Um dos mais versáteis mecanismos de reparo de DNA é o reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos (nucleotide excision repair- NER). Defeitos genéticos associados a esta via podem gerar diferentes síndromes com deficiência de reparo. Dentre essas, Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) é a que apresenta maior sensibilidade à luz solar, resultando em um grande aumento na incidência de tumores em regiões expostas da pele e, em alguns casos, degeneração neurológica progressiva e envelhecimento prematuro. Na primeira parte deste projeto é apresentado o uso de adenovírus recombinantes portando genes da via de NER para identificar a deficiência gênica de três pacientes portadores de XP. Na segunda parte do trabalho os estudos de reparo de DNA são estendidos a modelos animais, com deficiências nos mesmos genes carregados pelos vetores adenovirais. A expressão gênica do vetor foi avaliada pela detecção de proteína e por visualização da fluorescência de EGFP na pele dos animais infectados. Em resumo, este trabalho apresenta o uso eficiente de vetores adenovirais portando genes de reparo em ensaios in vitro e in vivo, e descreve duas mutações deletérias no gene XPC de pacientes XP brasileiros, incluindo uma mutação nova. / One of the most versatile mechanisms of DNA repair is the nucleotide excision repair (NER). Genetic defects in NER can generate different syndromes. Among these, Xeroderma pigmentosum) presents the highest sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in a large increase in the incidence of skin cancer, especially in areas exposed to the sunlight, and in some cases, progressive neurological degeneration and premature aging. In the first part of this project, adenoviral vectors carrying NER genes were used to identify genetic deficiency of three XP patients. The second part of work was extended to animal models, deficient for the same XP genes carried by adenoviral vectors. The genetic expression of vector was evaluated by detection of protein and EGFP fluorescence visualization in the skin of animals transduced. In summary, this work presents the use of adenovirus, carrying DNA repair genes for in vitro in vivo studies reports two deleterious mutations in Brazilian XP patients, including a new mutation.

Um dos mais versáteis mecanismos de reparo de DNA é o reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos (nucleotide excision repair- NER). Defeitos genéticos associados a esta via podem gerar diferentes síndromes com deficiência de reparo. Dentre essas, Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) é a que apresenta maior sensibilidade à luz solar, resultando em um grande aumento na incidência de tumores em regiões expostas da pele e, em alguns casos, degeneração neurológica progressiva e envelhecimento prematuro. Na primeira parte deste projeto é apresentado o uso de adenovírus recombinantes portando genes da via de NER para identificar a deficiência gênica de três pacientes portadores de XP. Na segunda parte do trabalho os estudos de reparo de DNA são estendidos a modelos animais, com deficiências nos mesmos genes carregados pelos vetores adenovirais. A expressão gênica do vetor foi avaliada pela detecção de proteína e por visualização da fluorescência de EGFP na pele dos animais infectados. Em resumo, este trabalho apresenta o uso eficiente de vetores adenovirais portando genes de reparo em ensaios in vitro e in vivo, e descreve duas mutações deletérias no gene XPC de pacientes XP brasileiros, incluindo uma mutação nova. / One of the most versatile mechanisms of DNA repair is the nucleotide excision repair (NER). Genetic defects in NER can generate different syndromes. Among these, Xeroderma pigmentosum) presents the highest sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in a large increase in the incidence of skin cancer, especially in areas exposed to the sunlight, and in some cases, progressive neurological degeneration and premature aging. In the first part of this project, adenoviral vectors carrying NER genes were used to identify genetic deficiency of three XP patients. The second part of work was extended to animal models, deficient for the same XP genes carried by adenoviral vectors. The genetic expression of vector was evaluated by detection of protein and EGFP fluorescence visualization in the skin of animals transduced. In summary, this work presents the use of adenovirus, carrying DNA repair genes for in vitro in vivo studies reports two deleterious mutations in Brazilian XP patients, including a new mutation.

No description available.

Les mélanomes malins (MM) constituent le deuxième type de cancer le plus fréquent chez les jeunes adultes canadiens (entre 20 et 44 ans) ainsi qu’un des rares cancers dont l’incidence augmente annuellement. À moins que les MM ne soient excisés à temps par chirurgie, les chances de survie des patients sont pratiquement nulles puisque ce type de tumeur est très réfractaire aux traitements conventionnels. Il est bien connu que l’exposition aux rayons ultraviolets (UV), induisant des photoproduits génotoxiques, est une déterminante majeure dans l’acquisition de MM. À cet effet, la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) est la ligne de défense principale contre le développement des mélanomes puisqu’elle est la voie de réparation prépondérante en ce qui a trait aux dits photoproduits. Malgré cela, la contribution potentielle de défauts de la NER au développement des MM dans la population normale n’est toujours pas bien établie. Notre laboratoire a précédemment développé une méthode basée sur la cytométrie de flux qui permet de mesurer la NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire. Cette méthode a déjà mise en évidence qu’une déficience de l’activité de la protéine ATR peut mener à une déficience de la NER exclusive à la phase S dans des fibroblastes humains. Pareillement, nous avons démontré que plusieurs lignées cellulaires cancéreuses modèles comportent une déficience en NER en phase S, suggérant qu’une telle déficience puisse caractériser certains types de cancers. Nous avons voulu savoir si une déficience en NER en phase S pouvait être associée à une proportion significative de mélanomes et si le tout pouvait être attribuable à une diminution de l’activité d’ATR. Nos objectifs ont donc été de : (i) mesurer l’efficacité de la NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire dans les MM en comparaison avec les mélanocytes primaires, (ii) vérifier si le niveau d’activité d’ATR corrèle avec l’efficacité de la NER en phase S dans les lignées de MM et (iii) voir si un gène fréquemment muté dans les mélanomes (tels PTEN et BRAF) pouvait coopérer avec ATR pour réguler la NER en phase S dans les mélanomes. Nous avons démontré que 13 lignées de MM sur 16 ont une capacité grandement diminuée à réparer les photoproduits induits par UV spécifiquement en phase S. De plus, cette déficience corrèle fortement avec une réduction de l’activation d’ATR et, dans plusieurs lignées de MM, avec une phosphorylation d’Akt plus importante. L’utilisation d’ARN interférent ou d’un inhibiteur du suppresseur de tumeurs PTEN, a permis, en plus d’augmenter la phosphorylation d’Akt, de réduire la réparation des photoproduits et l’activation d’ATR dans les cellules en phase S. En addition, (i) l’expression ectopique de la protéine PTEN sauvage dans des lignées déficientes en PTEN (mais pas d’une protéine PTEN sans activité phosphatase) ou (ii) l’inhibition pharmacologique d’Akt a permis d’augmenter la réparation en phase S ainsi que l’activation d’ATR. En somme, cette étude démontre qu’une signalisation d’ATR dépendante de PTEN/Akt amenant à une réparation déficiente des photoproduits génomiques causés par les UV en phase S peut être déterminante dans le développement des mélanomes induits par UV. / Malignant melanoma (MM) is the second most frequent neoplasia among young Canadian adults (aged 20-44); moreover the incidence of this disease continues to rise annually at an alarming rate. Unless primary melanoma is diagnosed early and promptly resected the patient prognosis is dismal since this deadly tumour type metastasizes extremely aggressively and is highly refractory to conventional treatment protocols. It is well established that exposure to UV light, and subsequent induction of genotoxic DNA photoproducts, is a primary determinant in the initiation of MM. Furthermore nucleotide excision repair (NER) clearly represents a critical frontline defence against MM because it is the only human pathway designed to remove the aforementioned DNA photoproducts. Despite this, the potential contribution of NER defects to sporadic MM development in the general population has remained unclear. Our laboratory previously developed a novel flow cytometry-based assay to evaluate the efficiency of NER as a function of cell cycle. This method was employed to demonstrate that functional ATR kinase is strictly required for NER during S phase in primary human fibroblasts. Intriguingly we also reported that many model tumour cell lines are deficient in NER uniquely in S phase populations, raising the possibility that such a defect might be characteristic of certain types of cancers. We therefore hypothesized that a significant proportion of human MM cell lines may exhibit reduced NER capacity specifically during S phase, and that this in turn might be attributeable to reduced ATR signaling. To test this hypothesis, three major specific aims were proposed: (i) To measure the efficiency of NER as a function of cell cycle among a panel of human MM cell lines and in primary melanocytes; (ii) To investigate whether any correlation exists between NER status and ATR activity during S phase in human MM cell lines; (iii) To investigate whether frequently mutated genes in melanoma (eg., PTEN, BRAF) might cooperate with ATR to regulate S phase-specific NER in MM cell lines. We were able to demonstrate that, in fact, 13/16 MM cell lines display remarkably diminished capacity to remove UV-induced DNA photoproducts specifically during S phase. Furthermore this defect correlates strongly with reduced activation of ATR kinase and, for a majority of MM, higher Akt phosphorylation levels. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the PTEN tumour suppressor, while stimulating Akt phosphorylation as expected, also engenders reductions in both photoproducts repair and ATR activation in S phase cells. In addition, (i) ectopic expression in PTEN-null strains of wild type PTEN but not of PTEN variants deficient in phosphatase activity, or (ii) pharmacological inhibition of Akt, significantly rescue S phase-specific repair as well as ATR activation. Our data indicate that reduced PTEN/Akt-dependent ATR signaling leading to defective repair of UV DNA photoproducts uniquely during S phase may represent an heretofore unrecognized major determinant in sunlight-induced melanoma development.

O câncer é a primeira causa de mortes por doença, após 1 ano de idade, até o final da adolescência, excetuando aquelas relacionadas aos acidentes e à violência. A Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA) afeta células linfoides e agrava-se rapidamente. São os tumores mais frequentes na infância e representam um terço de todas as neoplasias malignas nesta faixa etária. Em média, a taxa de cura excede 70%, todavia, apesar dos avanços das últimas décadas, os índices de crianças que apresentam recidiva da doença continua significativo. Danos endógenos ao DNA ocorrem numa frequência altíssima, além dos danos causados por terapias antitumorais. Alteração no reparo ao dano do DNA pode induzir mecanismos de resistência ao tratamento quimioterápico, resultando em aumento do reparo de lesões do DNA. Reparo por Excisão de Nucleotídeos (NER) é a via de reparo de DNA mais versátil e flexível nas células. Seus componentes estão sendo estudados como biomarcadores de prognóstico e terapias-alvo. No entanto, alguns relatórios têm abordado danos de DNA em Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA) pediátrica. Neste estudo, realizamos um estudo de acompanhamento observacional em pacientes pediátricos para avaliar os danos do DNA pelo Ensaio Cometa Alcalino e expressão gênica da via de NER durante a indução da quimioterapia. Amostras de medula óssea (MO) ao diagnóstico, dia 15 (D15) e 30 (D30) do tratamento foram coletadas de 28 pacientes com LLA. Não houve aumento no índice de dano. No entanto, houve uma redução de células com baixo danos na comparação do D35 com o diagnóstico. Este resultado se confirmou em pacientes que apresentaram doença residual mínima positiva. A via de NER permaneceu constante, no entanto, em um único paciente, foi observada uma diminuição significativa da expressão dos genes, talvez devido ao silenciamento ou a regulação negativa das vias de reparo. Níveis de danos e reparação do DNA podem influenciar o resultado clínico, estar envolvidos na resistência aos fármacos e potencializar o risco de recidiva. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o dano ao DNA em amostras de MO de pacientes pediátricos com LLA. Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes alocados para o estudo, a partir dos achados é possível concluir que complexos de reparo merecem ser investigados a curto e a longo prazo. Acompanhamento dos resultados do paciente vai ajudar a elucidar a implicação dos nossos achados em taxas de cura e de recidiva. / Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease after 1 year old until the end of adolescence, except those related to accidents and violence. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) affects lymphoid cells and worsens quickly. They are the most frequent tumors in childhood and account for a third of all malignancies in this age group. On average, the cure rate exceeds 70%, however, despite the progress of recent decades, rates of children with disease recurrence remains significant. Endogenous DNA damage occurs at a very high frequency, in addition to the damage caused by anti-tumor therapies. Change in the repair of DNA damage can induce resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy, resulting in increased repair of DNA lesions. Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway is the more versatile and flexible DNA repair in cells. Its components are being studied as prognostic biomarkers and targeted therapies. However, there are some reports of DNA damage in pediatric Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL). In this study, we conducted an observational follow-up study in pediatric patients to assess DNA damage by alkaline comet assay and gene expression of NER pathway during induction chemotherapy. Bone marrow (BM) samples at diagnosis, 15th (D15) and 30th (D30) of treatment were collected from 28 patients with ALL. There was no increase in damage index. However, there was a reduction of cells with low damage in comparison to the D35 diagnosis. This result was confirmed in patients with positive minimal residual disease. The NER pathway remained constant, however, in one patient, a significant decrease of gene expression was observed perhaps due to the silencing or down-regulation of repair pathways. Damage levels and DNA repair can influence the clinical result and may be involved in drug resistance and enhance the risk of recurrence. This is the first study to assess DNA damage in BM samples of pediatric patients with ALL. Despite the small number of patients allocated to the study, from the findings we conclude that repair complex deserves to be investigated in the short and long term. Monitoring patient’s outcomes will help to access the implication of our findings in cure and relapse rates.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-06T12:44:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1491913 bytes, checksum: 48f18b769a4ddee1245aef6c202388b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T12:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1491913 bytes, checksum: 48f18b769a4ddee1245aef6c202388b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a frequent neoplasm in humans and its main etiological factor is exposure to solar radiation. Although genetic and epigenetic changes can activate proto-oncogenes, inactivate tumor suppressor genes and repair mechanism genes, the cell has several mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of genomic stability. Mutations in repair genes can lead to tumor progression and loss of genome integrity leading to the onset of cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an important mechanism primarily used to repair injuries caused by UV. The objective of this study was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of XPA and XPC genes and the risk of developing BCC. One hundred samples of paraffined tissue from patients from the State of Paraíba with histopathological diagnosis of BCC were analyzed for each polymorphism. The results were obtained by a newly developed genotyping method, the Dideoxy Unique Allele Specific - PCR, a method that presents high sensitivity and low cost. Graphpad Prism 6.01 software was used for the statistical analysis and application of Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. The SNP rs535425175 of the XPC gene showed a significant association with the BCC in the analyzed samples (X2 = 14.51 and P <0.005). Whereas the SNPs rs745769173 of the XPA gene and rs761106780 of the XPC gene are in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, not showing any association with the neoplasia. The results suggest that the SNP rs535425175 of the XPC gene may be considered a risk factor associated with the development of BCC. / O Carcinoma Basocelular (CBC) é uma neoplasia frequente em seres humanos e seu principal fator etiológico é a exposição à radiação solar. Embora alterações genéticas e epigenéticas possam ativar proto-oncogenes, inativar genes supressores de tumor e genes do mecanismo de reparo, a célula apresenta vários mecanismos que contribuem para a manutenção da estabilidade genômica. Mutações em genes de reparo podem levar a progressão tumoral e à perda da integridade do genoma levando ao surgimento do câncer. O reparo por excisão de nucleotídeo (NER) é um importante mecanismo utilizado principalmente para reparar lesões causadas por UV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) dos genes XPA e XPC e o risco de desenvolver CBC. Foram analisadas 100 amostras de tecido parafinado de pacientes do Estado da Paraíba com diagnóstico histopatológico de CBC para cada polimorfismo. Os resultados foram obtidos por um método de genotipagem recentemente desenvolvido, o Didesoxi Único Alelo Específico – PCR, método que apresenta alta sensibilidade e de baixo custo. O software Graphpad Prism 6.01 foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas e aplicação de teste Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. O SNP rs535425175 do gene XPC apresentou associação significativa com o CBC nas amostras analisadas (X2=14,51 e P<0,005). Enquanto que os SNP rs745769173 do gene XPA e rs761106780 do gene XPC estão no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, não apresentando associação com a neoplasia. Os resultados sugerem que o SNP rs535425175 do gene XPC pode ser considerado um fator de risco associado ao desenvolvimento de CBC. Palavras-chaves: Carcinoma Basocelular, Família XP, Reparo por excisão de nucleotídeo, Polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único, Genotipagem. VII

O câncer é a primeira causa de mortes por doença, após 1 ano de idade, até o final da adolescência, excetuando aquelas relacionadas aos acidentes e à violência. A Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA) afeta células linfoides e agrava-se rapidamente. São os tumores mais frequentes na infância e representam um terço de todas as neoplasias malignas nesta faixa etária. Em média, a taxa de cura excede 70%, todavia, apesar dos avanços das últimas décadas, os índices de crianças que apresentam recidiva da doença continua significativo. Danos endógenos ao DNA ocorrem numa frequência altíssima, além dos danos causados por terapias antitumorais. Alteração no reparo ao dano do DNA pode induzir mecanismos de resistência ao tratamento quimioterápico, resultando em aumento do reparo de lesões do DNA. Reparo por Excisão de Nucleotídeos (NER) é a via de reparo de DNA mais versátil e flexível nas células. Seus componentes estão sendo estudados como biomarcadores de prognóstico e terapias-alvo. No entanto, alguns relatórios têm abordado danos de DNA em Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA) pediátrica. Neste estudo, realizamos um estudo de acompanhamento observacional em pacientes pediátricos para avaliar os danos do DNA pelo Ensaio Cometa Alcalino e expressão gênica da via de NER durante a indução da quimioterapia. Amostras de medula óssea (MO) ao diagnóstico, dia 15 (D15) e 30 (D30) do tratamento foram coletadas de 28 pacientes com LLA. Não houve aumento no índice de dano. No entanto, houve uma redução de células com baixo danos na comparação do D35 com o diagnóstico. Este resultado se confirmou em pacientes que apresentaram doença residual mínima positiva. A via de NER permaneceu constante, no entanto, em um único paciente, foi observada uma diminuição significativa da expressão dos genes, talvez devido ao silenciamento ou a regulação negativa das vias de reparo. Níveis de danos e reparação do DNA podem influenciar o resultado clínico, estar envolvidos na resistência aos fármacos e potencializar o risco de recidiva. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o dano ao DNA em amostras de MO de pacientes pediátricos com LLA. Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes alocados para o estudo, a partir dos achados é possível concluir que complexos de reparo merecem ser investigados a curto e a longo prazo. Acompanhamento dos resultados do paciente vai ajudar a elucidar a implicação dos nossos achados em taxas de cura e de recidiva. / Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease after 1 year old until the end of adolescence, except those related to accidents and violence. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) affects lymphoid cells and worsens quickly. They are the most frequent tumors in childhood and account for a third of all malignancies in this age group. On average, the cure rate exceeds 70%, however, despite the progress of recent decades, rates of children with disease recurrence remains significant. Endogenous DNA damage occurs at a very high frequency, in addition to the damage caused by anti-tumor therapies. Change in the repair of DNA damage can induce resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy, resulting in increased repair of DNA lesions. Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway is the more versatile and flexible DNA repair in cells. Its components are being studied as prognostic biomarkers and targeted therapies. However, there are some reports of DNA damage in pediatric Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL). In this study, we conducted an observational follow-up study in pediatric patients to assess DNA damage by alkaline comet assay and gene expression of NER pathway during induction chemotherapy. Bone marrow (BM) samples at diagnosis, 15th (D15) and 30th (D30) of treatment were collected from 28 patients with ALL. There was no increase in damage index. However, there was a reduction of cells with low damage in comparison to the D35 diagnosis. This result was confirmed in patients with positive minimal residual disease. The NER pathway remained constant, however, in one patient, a significant decrease of gene expression was observed perhaps due to the silencing or down-regulation of repair pathways. Damage levels and DNA repair can influence the clinical result and may be involved in drug resistance and enhance the risk of recurrence. This is the first study to assess DNA damage in BM samples of pediatric patients with ALL. Despite the small number of patients allocated to the study, from the findings we conclude that repair complex deserves to be investigated in the short and long term. Monitoring patient’s outcomes will help to access the implication of our findings in cure and relapse rates.

Abstract During DNA replication cells accurately copy their DNA to transfer the genetic information to daughter cells. DNA polymerases synthesise the new DNA strand using the old strand as a template. Other functions of DNA polymerases are recombination linked and DNA iamage repair linked DNA synthesis, regulation of replication complex formation and regulation of transcription – a process in which the genetic information is transformed into an RNA sequence needed to guide protein synthesis. In this study, the TopBP1 protein was shown to associate with DNA polymerase epsilon. TopBP1 contains eight BRCT domains mediating interactions between phosphorylated proteins and is a human homolog of bakers yeast Dpb11 and fission yeast Cut5. These yeast proteins act on DNA replication and cell cycle arrest after DNA damage. TopBP1 was found to be phosphorylated and expressed in elevated amounts during S phase suggesting an involvement in DNA replication. This was directly demonstrated by DNA synthesis inhibition by a competing TopBP1 fragment and by an antibody targeted to block TopBP1. Ultraviolet irradiation damages DNA and decreases the amount of TopBP1 in the nucleus. The transcription factor Miz-1 was found to associate with TopBP1 and was released from this interaction after UV damage. Free Miz-1 activated the expression of the cell cycle arresting proteins p15 and p21 cooperatively with other transcription factors and allowed extra time for DNA damage repair. TopBP1 was also found to interact with the breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 and both proteins localised together to arrested DNA synthesis apparatuses. The interaction of TopBP1 with the damage recognition and processing protein Rad9 is still further evidence of a link between TopBP1 and DNA damage. DNA polymerase epsilon forms a complex with Cdc45, a protein involved in DNA replication initiation and elongation. This complex does not interact with Cdc45 complexed with DNA polymerase delta, suggesting that these complexes synthesise DNA independently of each other. Our results are in agreement with the view that polymerase epsilon synthesises the first strand of DNA and polymerase delta the other. Finally,DNA polymerase epsilon binds to the RNA synthesising form of RNA polymerase II and nascent transcripts. The physiological meaning of this interaction needs to be determined.

La voie de réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) répare les lésions qui distordent la double hélice d’ADN notamment ceux induits par l’irradiation UV. Le NER est subdivisé en deux sous-voies : GG-NER (Global Genome Repair) et TC-NER (Transcription-Coupled Repair). La sous-voie GG-NER enlève les dommages à l’ADN dans l’ensemble du génome. La sous-voie TC-NER répare les dommages sur le brin transcrit qui interfèrent avec la progression de l’ARN Pol II. Les défauts de la voie NER peuvent conduire à l’apparition de pathologies graves. Par exemple, des mutations dans le gène XPG, codant une 3’ endonucléase impliquée dans la voie NER, peuvent mener au xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) associé ou non au syndrome de Cockayne (CS).Récemment, le laboratoire a découvert un lien fonctionnel entre Rad2, homologue chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae de la protéine XPG humaine, et le Médiateur (Eyboulet et al., 2013). Le Médiateur est un complexe multiprotéique nécessaire à la régulation de la transcription dépendante de l’ARN Pol II. Cette étude a suggéré que le Médiateur est impliqué dans la sous-voie TC-NER en facilitant le recrutement de Rad2 au niveau des régions transcrites.Mon projet de thèse visait à étudier les mécanismes moléculaires qui lient la transcription et la réparation de l’ADN. Plus précisément, d’investiguer le lien fonctionnel entre le Médiateur et la machinerie du NER chez S. cerevisiae.Lors du TC-NER, l’ARN Pol II est le premier facteur signalant le dommage à l’ADN. De plus, le Médiateur et Rad2 interagissent avec l’ARN Pol II. Pour déterminer le lien fonctionnel entre ces composants, nous avons utilisé des approches de génétique et génomique dans les mutants de TFIIH (kin28), de l’ARN Pol II (rpb9) and du Médiateur (med17). Nos résultats nous ont permis de proposer un modèle dans lequel Rad2 est recruté au niveau des régions régulatrices enrichies par le Médiateur, et Rad2 est ensuite transféré au niveau des régions transcrites de manière dépendante à l’ARN Pol II. De plus, ces résultats suggèrent que le rôle du Médiateur dans la transcription est fortement lié à son rôle dans la réparation de l’ADN.Ensuite, nous avons montré que le lien entre le Médiateur et la machinerie du NER peut être étendu à d’autres protéines du NER notamment en démontrant une interaction physique entre le Médiateur et Rad1/XPF, Rad10/ERCC1 ou Rad26/CSB, en l’absence des UV. Tout comme Rad2, nous avons démontré que Rad1 et Rad10 n’ont pas de rôle majeur dans la transcription. Pour approfondir le lien entre ces protéines du NER et le Médiateur, des expériences de ChIP-sequencing ont été réalisées. Nous avons observé que le Médiateur est présent au niveau de certaines régions qui sont aussi enrichies par ces protéines du NER. Après l’induction des dommages par UV, les interactions entre le Médiateur et la machinerie du NER reste inchangées par rapport aux conditions en l’absence des UV. De plus grâce à nos expériences de ChIP, nous avons observé un changement de la liaison à la chromatine des protéines du NER et du Médiateur après l’irradiation aux UV. Des expériences de ChIP-sequencing seront réalisées pour avoir une vue globale de ces changements.En conclusion, nous avons solidifié le lien fonctionnel entre Rad2, le Médiateur et l’ARN Pol II par rapport à la réparation couplée à la transcription. Nous avons aussi démontré que le Médiateur interagit avec d’autres protéines du NER (Rad1/XPF, Rad10/ERCC1 et Rad26/CSB) et colocalise avec eux sur certaines régions de la chromatine. En somme, notre projet place le Médiateur à l’interface de la transcription et de la réparation de l’ADN, deux processus essentiels dont les défauts peuvent mener à des pathologies graves. / Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a well conserved pathway that removes helix-distorting DNA lesions such as those arising upon UV irradiation. Global genome repair subpathway (GG-NER) removes the DNA lesions in the genome overall, and transcription-coupled repair (TC-NER) removes the DNA lesions interfering with Pol II progression through actively-transcribed regions. Defects in the NER pathway may lead to severe human pathologies. For instance, mutations in human XPG gene, encoding a 3’ endonuclease essential for NER, give rise to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) sometimes associated with Cockayne syndrome (CS). Recently, the laboratory discovered a functional link between Rad2/XPG and Mediator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eyboulet et al., 2013). Mediator is a large multisubunit complex essential for transcription regulation. We suggest that Mediator is involved in TC-NER by facilitating Rad2 recruitment to transcribed genes.My PhD work aimed at addressing the molecular mechanisms of this link between transcription and DNA repair, especially by investigating the functional interplay between Mediator and the NER machinery in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.RNA Pol II is the first complex of TC-NER that encounters the DNA damage. Moreover, both Mediator and Rad2/XPG interact with Pol II. However, a functional interplay between all these components related to TC-NER remained to be determined. Using genetic and genomic approaches, in particular ChIP-sequencing in TFIIH (kin28), RNA Pol II (rpb9) and Mediator (med17) mutants, our work led us to propose a model where Rad2 shuttles between Mediator on upstream activating sequence (UAS) and RNA Pol II on transcribed regions (Georges, Gopaul et al., under review). Our results also suggest that Mediator functions in transcription and DNA repair are closely related.Moreover, we showed that Mediator’s link to NER can be extended to other NER proteins. Indeed, we identified a physical interaction between Mediator and other NER proteins, including Rad1/XPF, Rad10/ERCC1 and Rad26/CSB in the absence of UV irradiation. Similarly to Rad2, we demonstrated that Rad1 and Rad10 do not have a major role in yeast transcription. To further study the functional link between Mediator and the NER machinery, we obtained the genomic distribution of different NER proteins by ChIP-sequencing. We found that some promoter regions are co-occupied by Mediator and these NER proteins, and that relationships between Mediator and these NER proteins are more complex than between Mediator and Rad2. We also investigated if physical interactions between Mediator and NER proteins are modified after UV, we did not observe any significant change. Furthermore, we observed that the chromatin binding profiles of NER proteins and Mediator are modified after UV-irradiation. ChIP-sequencing will be carried out to get a genome-wide view of their chromatin binding profiles.In conclusion, we have strengthened the link between Rad2/XPG, Mediator and RNA Pol II, providing mechanistic insights into functional interplay between these components related to transcription-coupled repair, and showed that the link between Mediator and the NER machinery can be extended to other proteins. Taken together, our results suggest a close relation between Mediator functions in transcription and in NER, two fundamental processes dysfunction of which leads to human diseases.

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