Abstract This research investigated the extent to which taking notes influenced the quality of mock jurors’ decisions. High quality decisions were defined in this research as those which did not reflect the influence of the offender stereotype. The impact of note taking on the quality of jurors’ decisions is central to the judicial community’s concerns about note taking as a jury aid and their willingness to offer it in trial contexts. Previous research has argued that note takers make better quality decisions than non-note takers because note takers recall more trial content and make judgements that better reflect the evidence presented. However, according to dual process models of persuasion, high quality decisions should show evidence of both effortful processing of information and no influence of peripheral cues, such as stereotypes. To date, the existing literature has neglected to consider the extent to which note takers, as compared to non-note takers, are influenced by peripheral cues. The current research sought to address this by investigating the extent to which note taking and non-note taking mock jurors were influenced by stereotypes when making decisions in a mock criminal trial. In particular, note taking and non-note taking mock jurors were presented with a criminal trial in which either a male or female defendant had been charged with a stereotypically masculine crime (e.g., aggravated robbery or murder). The extent to which mock jurors were more likely to convict the male defendant and acquit the female defendant was used as a marker of the extent that stereotypes about offenders influenced participants in these studies. Across studies, note takers’ perceptions of guilt, evaluation of the defendant, and, in some instances, recall of trial content, reflected stereotype-based processing while the corresponding measures for non-note takers did not. This research then went on to investigate why note takers were more vulnerable to the influence of stereotypes than non-note takers. It was proposed that one reason might be the requirement that note takers simultaneously record and evaluate trial content. Previous research has shown that persons engaged in dual tasks rely on stereotypes to increase information processing efficiency and are therefore able to re-direct cognitive resources to the additional task. Consistent with previous studies, the current research found that both note takers and mock jurors engaged in an additional task during the trial were more vulnerable to the influence of stereotypes than non-note takers. Furthermore, whilst investigating interventions designed to reduce the influence of stereotypes on note takers’ decisions, results revealed that such interventions were less successful in improving decision quality than interventions that removed the requirement to engage in dual tasks. In particular, the influence of stereotypes was reduced when note takers were encouraged to elaborate on the content of their notes during designated review periods. Whilst methodological features of this research program--namely a reliance on student samples and the relative brevity of mock trials used--may have led to an underestimation of the reliance on stereotypes for note takers, the research has implications for the instructions given to jurors about note taking in judicial contexts. Specifically, the central conclusion of the thesis is that it would seem prudent to amend instructions to direct note takers to engage in the effortful review of their notes prior to coming together to reach a verdict.

Abstract This research investigated the extent to which taking notes influenced the quality of mock jurors’ decisions. High quality decisions were defined in this research as those which did not reflect the influence of the offender stereotype. The impact of note taking on the quality of jurors’ decisions is central to the judicial community’s concerns about note taking as a jury aid and their willingness to offer it in trial contexts. Previous research has argued that note takers make better quality decisions than non-note takers because note takers recall more trial content and make judgements that better reflect the evidence presented. However, according to dual process models of persuasion, high quality decisions should show evidence of both effortful processing of information and no influence of peripheral cues, such as stereotypes. To date, the existing literature has neglected to consider the extent to which note takers, as compared to non-note takers, are influenced by peripheral cues. The current research sought to address this by investigating the extent to which note taking and non-note taking mock jurors were influenced by stereotypes when making decisions in a mock criminal trial. In particular, note taking and non-note taking mock jurors were presented with a criminal trial in which either a male or female defendant had been charged with a stereotypically masculine crime (e.g., aggravated robbery or murder). The extent to which mock jurors were more likely to convict the male defendant and acquit the female defendant was used as a marker of the extent that stereotypes about offenders influenced participants in these studies. Across studies, note takers’ perceptions of guilt, evaluation of the defendant, and, in some instances, recall of trial content, reflected stereotype-based processing while the corresponding measures for non-note takers did not. This research then went on to investigate why note takers were more vulnerable to the influence of stereotypes than non-note takers. It was proposed that one reason might be the requirement that note takers simultaneously record and evaluate trial content. Previous research has shown that persons engaged in dual tasks rely on stereotypes to increase information processing efficiency and are therefore able to re-direct cognitive resources to the additional task. Consistent with previous studies, the current research found that both note takers and mock jurors engaged in an additional task during the trial were more vulnerable to the influence of stereotypes than non-note takers. Furthermore, whilst investigating interventions designed to reduce the influence of stereotypes on note takers’ decisions, results revealed that such interventions were less successful in improving decision quality than interventions that removed the requirement to engage in dual tasks. In particular, the influence of stereotypes was reduced when note takers were encouraged to elaborate on the content of their notes during designated review periods. Whilst methodological features of this research program--namely a reliance on student samples and the relative brevity of mock trials used--may have led to an underestimation of the reliance on stereotypes for note takers, the research has implications for the instructions given to jurors about note taking in judicial contexts. Specifically, the central conclusion of the thesis is that it would seem prudent to amend instructions to direct note takers to engage in the effortful review of their notes prior to coming together to reach a verdict.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Gregory D. Abowd, Committee Chair ; Mark Guzdial, Committee Member ; Blair MacIntyre, Committee Member ; James Landay, Committee Member ; William N. Schilit, Committee Member.

The problem of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the note-test method and the traditional lecture method of teaching general introductory microbiology. The study was prompted by the desire to improve teaching strategies in microbiology in order to improve the attitudes of students taking microbiology at the Indiana College of Mortuary Science. The conclusions are that the note-test method of teaching is at least as effective as the traditional lecture method but is not better than the traditional method in regard to student achievement or student attitudes about the microbiology course to which they were assigned. Since the method requires less lecturing than the traditional lecture method used in this study, it may be used effectively by some instructors in certain subject matter areas and may hold promise in maintaining achievement and acceptable attitude levels.

L’intérêt de la présente recherche est d'étudier d’une manière générale les communications électroniques dans le commerce international, et puis à titre particulier d’interpeler les nouveaux défis qui relèveraient de l’utilisation des "documents transférables électroniques", en réfléchissant sur les différentes approches et les méthodes à adopter afin de remédier aux éventuelles déficiences technologiques, identifier puis combler les lacunes juridiques qui se révéler lors de ces échanges. Il s’agirait donc d’une enquête sur les questions juridiques liées à la création, à l’utilisation et à l’exécution du "document transférable électronique" ; il s’agit d’un terme crée par la CNUDCI, ce qui renvoie d’une manière générale à l’équivalent électronique d’un instrument transférable négociable ou d’un document titre. Nous identifions principalement les trois grands axes. Premièrement, la protection des données personnelles. Elle fait l’objet de plusieurs réformes législatives. La plus récente est le Règlement européen 2016/679 du 27 avril 2016 qui vise à promouvoir l’utilisation de l’outil informatique, tout en accordant la protection appropriée aux données à caractère personnel. Deuxièmement, l'exigence d’unicité d’un document transférable (« Garantie de singularité »). La garantie de l’unicité d’un document exige qu’il soit le seul qui existe ou bien, que toute copie soit clairement identifiable comme telle. Les conséquences éventuelles de la reproduction non autorisée de tout document transférable électronique donnant au porteur ou au bénéficiaire le droit de demander la remise de marchandises ou le paiement d’une somme d’argent rendent nécessaire l’élaboration de mécanismes pour garantir l’unicité de ces instruments. Troisièmement, la possession du ‘document transférable électronique’ et la notion de contrôle pour l’identification du porteur. Outre le traitement de la question de l’exigence de la singularité, la recherche d’un mécanisme fonctionnellement applicable et équivalent pour satisfaire à l’exigence de la possession matérielle du document papier constitue un défi majeur. Dans la plupart des modèles juridiques régissant les documents transférables électroniquement, la notion de “contrôle” d’un document électronique est utilisée en tant qu’équivalent fonctionnel de la possession ; cela signifie que la personne qui exerce le contrôle du document transférable électronique est considérée comme le porteur habilité à s’en prévaloir. Ces documents électroniques sont gérés par des prestataires de confiance qualifiés pour garantir leur sécurité. / The interest of this research is to study in general, the electronic communications in an international context, and then to focus on the ongoing challenges that occur on the field of "electronic transferable documents"; for this we shall perceive the methods that have been adopted for the purpose of using such documents, in order to prevent eventual technological deficiencies, identifying and filling the legal gaps revealed throughout our study of these new challenges.Therefore we shall comprehend and defy the legal boundaries, in order to create, use and transfer "electronic transferable documents". It is a pre-requisite to clearly identify the subject of this study, which is the term 'electronic transferable record, a concept created by UNCITRAL, which refers generally to ' Electronic equivalent of a transferable record (negotiable or non-negotiable) or a document of a legal right.We shall identify the three following main topics:I. The protection of personal data and privacy has been subject to several legislative reforms. The most recent one is the European Regulation 2016/679 dated April 27th, 2016. This reform aims to promote the use of the IT (Information Technology) tools, while granting the appropriate protection to the personal data. These electronic records are managed by qualified services providers.II. Requirement for uniqueness of the record ("Guarantee of uniqueness")The guarantee of the uniqueness of the document is to ensure that there is only one possible holder and owner of that document, as in the case of paper document, and that any copy is clearly identifiable as such. As a result of an unauthorized reproduction of any electronic transferable record, any such holder or beneficiary shall have the right to request delivery of goods or the payment of a certain sum of money; thus the need to insure the uniqueness of these electronic records.III. The possession of an electronic transferable record.In addition to the above, the need to identify a functional equivalent approach to satisfy the requirement of possession in the case of electronic transferable document, which is a major challenge.IV. Concept of control and identification of the holderIn most legal models governing electronic transferable records, the definition of "control" of an electronic document is used as a functional equivalent to possession. That is, the person who controls the electronic transferable record is deemed to be the holder and the one entitled to use it.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rezende_jc_me_fran.pdf: 943078 bytes, checksum: 0344689a261c209978a4628506183ff4 (MD5) / A informática propiciou um processo de evolução jamais presenciado pela humanidade. Neste contexto evolutivo, propõe-se neste trabalho a análise da substituição dos documentos em papel pelo suporte informático, fenômeno esse que a doutrina jurídica denominou de desmaterialização dos documentos, colocando em discussão o direito cambiário, especialmente os títulos de crédito. Esta descartularização causou mudanças profundas na duplicata, principal título de crédito do direito brasileiro, pois sem a materialização do documento, não se pode falar em título. Outra questão colocada diante desse fenômeno de desmaterialização está relacionado ao direito de crédito em caso de inadimplemento. Na procura de uma resposta para esta indagação será analisada a execução da duplicata virtual; o protesto por indicação via boleto bancário; a prova da entrega da mercadoria e do recebimento; e a recusa do aceite. / The computer science propitiated an evolution process never witnessed by humanity. In this evolutionary context, this paper intends to analise the replacement of documents in paper for the computing support, phenomenon which the juridical doctrine denominated de-materialization of documents, putting in discussion the exchange rights, especially the securities. This phenomenon caused deep changes in the trade note, that is the main security of the Brasilian Law, because without the materialization of documents one cannot speak of securities. Another subject which lies along with that de-materialization phenomenon is related to the right of credit in case of default on payments. In search for an answer to this inquiry, the execution of the virtual trade note will be analised; the protest for indication through bank ticket; the proof of delivery of merchandise and of reception; and the refusal of its acceptance.

O presente estudo, alinhado às recentes tendências doutrinárias e aos anseios dos setores econômicos, visa avaliar as práticas mercantis e o ambiente normativo brasileiro para ponderar sobre a necessidade e possibilidade de substituição do papel por documentos eletrônicos na criação de títulos de crédito, realizando uma avaliação da desmaterialização no âmbito dos títulos de crédito em geral para, em seguida, direcionar o foco da avaliação sobre a desmaterialização da Cédula de Crédito Bancário. A estrutura jurídica dos títulos de crédito surge com a finalidade econômica de propiciar um mecanismo simples, rápido e seguro de circulação de riquezas, tendo sido construída ao redor do papel da cártula de modo que no presente trabalho são apresentadas ponderações sobre a aptidão do documento eletrônico, concebido a partir das inovações tecnológicas verificadas nas últimas décadas do século XX, para instrumentalizar um título de crédito apto ao atendimento da finalidade econômica que fundamentou sua criação. Em sua essência, os títulos de crédito são documentos cuja criação dá origem a uma nova obrigação, a obrigação cambiária a qual tem suas condições e características descritas no próprio documento que lhe serve de suporte material. Desde a sua origem na Idade Média, o papel desempenha a função de suporte material do título de crédito, a ponto de a própria circulação dos direitos decorrentes da obrigação cambiária confundir-se com a circulação física da cártula, de modo que a avaliação dos impactos jurídicos oriundos da transição do suporte material desta obrigação para um meio incorpóreo é o tema central deste trabalho. / In accordance with the latest doctrinal trends and economic sectors´ concerns, this work aims to evaluate the Brazilian market practices and legal environment in order to consider about the necessity and the possibility of the adoption of computer-based documents, instead of paper-based documents, in the creation of negotiable instruments. The evaluation is conducted through the review of the dematerialization process regarding the negotiable instruments in general to then direct the focus on the Bank Credit Note dematerialization. The negotiable instruments legal concept arises together with the economic purpose of providing a simple, fast and safe mechanism of circulation of wealth and having been built around the paper-based documents. Considering that, this work intends to analyze the computer-based documents characteristics designed by the technological innovations occurred in the last decades of the twentieth century, in order to confirm their ability to create negotiable instruments able to fulfill the expected economics purposes. In their essence, the negotiable instruments are documents whose creation gives rise to a new obligation, which has its conditions and characteristics content in the document. The paper-based document acts as the vehicle of negotiable instruments since its origin in the Middle Ages and the circulation of wealth has been based on the physical delivery of the paper-based document. The assessment of the legal impacts arising from the substitution of the physical paper-based documents of the negotiable instruments for an intangible vehicle is the central theme of this work.

Orientador: João Wanderley Geraldi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_ElianaMeloMachado_D.pdf: 4573356 bytes, checksum: fed345d3531dabdd7b7de75471981aa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a construção de um possível percurso de apropriação da anotação, do Ensino Fundamental à Pós-graduação. Esse percurso foi reconstruído tomando por base anotações realizadas nos materiais escolares dos alunos e está organizado em quatro situações de anotação que se configuram como cópia, transcrição, retextualização e anotação como comentário e análise.A anotação escolar é defendida nesta tese como um gênero discursivo, a partir das indicações de estudos sobre gêneros aportados pela reflexão de Bakhtin, que se expressa composicionalmente, desde as formas diversas de rastros de leitura até a tentativa de sistematização e organização dos conhecimentos escolares. A compreensão de como se dá a apropriação da anotação enquanto gênero discursivo que vai do Ensino Fundamental à Pós-graduação nos oferece contribuições não só quanto a constituição de um gênero discursivo, mas também mostra como o aluno dota esse gênero de um estilo próprio ao longo dos seus anos de estudos na escola, fornecendo indícios para a implementação de mudanças no que concerne à formação dos professores e sua relação com o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da língua materna / Abstract: This paper presents the construction of a possible trajectory of appropriation of notetaking, from elementary school to post-graduation studies. This trajectory was reconstructed from notes written on the students material, and it is organized in four situations of note-taking which are: copy, transcription, retextualization and notetaking as commentaries and analysis.School note-taking is defended in this thesis as a discourse genre, from the indications of studies on genres based on Bakhtin's reflection, which expresses itself compositionally, since the diverse forms of reading traits until the attempt of systematization and organization of academic knowledge. The understanding of the ways in which the appropriation of note-taking occurs as a discourse genre, coming from elementary school to post-graduation studies, provides contributions not only for the constitution of a discourse genre, but it also shows how the students attribute a personal style to this genre throughout their schooling years, offering clues for the implementation of changes regarding teachers education and its relationship with the mother tongue learning and teaching process / Doutorado / Analise do Discurso / Doutor em Linguística

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Computación / Una persona con visión normal puede notar a diario, que existen variadas actividades que requieren como sentido principal la visión, para poder ser realizadas de manera satisfactoria. En este sentido, la adopción de un modelo mental que les permite orientarse a través de puntos de referencias ocurre de forma natural, fomentada por la asociación y familiarización visual con el entorno que se genera desde que nacen. Por otra parte, las personas ciegas están desprovistas de esta posibilidad, desventaja que aumenta con el hecho de que el mundo en general ha sido diseñado y construido para gente que puede ver. En la literatura existen diversas investigaciones que han abordado la adopción de modelos de referencia para el problema de orientación y movilidad en personas ciegas, imponiendo sus propios esquemas y sistemas de referencia. En consecuencia esto lleva al usuario a aprender distintas formas de orientación, que consisten en derivaciones o simplificaciones del sistema de coordenadas en un plano de dos dimensiones, que es justamente el problema que ha permanecido en segundo plano. Es interesante investigar el hecho que si se apoya la construcción de un modelo mental que permita a personas ciegas contar con una estructura de puntos de referencia, cualquier metodología o herramienta derivada en cualquier ámbito eventualmente podría ser más fácil de trabajar, entender e interpretar. El propósito de esta investigación es diseñar y desarrollar una herramienta que permita a personas ciegas construir gradualmente un modelo mental basado en referencias entre puntos. Esta herramienta consiste en un videojuego que metafóricamente permite a aprendices ciegos interpretar y asociar puntos en un gráfico de forma lúdica. Se desarrollaron iterativamente prototipos que fueron sometidos a evaluaciones de usabilidad por parte de usuarios finales y expertos. Esto permitió ajustar, mejorar y validar aspectos de las interfaces diseñadas e implementadas. Además, una vez obtenido el prototipo final, se evaluó el impacto cognitivo basado en el uso del videojuego en aprendices ciegos. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos dieron cuenta del cumplimiento satisfactorio de los objetivos planteados.

- The concept and types of bill of exchange The topic of this thesis is "The concept and types of bill of exchange". The reason for choosing this topic has been my interest in bill of exchange law, which was awaken by my own experience with a bill of exchange on one hand and by the gripping seminars of subject called "Bills of Exchanges", which is taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Charles University in Prague, on the other hand. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the bill of exchange and promissory note, to define their basic characteristics, to explain, what kind of them exist and to analyze their basic requirements. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter discusses the history of bill of exchange and promissory note. It is divided into three sections that deal with the origin and both national and international development of bill of exchange law. The second chapter is devoted to the current legislation of bill of exchange law. It introduces the sources of bill of exchange law and relations between them and the most specific characteristics of the bill of exchange law, which is rigor cambialis. The third chapter, which consists of three sections, defines the concept of bill of exchange and promissory note, provides a list of their features and the most...