O Diabetes Mellitus com suas complicações agudas e crônicas, é considerado um problema de saúde pública que compromete a produtividade, qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos indivíduos, envolvendo custos elevados para seu controle e terapêutica. A falta de fornecimento de materiais pode levar à prática de reutilização de seringas descartáveis para aplicação de insulina. Para conhecer melhor essa prática, optou-se por realizar este estudo que tem por objetivos descrever as características sócio-demográficas da população, avaliar a prática de aplicação de insulina, analisar a prática de reutilização, descrever as alterações mais freqüentes nos locais de aplicação e associá-las entre o Grupo A que reutiliza e o B que não reutiliza, associar as alterações mais freqüentes com o tamanho de agulha, número de aplicações de insulina fixa diária da população e relacionar o número de reutilizações com as alterações do Grupo A. O estudo é comparativo, analítico, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, foi desenvolvido no ambulatório de diabetes do Instituto da Criança do HCFMUSP. A população foi constituída de 199 pacientes (crianças e adolescentes) divididos em Grupo A que reutiliza seringas e Grupo B que não as reutiliza. A comparação das medianas de idade, tempo de doença e renda familiar entre os Grupos foi possível com o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Os nódulos e lipohipertrofias foram comparados entre os Grupos através do teste de Fisher e para associar as complicações freqüentes com o tamanho de agulha, insulinas fixas diárias e número de reutilizações, foi usado o Qui-quadrado (2). Nas análises estatísticas foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. O sexo feminino prevaleceu com 65,3%, a maioria provém de São Paulo capital (53,8%). A idade média do grupo A foi de 11 anos e do grupo B de 9 anos. O ensino fundamental sobressaiu-se com 51,3% nos pacientes e o fundamental incompleto 40,2% nos responsáveis. A média de renda familiar predominante foi de 1 a 2 salários mínimos 48,8%. A preferência pela seringa com agulha acoplada foi de 75,9%, compradas na farmácia (65,3%) com gasto mensal entre 20 a 79 reais (82,4%) ou seja, de 8 a 27 dólares. Um percentual de 55,8% pacientes auto-aplicam a insulina, preferem o álcool de supermercado para desinfecção da tampa do frasco (58,3%) e antissepsia da pele (57,3%). Lavam as mãos antes do preparo e aplicação da insulina 97,5%. Os locais preferidos para a injeção de insulina foram os braços (92%) e a coxa (82%), houve uma média de três aplicações no mesmo local em uma semana. A estratégia comum para reutilizar a seringa foi o reencape sem limpeza prévia (60,1%), guarda dentro (50,4%) ou fora da geladeira (49,7%) em um recipiente fechado (64,7%). A dor (39,2%) e outros motivos (38,6%) foram as causas para a troca da seringa. O hospital foi o local responsável pela orientação da reutilização em 52,3% e o enfermeiro em 34,6%. O local mais apontado para as complicações foi o braço para a presença de nódulos (61,3%) e de lipohipertrofias (52,8%). Não houve associação estatística entre as complicações com o tamanho da agulha e número de insulinas fixas diárias da população. Também não houve associação estatística entre o número de reutilizações com nódulos (p=0,185) e lipohipertrofias (p=0,841) do Grupo A. Os resultados desta pesquisa corroboram com os da literatura que apontam a baixa evidência de riscos de complicações pela prática de reutilização. Outras investigações envolvendo maior número de pacientes se fazem necessárias. / Diabetes Mellitus, with its acute and chronic complications, is considered a public health issue which compromises the productivity, quality of life and the individual survival, involving high costs for its control and therapeutic. The lack of material supply leads to the practice of reusing the discarded syringes in the insulin application. A study aiming at describing socio-demographic characteristics of the population, evaluating the practice of insulin application, analyzing the practice of the reuse, describing the most frequent alterations in the site of the application and associating these alterations with the size of the needle and the number of doses of daily fixed insulin between patients who reused the syringes and the ones who did not reuse them and associate the most frequent alterations in the site with the number of reuses, was performed in order to better know this practice. The study is comparative, analytical, transversal with a quantitative approach, and it was developed at the diabetes outpatient, Child’s Institute, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo. The population was composed by 199 patients who were divided into two groups; Group A was composed by the ones that reused the syringes and Group B were the ones that did not reuse the syringes. The comparison of age, time of disease and family income medians between the groups was possible with the Mann-Whitney non parametric test. The nodules and lipohypertrophies were compared with Fisher test and the Chi-Square (2) test was used to associate the size of the needle and daily fixed insulin. The significance level of 5% was adopted in the statistical analysis. The female gender was predominant with 65.3%, majority of which comes from the city of São Paulo (53.8%). The average age was 11 years from Group A, and 9 years from Group B. A number of 51.3% of the patients had regular background and 40.2% of the responsible ones had an incomplete background, and the predominant average income family was from 1 to 2 minimum salaries 48.8%. The preference for the syringe with coupled needle was of 75.9%, bought at drugstores (65.3%) with monthly expenses between R$ 20 and R$ 79 (82.4%). A percentage of 55.8% of the patients self-applies the insulin, prefer the alcohol from supermarkets in order to decontaminate the cover of the bottle (58.3%) and perform the antisepsis of the skin (57.3%). They wash their hands before the preparation and the insulin application (97.5%). The preferable places to apply the insulin were the arms (92%) and the thighs (82%), and there was a mean of three applications in the same place in one week. The common strategy to reuse the syringe was the recap without a previous cleaning (60.1%), keep inside (50.4%) or outside the refrigerator (49.7%) in a closed recipient (64.7%). The pain (39.2%) and other motives were the cause for changing the syringe (38.6%). The hospital was the main site responsible for orienting the reuse in 52.3% and the nurse in 34.6%. The most reported place for complications was the arm due to the presence of nodules (61.3%) and lipohypertrophies (52.8%). There was neither statistical association of these complications between Groups A and B nor relation of the size of the needle and number of daily fixed insulin. There was also no statistical association between the number of reusing with nodules (p=0.185) and lipohypertrophies (p=0.841). The results of this research corroborate with the results of the literature, which point out the low evidence of risks of complications by the practice of reuse. Other investigations involving greater number of patients are necessary.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as práticas docentes no Centro de Educação Infantil do município de São Paulo e apresentar as relações híbridas entre o educar e o cuidar neste contexto educacional. Nesta etapa da educação básica o educador lida com projetos pedagógicos que são respaldados por um currículo oficial que propõe ações para o desenvolvimento e integração dos diversos campos de experiências dessa faixa etária. Simultaneamente o mesmo profissional zela pela integridade física da criança e seu bem-estar. Nesse processo as crianças são atendidas em seus aspectos mais essenciais, por meio de propostas que garantem práticas de higiene e saúde. As práticas docentes estão tensionadas entre esses aspectos (educacionais e assistenciais), tornando as ações dessa etapa educacional extremamente abrangentes ao promoveram uma formação integral da criança, sendo o educar e o cuidar dimensões indissociáveis de toda ação educacional. Para compreender esse processo é proposto um estudo sobre o surgimento e ampliação das creches que após sua inserção na Educação Infantil acarretou modificações e repercussões em sua estrutura originária. A compreensão dos acontecimentos históricos e seus consequentes desdobramentos é fundamental para entender como ocorreu a consolidação do CEI como parte integrante da educação básica brasileira. O corpus gerado com base numa metodologia qualitativa de cunho etnográfico é composto por anotações em diário de campo, fotos e aulas filmadas. O estudo intenciona uma análise minuciosa dos mecanismos que regem e estruturam as relações entre cuidar e educar. Do ponto de vista teórico, a pesquisa se fundamenta nos estudos que se referem ao trabalho docente em ação na esfera educacional e de formação (TARDIF & LESSARD, AEBY DAGUÉ & DOLZ e SCHNEUWLY) e nos estudos sobre a trajetória histórica das creches (KISHIMOTO, KUHLMANN e ROSEMBERG). A pesquisa considera que as ações híbridas realizadas no CEI são tributárias do contexto sócio-histórico que circundou todo o processo de transição das creches de agência de amparo e proteção às crianças pobres, para um espaço educacional que se equipara, segundo a legislação, com as demais etapas da educação básica brasileira. / This paper aims to study the teaching practices in Centro de Educação Infantil- CEI (Infant Education Centre), in São Paulo and presents the hybrid relationships between education and care in this educational context. The teacher deals with pedagogical projects, which is supported by an official curriculum that proposes actions for the development of different fields of experience for this age group. Simultaneously, the same professional cares for the physical integrity of the child and her food welfare. In this process the child is taken care of in her most essential aspects through proposals that ensure hygiene and health practices. Teaching practices are tensioned between these aspects (education and healthcare), making the actions of this education stage extremely embracing by promoting the integral development of child. To understand this process we will study it is proposed a study on the origin and expansion of nursery, after its insertion in Early Childhood Education, which brought changes and impacts in its original structure. An understanding of historical events and their consequent outcomes is critical to understand how the consolidation of the CEI as an integral part of Brazilian basic education occurred. The corpus generated based on a qualitative ethnographic methodology consists of notes in a field journal, photos and videotaped lessons. The study intends a thorough analysis of the mechanisms that rule and structure the relationships between care and education. From a theoretical perspective, the research is based on studies related to teaching in action in the sphere of education and training (TARDIF & LESSARD, AEBY DAGUÉ & DOLZ e SCHNEUWLY) and studies of the historical trajectory of nurseries (KISHIMOTO, KUHLMANN and ROSEMBERG). The research considers that hybrid actions performed in CEI are tributaries of the socio-historical context that circled the entire transition process of nurseries from a refuge and protection agency for poor children to an educational place that equates, according to the law, with other stages of the Brazilian basic education.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-15T11:44:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Ana Carolina de Oliveira Sousa.pdf: 1637680 bytes, checksum: 82c9c2fa912d5d3d69be898e301c6891 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T11:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Ana Carolina de Oliveira Sousa.pdf: 1637680 bytes, checksum: 82c9c2fa912d5d3d69be898e301c6891 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The assessment of nutritional status of plants such as rubber is important, as it needs, at all stages of its development of a proper fertilization program, which combined with the correct choice of genetic material, will generate significant productivity gains by avoiding the use unnecessary nutrients. There is a growing demand for natural rubber in the world, and the state of Rio de Janeiro land with favorable conditions for the development of the culture of rubber. Combined with social, economic and environmental importance, rubber cultivation is an alternative economic value to degraded areas and rugged state. The hypothesis is that the adaptation of rubber tree clones is related to genetic material and nutritional demand, reflecting productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth of the clones RRIM 600 and PR 255 of Hevea brasiliensis in relation to different levels of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. They were tested 28 combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for each of the clones, and data were collected from height, diameter and dry weight of plants. Crossing the information, the best results overall were obtained with the treatments 2 (40-50-40), 5 (40-100-40) grams of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per plant respectively. Both clones use on average, the same amount of nutrients, but clone RRIM 600 develops more at first, indicating less efficient use of nutrients by clone PR 255, which should not be used on poor soils when compared to the RRIM 600 / A avalia??o do estado nutricional de plantas como a seringueira ? importante, pois ela necessita, em todas as fases de seu desenvolvimento, de um correto programa de aduba??o, que aliado ? correta escolha do material gen?tico, ir? gerar ganhos significativos de produtividade evitando o uso desnecess?rio de determinados nutrientes. Existe uma demanda crescente pela borracha natural em todo o mundo, e o estado do Rio de Janeiro terras com condi??es satisfat?rias para o desenvolvimento da cultura da seringueira. Aliado ? import?ncia social, econ?mica e ambiental, o cultivo da seringueira ? uma alternativa de valoriza??o econ?mica para ?reas degradadas e relevo acidentado do estado. A hip?tese testada foi de que a adapta??o dos clones de seringueira est? relacionada ao material gen?tico e ? demanda nutricional, refletindo na produtividade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o crescimento dos clones RRIM 600 e PR 255 de Hevea brasiliensis em rela??o a diferentes doses de nitrog?nio, pot?ssio e f?sforo. Foram testadas 28 combina??es de nitrog?nio, f?sforo e pot?ssio para cada um dos clones, e foram coletados dados de altura, di?metro e massa seca das plantas. Cruzando as informa??es, foram obtidos os melhores resultados no geral com os tratamentos 2(40-50-40), 5(40-100-40) gramas de nitrog?nio, f?sforo e pot?ssio por planta respectivamente. Ambos os clones, utilizam em m?dia, a mesma quantidade de nutrientes, por?m o clone RRIM 600 se desenvolve mais a princ?pio, indicando menor efici?ncia no uso de nutrientes pelo clone PR 255, que n?o deve ser usado em solos pobres, quando comparado ao RRIM 600.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nova bianca pereira dissertacao2.pdf: 2174819 bytes, checksum: c4e9202347f28fb9575fcb51bd1bc03b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Breast milk is the best food for babies in their first four to six months of life. Despite widely publicized by the media and health professionals, keeping exclusive breastfeeding for six months is a challenge. Breastfeeding (BF) is a multifactoral behavior. Thus seeking ways to promote and ensure breastfeeding during this period is a task that can now be defended by the Municipal Centers for Early Childhood Education (CMEI) because health professionals are increasingly taking responsibility for the education, development and growth of children due the strong presence of women in the labor market. The objective of this study is to describe the practices and perceptions of CMEI's early childhood educators on the promotion of breastfeeding. For that purpose, we have designed this exploratory descriptive study of qualitative approach. Participants are early childhood educators working in CMEI's Nursery I in the city of Foz do Iguaçu/PR. Data collection occurred during the months of April, May and June 2015, after approval by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Western Paraná. It was used for the analysis of quantitative data, descriptive statistics and qualitative data, a technique of the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) proposed by Lèfevre & Lèfevre (2005). The professional profile of Nursery I room is predominantly female, twenty-six year old, over six years of experience, 40-hour workweek, no other employment relations, teaching after over a year of training, with children, having breastfed for less than six months, even having positive experience and no problems with it (BF). They feel the need for continuing education and professional training, especially in first aid. About the infrastructure; all nursery I rooms have lactary with minimum structure required; most of the municipality's rooms do not have solarium or have no sunlight; no institution has breastfeeding room or free entrance to BF or free time for women to breastfeed and most rooms have two teachers for every fourteen students. The construction of the CSDs allowed us to see that female teachers think BF is negative and there are no benefits in this practice for children enrolled in nursery I mainly because of the mother s unwillingness to visit the CMEI. Thus, the site is not considered a good place for the mother to breastfeed. Seven difficulties and no advantage have been identified for this practice in the CMEI; the main reason was the routine of the institution and the difficulty in weaning and adaptation. DSCs point to the perception of childhood educators about BF as a hindrance to their professional practice and therefore the teaching, maintenance and promotion of breastfeeding do not occur within the CMEI, which confirms such reality. The infrastructure does not cooperate in the practice of breastfeeding inside the Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education. It is a landmark for educational activities among these professionals, because knowing educational needs is the first step for a real change in such an important practice for a mother and her child. / O leite materno constitui o melhor alimento para o bebê nos primeiros quatro a seis meses de vida. Apesar da ampla divulgação por profissionais da saúde e mídia, manter o aleitamento materno (AM) exclusivo até os seis meses é um desafio. O aleitamento materno é um comportamento multifatorial, por isso buscar meios de promoção e garantia do AM nesse período é uma tarefa que atualmente pode ser defendida pelos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEI), pois estes profissionais cada vez mais estão assumindo a responsabilidade de educação, desenvolvimento e crescimento das crianças devido a forte presença da mulher no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as práticas e as percepções dos educadores infantis dos CMEI s relativo a promoção do aleitamento materno aos alunos de berçário. Para isso, delineou-se o presente estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes foram educadores infantis atuantes nos Berçários I dos CMEI s no município de Foz do Iguaçu/PR. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2015, após aprovação no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Utilizou-se nos dados qualitativos, a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) proposta por Lèfreve e Lèfreve (2005) e para a análise dos dados quantitativos, estatística descritiva. O perfil do profissional da sala de berçário I é predominantemente feminino, em idade superior a vinte e seis anos, com mais de seis anos de experiência, jornada de trabalho de 40 horas semanais, sem outros vínculos empregatícios, atuando como professor, com mais de um ano de formação profissional, possui filhos, amamentou por menos de seis meses, mesmo tendo uma experiência positiva e sem problemas com AM, afirmam sentir necessidade de educação continuada e capacitação profissional, especialmente em primeiros socorros. Sobre a infraestrutura, todas as salas de berçário I possuíam lactário com estrutura mínima necessária, a maior parte das salas do município não possuía solário ou não têm incidência solar, nenhuma instituição possui sala de amamentação, entrada livre para AM ou horário livre para amamentar e a maioria das salas contam com dois professores para quatorze alunos. A construção dos discursos do sujeito coletivo (DSC) permitiu visualizar que, na percepção das professoras, o AM é considerado negativo e não há benefícios nesta prática para crianças matriculadas no berçário I, principalmente pela indisponibilidade da mãe em ir ao CMEI. Deste modo, o local não foi considerado um bom lugar para mãe amamentar, foi apontado sete dificuldades e nenhuma facilidade para esta prática no CMEI, a principal justificativa para tal é a rotina da instituição e a dificuldade no desmame e adaptação. Os DSC s apontaram a percepção da educadora infantil sobre o AM como um empecilho à sua prática profissional e por isso o ensino, manutenção e promoção ao AM não ocorre dentro do CMEI, corroborando com esta realidade a infraestrutura não colabora com a prática do AM no local. Este é balizador para ações educativas entre estes profissionais, pois conhecer as necessidades educacionais é o primeiro passo para mudanças concretas nesta prática tão importante para mãe e filho.

Com o objetivo de investigar as relações pedagógicas estabelecidas entre bebês e suas professoras no cotidiano do berçário, o presente estudo circunscreve-se no campo da Pedagogia. O quadro teórico ancora-se em perspectivas pedagógicas de natureza participativa: a Pedagogia-em-Participação, a Proposta de Elinor Goldschmied e a Abordagem Pikler. A pesquisa de natureza qualitativa (LANKSHEAR; KNOBEL, 2008), caracterizada como um estudo de caso único (Yin, 2005 e Stake, 1999) e de inspiração etnográfica (Woods, 1999), foi realizada em uma creche, da rede pública direta municipal, da região sul da cidade de São Paulo, que atende a faixa etária de 0 a 3 anos e implicou a imersão da pesquisadora no cotidiano de três agrupamentos de bebês reunidos em uma sala de Berçário I (0 a 1 ano), durante o período de 10 meses. As sessões de observação resultaram em registros escritos, fotográficos e fílmicos. Foram examinados 9 episódios, envolvendo situações de interação de bebês e professoras, considerando-se três aspectos de análise: o papel do adulto-educador, o ambiente educativo do berçário e as brincadeiras e aprendizagens dos bebês. Como principais achados da pesquisa destacam-se: a natureza das relações professoras-bebês está condicionada aos traços de pessoalidade de cada uma das professoras, o que denota a ausência de ações pensadas em conjunto, dentro de um projeto comum para o berçário; as práticas das professoras pautadas no olhar e na escuta cuidadosos dos bebês criam condições favoráveis ao bem-estar, ao envolvimento, à participação e à aprendizagem, diferentemente de ações mais preocupadas em cumprir as expectativas dos adultos e, por fim, as situações de brincadeiras, em que os adultos e bebês estiveram igualmente envolvidos, tendem a ser prolongadas e potencializam experiências expressivas. As evidências sugerem que uma Pedagogia para bebês deve atentar, essencialmente, à concepção de um ambiente educativo de berçário, orientado na busca do bem-estar dos bebês, como condição essencial à promoção de envolvimento e experiências de aprendizagem e, ao mesmo tempo, ao investimento em formação de profissionais especializados, sensíveis às peculiaridades, dessa etapa educacional, e capazes de delinear e partilhar projetos de ação para o berçário. / In order to investigate the pedagogical relationships established among babies and their teachers in the daily routine of a day nursery, this research is circumscribed in the field of Pedagogy. The theoretical framework is set in pedagogical perspectives of participatory nature: the Pedagogy-in-Participation, proposed by Elinor Goldschmied and the Pikler Approach. The qualitative research (LANKSHEAR; KNOBEL, 2008), das a one case study (Yin, 2005 e Stake, 1999) and of ethnographic inspiration (Woods, 1999), was carried out at a municipal day nursery, which provides childcare services for children from 0 to 3 years old, in the southern part of São Paulo City. This research implied the immersion of the researcher for 11 months in the everyday life of three groupings of babies gathered in a Nursery 1 room (0 to 1 year old). The observation sessions resulted in written, photographic and film records. 9 episodes concerning interaction situations among babies and teachers were analysed taking into consideration three aspects of analyses: role of the adult-educator, the day nurserys educational environment and the plays and learnings of the babies. The main findings of the research that stand out are the following ones: the nature of the teachers-infants relationships is conditioned to the personality traces of each teacher, which denotes the absence of collaborative planned action in a common project for the day nursery; Practices that take into account the attentive observation and listening to the babies create favourable conditions to the welfare, involvement, participation and learning process, differently from actions that concern meeting adults expectations. Lastly, situations of playing, in which adults and babies were likewise involved, tend to be prolonged and enhance significant experiences. The evidences suggest that a Pedagogy for babiess must be attentive, mainly, to the conception of a day nursery educational environment, whose focus is on the search for the babies wellbeing as an essential condition to the promotion of involvement and learning experiences and, at the same time, to the investment in the training of professionals, who are sensitive to peculiarities of this educational stage and able to delineate and partake in action projects for the day nursery.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-18T12:09:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Oliveira Rodrigues_.pdf: 1330100 bytes, checksum: 8ee5aecb5382bb35a0d509f9898574a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T12:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Oliveira Rodrigues_.pdf: 1330100 bytes, checksum: 8ee5aecb5382bb35a0d509f9898574a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / UEMA – Universidade Estadual do Maranhão / TCE se caracteriza como uma lesão resultante do impacto físico interno ou externo com grande impacto socioeconômico desta forma, a assistência qualificada é de fundamental importância para reduzir os índices de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: elaborar um guia assistencial para atendimento de pacientes adultos com traumatismo cranioencefpalico no serviço de emergência do Hospital Municipal Gentil filho de Caxias/MA. Método: revisão de literatura, os Descritores de Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) definidos para a busca nas bases de dados foram: craniocerebral trauma, protocols e nursing. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de agosto a setembro de 2015. Os estudos utilizados na confecção deste guia foram selecionados com base nos critérios: a) inclusão: artigos completos e gratuitos, publicados em periódicos indexados que abordaram a temática do estudo; publicados no período de 2000 a 2016, considerando as duas últimas atualização do Colégio Americano de Cirurgiões; estudos anteriores ao período estipulado (2000) que são considerados relevantes e não apresentam evidências melhores; teses e dissertações; manuais nacionais e internacionais relacionados à temática deste estudo; b) critérios exclusão: monografias; resumos simples e expandidos publicados em anais de congressos. Resultados: foram encontradas 2872 publicações disponíveis nas bases de dados selecionadas, sendo 852 da MEDLINE; 743 da BDENF; 589 no SciELO; 390 no LILACS; e 297 no COCHRANE. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, destes restaram 32 estudos. Conclusão: Observou-se a importância da utilização de um guia assistencial para atendimentos a vitimas de Traumatismo Cranioencefálico, pois os cuidados iniciais como: ABCDE do trauma, elevação de cabeceira, monitoração hidroeletrolítica e controle da hipotensão diminuem significativamente os índices de morbidade e mortalidade. / TCE is characterized as an injury resulting from internal or external physical impact with great socio-economic impact in this way, quality care is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: To prepare a nursing care guide for the treatment of adult patients suffering from traumatic brain injury in the emergency response of the General Hospital of Caixas – MA. Methods: The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used for database search were: craniocerebral trauma, protocols and nursing. The data collection was performed during 2015 between August and September and the studies used as references on this protocol were selected through the following criteria: published papers on periodic in the last 10 years talking about the theme, thesis and dissertations, international and national manuals related to our subject; papers published on events were not used in our study. Results: found 2872 publications available in selected databases, with 852 of MEDLINE; 743 of BDENF; 589 in SciELO; 390 in LILACS; and 297 COCHRANE. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, these remaining 32 studies. Conclusion: there was the importance of using a clinical protocol for nurses to care to victims of Traumatic brain injury, because the initial care as ABCDE trauma, head elevation, electrolyte monitoring and control of hypotension significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the long-term effects of feeding increasing supplemental levels (20, 120, or 220 mg/kg) of dietary copper (Cu) as tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) on performance, antioxidant status, nutrient digestibility, and trace mineral deposition of sows and piglets; as well as to assess nursery dietary Cu levels on growth performance and response to immunological challenge in nursery pigs from sows fed either high or low Cu diets. In the long-term sow experiment, sows fed TBCC diets had greater adjusted weaning weight for litter and piglet (P < 0.10), as well as adjusted litter and piglet weight gain (P < 0.10) when compared to sows that received CuSO4 diets. Increasing dietary Cu level linearly increased live born piglet weight (P = 0.06). Sows fed TBCC diets had lower apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract (P = 0.01) during late gestation, but greater ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorous during lactation (P < 0.05). Increasing Cu levels linearly increased dry matter digestibility in lactating sows (P = 0.02). Milk from sows fed TBCC diets had a greater concentration of protein (P = 0.02) than that from sows fed CuSO4 diets. Increasing Cu levels increased levels of milk fat and Cu (linear, P < 0.05); but linearly decreased lactose and Zn levels (P < 0.05). Lactating sows fed TBCC diets had a greater activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ceruloplasmin in serum than those fed CuSO4 diets (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary Cu levels increased total and Cu/Zn SOD activity for lactating sows (linear, P < 0.05). Sows fed TBCC diets had lower concentrations of Cu (P = 0.04), but higher concentrations of iron and manganese (P < 0.05) in the liver, when compared to those fed with CuSO4 diets. In addition, liver Cu concentrations increased with increasing dietary Cu levels (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). Increasing dietary Cu levels resulted in the elevation of concentrations and contents of Cu in the liver of weanling piglets (linear, P < 0.0001). In the nursery pig experiment, pigs from sows fed 120 mg/kg Cu diets had greater ADG from d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), and tended to have greater ADG in the overall period (P < 0.08), when compared to pigs from sows fed 20 mg/kg Cu diets. During the lipopolysaccharide challenge period, the challenged pigs from sows fed 120 mg/kg Cu had a greater overall rectal temperature than those from sows fed 20 mg/kg Cu (P = 0.01). Also, the challenged pigs fed with 220 mg/kg Cu diets had greater serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration over time as compared to those fed 20 mg/kg Cu diets (P = 0.03). In summary, the TBCC may be a superior Cu source compared to CuSO4 regarding reproductive performance, and higher dietary Cu levels result in greater birth weight of piglets; furthermore, high Cu levels in sow and nursery diets promote growth performance of nursery pigs and affects their responses to immunological challenge.

Nursery habitat availability is considered a bottleneck to successful recruitment of Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus Lucius). Detailed geomorphic studies were conducted in a 1.5-km reach to examine channel response to flows and the geomorphic setting of nursery habitats during a 2-year period. Videography was used to extend relationships in the 1.5-km reach to a longer 10-km reach. Nursery habitat availability varied yearly with little persistence in location or geomorphic setting of individual habitats for the 2 years of this study. A small number of habitats provided most of the area of high-quality (i.e., deep) habitat, and most of the total area of habitat was formed by three geomorphic classes. Although the 1993 flood reduced the area of available habitat, area of deep habitat increased. The 1994 low-peak flood increased the area of habitat, but most habitats were shallow. The 1993 and 1994 multi-peaked habitat availability curves for the 1.5-km-reach bank-attached bar were the result of the superposition of curves from habitats in each geomorphic classification, and showed that the discharge that maximized habitat availability changed yearly. A complexity index was evaluated for the 10-km reach as surrogate for habitat availability. Total base-flow habitat availability was significantly correlated to the complexity index, but deep habitat availability was not. Measured channel topography was used as input to a flow and sediment transport model. Simulated hydrograph runs produced greater bank-attached bar aggradation and thalweg scour than steady flows, although some unrealistic patterns of scour occurred. New flow recommendations must include occasional high flows sufficient to rebuild channel topography. Flaming Gorge Dam releases should be used to augment the Yampa River flood peak, but not increase low flood-peak duration. The conceptual model for habitat availability developed here may be used to target the formation and availability of habitats. Base flow recommendations designed to maximize habitat availability should be evaluated annually. Winter flows should be reevaluated for their negative effects on habitat.

Biological processes like species interactions and patterns such as abundance and distribution observed in nature can vary depending on the scale at which the subject of interest is evaluated. Knowing that there is no single natural scale at which systems should be studied, in this thesis, I conducted a series of basic and applied ecological approaches in order to examine the phenomena that can occur at different scales of space, time, and ecological organization. Species abundances can vary over large spatial and temporal scales. By studying the habitat use of an abundant species, which uses a wide range of habitats, insights can be gained into how seascape-scales might influence population-level patterns. Similarly, temporal scales might affect the dynamics of species that have complex life cycles where migration is involved. Therefore, in the first study I used an eight-year dataset to conduct a population-level study at broader time- and seascape- scales of an abundant species in Tampa Bay, Florida. The goal of this study was to provide the first in-depth study on the habitat use of Pinfish on the eastern Gulf of Mexico and to provide insights on how seascape-scales can influence their abundance and distribution. Predator-prey interactions can be influenced by habitat at different spatial scales. In seagrass systems, blade density can provide prey refugia at local scales, which are further embedded within the seascape-scale effect of turbidity. In the second study, I used a combination of in situ field experiments and laboratory-controlled experiments to examine and separate the effects of habitat across these local and seascape scales on the relative predation rates of tethered Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboids). The broad-scale analyses indicated that population-level differences, such as abundance patterns and distribution can be influenced by temporal and spatial scales. Field- studies showed that habitat can influence ecological interactions at local- and seascape- scales. Overall, this research demonstrates the importance of using multiple spatial and temporal scale approaches when studying ecology, especially of those organisms that move over large distances and have complex life histories.

<p><strong>Syfte </strong>Syftet med denna studie har varit att observera pedagoger i förskolan avseende hur deras bemötande påverkar barnen ur ett köns-/genusperspektiv. Frågeställningarna som studien varit grundad på är: <em>Bemöter förskolans pedagoger barnen i förskolan olika ur ett genus-/könsperspektiv? På vilket sätt är i så fall bemötandet olika? Hur är förskolans miljö uppbyggd ur ett genus-/könsperspektiv? Hur anser en förälder till ett barn som avviker från den traditionella könsnormen att deras barn har bemötts av förskolans pedagoger?</em></p><p><strong>Metod </strong>Metoden har varit en kvalitativ undersökning där jag observerat några pedagoger på tre olika förskolor. Jag har också intervjuat en förälder till ett barn i förskolan som anser att hennes barn avviker från genusnormen. Jag har använt mig av olika genusteorier för att kunna analysera mina observationer och min intervju. Jag har också använt mig av tidigare jämställdhetsprojekt på andra förskolor då jag gjort min analys.</p><p><strong>Resultat </strong>Resultatet visar att det finns ett fåtal skillnader i hur pedagogerna bemöter barnen i de olika förskolorna. Det finns inga verbala skillnader, alltså skillnad på ordval eller tonval då barnen tilltalas. De små skillnader som finns är i själva bemötandet, alltså hur barnen bemöts. Föräldraintervjun resulterade i ett solskensexempel på hur pedagoger kan arbeta på ett genusmedvetet sätt.</p> / <p><strong>Purpose </strong>The purpose of this study has been to observe educationalists in the nursery school with attention to how their treatment affects the children from a sex-/gender perspective. The issues that the study has been based on are: <em>Treats the nursery school's educationalists the children in the nursery school different from a genus-/sex perspective? In which way is the treatment different? How is the nursery school's environment edified from a genus-/sex perspective? How considers a parent to a child that deviates from the traditional sex standard that their children have been treated of the nursery school's educationalists?</em></p><p><strong>Method </strong>The method has been a qualitative survey where I observed some educationalists on three different nursery schools. I have also interviewed a parent to a child in a nursery school that considers that her children deviate from the gender normative. I have used myself of different gender theories in order to analyze my observations and the interview. I have also used myself of earlier equality projects on other nursery schools than the ones I have used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results </strong>The result shows that there are few differences in how educationalists treat the children in the different nursery schools. There are no verbal differences, in other words difference on word choices or intonation choice when the children are addressed. There are small differences in how the children are treated, in other words how the educationalists behave when addressing the children. The interview with the parent resulted in an excellent example of how educationalists can work in a gender aware way.</p>