminuiu. A ausência de resposta dessa intervenção sobre desfechos clínicos pode ser em conseqüência da insuficiente aderência ou a sua relativa ineficácia. A melhora da sensibilidade microbiana de alguns germes, semaumento de custos ou a incidência de efeitos adversos, encoraja o uso de protocolos similares de restrição de drogas antimicrobianas para reduzir a taxa de resistência bacteriana na UTI. / Restrictive policies of the use of antimicrobial drugs have been proposed to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks of infection by multiresistant germs in hospitals, but assessments of their effectiveness have been scarcely reported. In a quasiexperimental study with historical controls, we evaluate the effectiveness of a policy of restriction in the use of antimicrobial drugs to control the emergence of multiresistant strains in an Intensive Care Unit of a general hospital. The Services of Infection Control and Intensive Care and of the Committee of Pharmacy restricted the use of antimicrobial drugs in patients hospitalized in the ICU a no more than two agents simultaneously, excepted in cases authorized by those Services. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes were compared in the year preceding the intervention with the year following the restriction. In the total, 225 patients with 15 years of age or more, with infection, hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit for at least 48 hours, were studied in the year preceding the intervention and 263 in the year following it. In the year following the intervention fewer patients were treated simultaneously with more than two antimicrobial drugs, but the total number of drugs used, the duration of use and expenses with antimicrobial drugs did not change. Mortality rates and length of hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit and in the Hospital were also similar in both periods of observation. The number of positive cultures increased after the intervention, both for Gram positive and Gram negative germs, mainly due to the increase of isolates from the respiratory tract. Most isolates were Staphylococcus aureus among Gram positive germs and Acinetobacter sp among Gram negative germs. In the year following the intervention the sensibility of Gram negative microorganisms to carbenecillin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone increased and to imipenem decreased. The absence of efficacy of this intervention on clinical outcomes may be due to the insufficient adherence by the clinical staff it or to its inefficacy. The improvement in the antimicrobial sensitivity of some germs, without increasing in costs and in the incidence of adverse events, encourages the use of this or similar rules of restriction of antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance rates of bacterial strains in intensive care units.

Les infections nosocomiales à bactéries multi-résistantes sont en constante augmentation en réanimation. Elles ont des conséquences individuelles et collectives majeures. La mortalité en réanimation et les prolongations des durées de séjour sont les deux principales conséquences individuelles connues à ce jour. Plusieurs facteurs confondants rendent l'interprétation des études difficiles, dont l'état sous jacent du patient, la virulence de la bactérie et l'adéquation thérapeutique. Mesurer la part de chacun de ces facteurs et préciser leur responsabilité respective est indispensable pour mobiliser les différents acteurs et améliorer le pronostic des patients en réanimation. Dans cette thèse nous avons souhaité approcher la réponse quant aux conséquences individuelles. A partir d'une base de données incluant des patients de réanimation, nous avons utilisé les méthodes statistiques les plus récentes et avons tenté de prendre en compte les différents facteurs confondants , pour répondre à trois questions précises que sont : la mortalité liée à une espèce bactérienne donnée, les facteurs associés à la mortalité des patients présentant un sepsis sévère ou choc septique en réanimation et les conséquences liées à l'isolement des patients infectés ou colonisés avec une bactérie multi-résistante. Nous montrons que (1) par l'intermédiaire d'une prolongation de la durée de séjour en réanimation, l'infection à Clostridium difficile augmente la pression de colonisation, sans pour autant avoir d'impact direct sur le décès. (2) que le pronostic des sepsis sévères et des chocs septiques dépend de l'adéquation de l'antibiothérapie et que les bactéries résistantes sont plus souvent traitées de manière inadéquate. (3) que l'isolement contact est associé non seulement à une augmentation attendue du risque de pneumonie nosocomiale a germe multi-résistants mais aussi à une augmentation du risque d'erreurs thérapeutiques et d'événements indésirables non infectieux. Cet impact délétère suggéré par des études en dehors de la réanimation doit être pris en compte lors de la mise en place des précautions contact en réanimation. / Nosocomial infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria are increasing in ICU. They have major individual and collective consequences. Mortality in the ICU and prolongation of length of stay are the two main individual consequences known to date. Several confounding factors make it difficult to interpret studies, including the patient's underlying condition, the virulence of bacteria and the adequacy of therapy. It is essential to measure the share of each of these factors and to clarify their respective responsibilities to mobilize the different actors and improve the prognosis of patients in intensive care. In this thesis, and drawing upon a database including ICU patients, we used the latest statistical methods and tried to take into account the various confounding factors to evaluate the individual consequences of multidrug-resistant bacteria in ICU. We sought to address three specific questions: mortality linked to specific bacterial species, factors associated with mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in intensive care unit, and the consequences of the isolation of patients infected or colonized with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We demonstrated that (1) because they are associated with a longer stay in intensive care unit, Clostridium difficile infections increase the pressure of colonization although they have no direct consequence on mortality; (2) the prognosis of sever sepsis or septic shock depends on the adequacy of the antibiotic therapy and that resistant bacteria are often inadequately treated; and (3) that isolation is not only associated with an expected increase in the risk of nosocomial pneumonia with multi-drug resistant pathogens strains but also with an increase in non-infectious adverse events.

Orientador: Carlos Magno C. B. Fortaleza / Banca: Maria Clara Padoveze / Banca: Maria de Lourdes R. S. da Cunha / Resumo: A emergência e disseminação de microrganismos multirresistentes em serviços de saúde é um evento preocupante em todo o mundo. Dois agentes são especialmente relevantes: (1) Staphylococcus aureus, principalmente quando resistente à Meticilina (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA); e (2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, freqüentemente resistente a múltiplos antimicrobianos. Foram realizados três estudos observacionais retrospectivos para identificar fatores de risco para aquisição desses agentes em pacientes de um hospital de ensino (285 leitos). O Estudo 1 utilizou delineamento "caso-caso-controle" para analisar fatores de risco para colonização nasofaríngea por MRSA em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) clínico-cirúrgica. O Estudo 2 aplicou metodologia semelhante para analisar fatores associados à aquisição de MRSA por pacientes queimados. Por outro lado, o Estudo 3 (uma coorte retrospectiva) procurou identificar fatores de risco para colonização orofaríngea por isolados de P. aeruginosa. Nos Estudo 1 e 3 casos e controles foram selecionados entre os pacientes internados na UTI clínico-cirúrgica entre Março de 2005 e Maio de 2006. Casos foram pacientes que adquiriram colonização por MRSA (Estudo 1) e P. aeruginosa (Estudo 3) durante a estadia na UTI. Controles foram selecionados entre pacientes não colonizados. Estratégia semelhante foi utilizada no Estudo 2, para seleção de casos e controles entre pacientes da Unidade de queimados. Em todos os estudos, foram analisados dados demográficos, comorbidades, realização de procedimentos, inserção de dispositivos e uso de antimicrobianos. Os resultados foram ajustados para gravidade dos pacientes (pontuações de APACHE II e Charlson) e para o tempo de exposição ao ambiente hospitalar. Análises univariadas e multivariadas (regressão logística) foram utilizadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The emegence and spread of multidrug-resistant microorganism in healthcare settings is a worldwide concern. Two bacteria are specially relevant: (1) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and (2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (usually resistant to multiple antimicrobials). We conducted three observational studies to identify risk factors for MRSA and P. aeruginosa acquisition in a teaching hospital with 285 beds. Study #1 employed a "casecase- control" design to analyze risk factors for nasopharyngeal colonization with MRSA in a medical-surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Study #2 used a similar design to identify risk factors for MRSA acquisition in burn patients. Study #3 (a retrospective cohort) aimed to identify risk factors for oropharyngeal colonization with P. aeruginosa. Studies #1 and 3 selected subjects among patients admitted to the medical-surgical ICU from March 2005 through May 2006. Cases were defined as individuals who acquired colonization with MRSA and P. aeruginosa, respectively, in the ICU. Controls were selected among noncolonized individuals. A similar strategy was used to select cases and controls for Study #2 among patients from the burn unit. In all studies, several data were analyzed: demographic information, comorbidities, procedures, inserted devices and antimicrobial use. Data were adjusted for severity-of-illness (APACHE II and Charlson scores) and for time of exposure to hospital environment. In Study #1, 27 out of 122 patients included acquired MRSA colonization. Significant risk factors were: use of Ciprofloxacin (Odds Ratio[OR]=5.05, 95% Confidence Interval[CI]=1.38-21.90, p=0.015) and time of ICU stay (OR= 1.12, 95%CI=1.06-1.19, p<0.001). On the other hand, the use of Levofloxacin had a protective effect (OR=0.08, 95%CI=0.01-0.55, p=0.01). In Study #2, 75 out of 143 burn patients acquired MRSA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre