No description available.

Investigations were carried out to project the food needs of the world population by 2000 A. D., and to explore the possibilities of meeting these requirements. About 70 percent of the world populations presently living in developing countries do not get adequate diets, and suffer from many diseases of under- nutrition and malnutrition. they are unable to increase food production themselves. People in the developed nations have enough food and their food production is increasing at a rate faster than the rate of growth of population. Cultivable land is the main source of food for man. The seas can also be relied upon for high quality food. At present, both of these sources are not fully exploited. The amount of fresh water available can be efficiently used to irrigate additional land. Food production in the developing countries could be more than doubled by the use of modern technology. The use of machine:ry, genetically improved crop varieties, fertilizers, pest control, storage and preservation, and distribution facilities can make valuable contributions towards food production and utilization. Much of the world's malnutrition and under-nutrition is due to ignorance. Food habits and cultural practices need to be changed. People should learn to make the best use of the food available to them. The deficiencies of essential nutrients in the diets can be met by supplementing the grains with synthetic and substitute foods which could be produced on a large scale from locally grown grains and offered at reasonable rates. The majority of the people in the developing countries are illiterate. They must be educated, but this will take time. Technical education deserves priority over other education. A high rate of population increase is accompanied by a high percentage of children in the population. A large part of the national income is spent on these children and there is little capital formation. This inhibits economic progress. The developing countries have realized this now and some of them have adopted official population policies. The developed nations and many international agencies have come forward to help the developing countries to increase food production and to check population growth through family planning programs. The new birth control devices; namely, the pill and the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD or IUCD) , promise great hopes. The developing countries should make the best use of the capital and technicians loaned to them and attain a self sustaining economic growth. During the last two decades, Mexico and Israel have increased their food production by about 250 percent. New varieties of rice and wheat have been developed in the Philippines and Mexico and are being adapted to the South East Asian countries. Present technology is capable of increasing world food production many fold. The same technology can also be employed to control the abnormal growth of population. Perhaps the world will have no difficulty in feeding its population adequately by 2000 A. D.

Introduction: Balance between the essential nutritive substances is important for a person to maintain health. The surgical patient can be stricken with conditions, which have a negative impact on this balance and can lead to malnutrition. Working as a nurse it is important to identify patients that are malnourished or is in the risk zone of malnourishment since 30 % of all patients in hospitals are malnourished. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the compliance to the guidelines for nutritional assessment and parenteral nutrition on a surgical ward. Also whether the nutritional treatment/-support was reported to the next caregivers if the patient was malnourished or was in the risk zone of malnourishment at the time of discharge. Method: 80 patients enrolled on the ward in the beginning of year 2011 were included. Audit of patient records was made according to the hospital guidelines for nutrition and parenteral nutrition and followed a study specific protocol. Results: The examination of the case records showed that the guidelines for nutrition were partly complied with. Nutritional treatment/-support was reported to the next caregivers when needed. Compliance to the guidelines for parenteral nutrition was deficient. Conclusion: The guidelines for nutritional assessment and parenteral nutrition are not used adequately. / Introduktion: En stadig balans mellan de livsviktiga näringsämnena krävs för att en person ska kunna hålla sig frisk och för att kroppen ska fungera. Den kirurgiska patienten kan drabbas av tillstånd som har en negativ inverkan på denna balans och kan riskera att drabbas av malnutrition. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska identifiera de patienter som är malnutrierade eller är i riskzonen för att drabbas av malnutrition då 30 % av alla patienter som vårdas på sjukhus är malnutrierade. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om de riktlinjer som finns för nutritionsbedömning och parenteral nutrition följs på en kirurgisk vårdavdelning samt om nutritionsbehandlingen/-stödet rapporteras vidare till nästa vårdform då en malnutrierad patient/riskpatient för malnutrition skrivs ut. Metod: 70 patienter som var inskrivna på den aktuella avdelningen i början av år 2011 inkluderades i studien. En journalgranskning gjordes utifrån ett journalgranskningsprotokoll, där innehållet utgick från de nutritionsriktlinjer som finns för verksamhetsområdet för kirurgi samt riktlinjerna för parenteral nutrition. Resultat: Journalgranskningen visade att de riktlinjer som finns för nutrition följs till viss del. Vad gäller rapportering av nutritionsbehandling/-stöd till nästa vårdgivarform görs detta då det är aktuellt. Följsamheten till riktlinjerna för parenteral nutrition var det som var mest bristfälligt. Slutsats: Riktlinjerna för nutritionsbedömning och parenteral nutrition följs inte i den utsträckning som det borde.

Nutritional and energetic needs of female mammals depend upon size or reproductive investment and shape individual activity budgets and behavioral patterns. To maximize nutritional and energetic intake females may increase time allocated to foraging or access resources through risk-prone behaviors, represented as aggression or leadership. Conversely, to minimize nutritional and energetic spending females may engage in risk-averse activities such as resting or nonaggressive social interactions. Females with the highest needs should exhibit activities and behaviors that facilitate the greatest nutritional and energetic returns or highest metabolic savings. The propensity for risk-prone behaviors may be greater among older as well as lactating females. Older individuals tend to be larger and more experienced than younger conspecifics. Moreover, lactating females are under substantially greater energetic, nutritional and water stresses than nonlactating individuals. Therefore, to fulfill greater nutritional and energetic needs, older and lactating females may allocate more time to foraging or rest or be more assertive during search for and defense of resources. I assessed the relative effects of age, reproductive condition and sex of nursing offspring on activity budgets, the frequency of risk-prone and risk-averse behaviors such as leadership propensity, and chemosensory inspection of the surroundings in female African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana). To quantify activities and behavioral patterns I used focal animal sampling with continuous recording. I determined leadership by the position in a mobile herd, where the first and last positions were considered as ends, and the center was considered as a middle position. I discovered that older females stood more, were more aggressive, socialized less and traveled closer to the end of a traveling group than younger females. Females that were lactating spent more time foraging, were more aggressive and engaged in nonaggressive social interactions less frequently than their nonlactating conspecifics. Finally, females nursing female calves spent more time foraging than females nursing male calves, but the latter spent more time nursing and standing. These results elucidate how individual nutritional and energetic needs influence the activity budgets as well as the propensity to exhibit risk-prone and riskaverse behaviors in female elephants and thus add to a body of work examining mammalian female activity budgets shaped by individual differences such as age and reproductive condition.

Lors du vieillissement, les capacités sensorielles et l’efficacité masticatoire diminuent, affectant négativement l'alimentation des séniors. Ainsi, la formulation d’aliments adaptés aux besoins nutritionnels et sensoriels des seniors est un enjeu pour les années à venir. L'objectif principal de cette thèse, intégrée au projet AlimaSSenS, est d’étudier l’impact de la texture de produits fromagers sur le confort en bouche et la biodisponibilité des acides aminés et du calcium. Les fromages modèles développés ont la même composition mais des textures variables. Des analyses sensorielles réalisées sur un panel de séniors, ainsi que des études de digestion in vitro et in vivo (sur modèle porcin) ont été réalisées. Les résultats des digestions soulignent la pertinence d’intégrer les protéines sériques en tant que source protéique majeure dans les produits fromagers, afin de maximiser l’apport plasmatique en acides aminés essentiels. Cependant, la texture des fromages modèles n’a pas influencé la bioaccessibilité des acides aminés et du calcium. De plus, la bioaccessibilité du calcium est majoritairement liée aux pH intra-gastrique et -intestinal, plutôt qu’à sa forme chimique initiale. Enfin, l’étude sensorielle a mis en évidence que seules les textures perçues comme « sèches » étaient liées à une baisse importante du confort en bouche des séniors. Ce travail souligne l'opportunité de développer des produits fromagers destinés aux séniors. Il serait intéressant de poursuivre ces travaux avec des études cliniques pour connaître l'impact physiologique de ces produits / During aging, the sensory capacities and the mastication efficacy decrease negatively affecting the diet of the elderly. Yet, protein and calcium requirements increase with age. In this context, the formulation of foods adapted to the nutritional and sensory needs of the elderly is a challenge for the next years. The main objective of this thesis, integrated into the project AlimaSSenS, is to study the impact of the texture of model cheeses, based on whey proteins and calcium fortified, on the oral comfort and on the bioavailability of amino acids and calcium.The model cheeses developed have the same composition and variable textures. Sensory analysis were performed on a panel of people over 65, and in vitro and in vivo digestion studies (on porcine model) were conducted.The results of the digestion studies highlighted the relevance of integrating whey proteins as a major protein source in dairy products, in order to maximize the bioavailability of essential amino acids. However, the texture of model cheeses did not significantly influence the bioaccessibility of amino acids and calcium. In addition, the bioaccessibility of calcium was mainly related to intra-gastric and intra-intestinal pH, rather than to the initial chemical form of its source of enrichment. Finally, the sensory study has shown that only the textures perceived as “dry” was linked to a significant decrease in the oral comfort.This work highlights the opportunity to develop dairy products adapted for the elderly. Based on this work, it would be interesting to carry out clinical studies to know t

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-21T13:33:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SibilaReckDeJesus.pdf: 1887111 bytes, checksum: bfbd1ef042c56b8d3b01f5b9be8299e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SibilaReckDeJesus.pdf: 1887111 bytes, checksum: bfbd1ef042c56b8d3b01f5b9be8299e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-22 / Introduction: Anemia and malnutrition have shown high prevalence in hospitalized patients in Brazil and abroad; therefore, it brings along serious consequences. The aim of the present study is to assess factors associated with anemia and malnutrition in hospitalized patients with exclusive enteral nutrition. Methodology: Data were collected in August 2016 at Santa Maria University Hospital, RS. The sample consisted of hospitalized individuals with exclusive enteral nutrition under at least 7-day follow up and at most 14-day hospitalization. Nutritional evaluation was performed and consisted of dietetics, anthropometric, biochemical examinations in hospital; iron, zinc, copper and vitamin C plasma levels. Three articles addressed the topic, one integrative review about the effects of intermittent and continuous enteral nutrition therapy on muscle mass gain; one cross-sectional article associating anemia and malnutrition in patients with exclusive enteral nutrition; and one longitudinal article evaluating the influence of enteral nutrition therapy on the nutritional status of hospitalized patients. A bibliographic search was carried out in the databases. ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc were conducted to assess the transversal article. The analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA) and the Spearman correlation were applied to study the longitudinal study. Results: Based of the review on few studies mainly involving animals, the intermittent administration method may be the most recommended for muscle mass gain. The cross-sectional study showed that the patients were hospitalized due to anemia and malnutrition according to BMI and to protein depletion according to serum albumin. There was statistically significant correlation between low weight according to BMI and AMB (R = 0.74, p <0.001), AGB (R = 0.81, p <0.001), EMAP (R = 0.23; p = 0.046), and CP (R = 0.81, p <0.001). Hemoglobin levels were statistically associated with albumin severity in patients (p <0.05). The weight and BMI of adults decreased during hospitalization (P = 0.025), such result was associated with muscle mass loss, such as the losses in the thickness of abductor muscle of the thumb and in the circumference of the calf. Weight gain was observed in elderly during hospitalization. Although the prescribed kcalorie and protein values had a little drop from the administered amount, adequacy rated 90% in the first monitoring week and 88% in the second one. Copper intake and dietary iron enteral nutrition were above the values recommended by EAR, but they did not exceed the maximum daily–intake levels. There were significant positive correlations among copper and weight (R = 0.50, p = 0.002), AMBc (R = 0.41, p = 0.022), and AGB (R = 0.40, p = 0.026). Conclusions: The enteral nutrition therapy played an important role in nutritional status recovery, mainly in elderly patients, during hospital follow-ups. Anemia and malnutrition were recorded during patients’ follow-up. There were important correlations between albumin and hemoglobin, it evidenced strong association between anemia and malnutrition in these patients. Copper was particularly noteworthy among the analyzed micronutrients, and this result was associated with anemia and malnutrition in the studied sample. Therefore, the influence of cooper in hospitalized patients should be analyzed in depth / Introdução: A presença de anemia e desnutrição em indivíduos hospitalizados tem apresentado elevada prevalência no Brasil e no mundo e tem graves consequências. Objetivou-se avaliar fatores associados com a presença de anemia e desnutrição em pacientes hospitalizados com nutrição enteral exclusiva. Metodologia: A coleta de dados iniciou em agosto de 2016 em um Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, RS. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos hospitalizados com nutrição enteral exclusiva, sendo acompanhados, por no mínimo, sete dias, e no máximo 14 dias de internação. Foi realizado acompanhamento da avaliação nutricional, sendo composta por: dietética; antropométrica; bioquímica realizadas pelo hospital, além de níveis plasmáticos de ferro, zinco, cobre e vitamina C. Foram realizados três artigos, uma revisão integrativa sobre os efeitos da terapia de nutrição enteral intermitente e contínua no ganho de massa muscular; um artigo transversal com objetivo de associar a anemia e a desnutrição dos pacientes com nutrição enteral exclusiva; e um artigo longitudinal que avaliou a influência da terapia de nutrição enteral sobre o estado nutricional em pacientes hospitalizados. Para a revisão integrativa foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados. Para o artigo transversal foi realizada Anova de uma via com post hoc de Duncan’s. Para o longitudinal foi aplicada análise de variância com medidas repetidas (Anova) e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Com base na revisão em poucos estudos e principalmente em animais, o método de administração intermitente pode ser o mais indicado para o ganho de massa muscular. Observou-se no estudo transversal que os pacientes internaram com anemia e desnutrição segundo o IMC e com depleção proteica de acordo com a albumina sérica. Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa do baixo peso segundo o IMC com AMB (R=0,74; p < 0.001), AGB (R=0,81; p < 0.001), EMAP (R=0,23; p= 0,046), CP (R= 0,81; p < 0.001). Os níveis de hemoglobina foram associados estatisticamente com a gravidade da albumina (p<0,05). No estudo longitudinal o peso e o IMC de adultos diminuíram durante o tempo de internação (P= 0,025), associado a espessura do músculo abdutor do polegar e a circunferência da panturrilha. Nos idosos observou-se aumento de peso durante a internação. Embora os valores prescritos de calorias e proteína tenham ficado aquém da quantidade administrada, o percentual de adequação foi de 90% na primeira semana de monitoramento e 88% na segunda. A ingestão de cobre e ferro dietético ficaram acima dos valores recomendados pela EAR, porém não ultrapassaram o nível máximo de ingestão diária. Analisou-se correlações positivas significativas entre o cobre e o peso (R=0,50; p=0,002), AMBc (R=0,41; p=0,022), AGB (R=0,40; p=0,026) e CMB (R=0,56; p=0,029). Conclusões: Pode-se concluir que a terapia de nutrição enteral possui um importante papel na recuperação do estado nutricional, principalmente nos pacientes idosos. A presença de anemia e desnutrição, correlações importantes com a albumina e hemoglobina, demonstrando uma forte associação de anemia e desnutrição nestes pacientes. Dentre os micronutrientes analisados, destaca-se o cobre, que associou-se significativamente com a presença de anemia e desnutrição na amostra estudada, devendo ser melhor analisado em pacientes hospitalizados.

A suplementação de creatina tem sido considerada importante estratégia ergogênica, uma vez que baixas concentrações musculares desse composto encontram-se entre as principais limitações para o desempenho em atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade. Porém, há controvérsias sobre os resultados obtidos por meio de tal estratégia, pois se acredita que indivíduos sedentários ou atletas amadores apresentariam melhores resultados quando comparados a atletas de elite. Os efeitos das suplementações aguda e crônica de creatina sobre o aumento da massa corporal magra também têm se tornado alvo de constantes investigações científicas, no intuito de se determinar o componente da massa magra responsável por esse incremento. Desta forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da suplementação aguda de creatina (20,0 gramas/dia, durante 5 dias) sobre o desempenho em exercícios intermitentes de curta duração e a composição corporal de nadadores de elite (NE) e amadores (NA), bem como investigar a influência da suplementação crônica de creatina (5,0 gramas/dia, durante 45 dias) sobre a composição corporal dos NA. Para tanto, foram estudados 40 nadadores, sendo 22 de elite e 18 amadores, os quais foram subdivididos em grupos creatina (NECR e NACR) ou placebo (NEPL e NAPL). Após o período agudo de suplementação, foram observadas elevações significativas nas excreções urinárias de creatina (0,026 para 8,40; 0,024 para 12,40 gramas/dia) e creatinina (0,99 para 1,90; 1,85 para 2,50 gramas/dia) nos grupos NECR e NACR, respectivamente. Embora a suplementação aguda tenha promovido redução significativa do lactato sanguíneo em alguns momentos do teste de performance no grupo NACR, bem como declínio da amônia plasmática ao final do exercício nos grupos NECR e NACR, não houve melhora nos tempos de natação em nenhum grupo após a suplementação aguda. No que diz respeito à composição corporal houve aumento de água corporal na fase aguda, sem aumento de massa corporal protéica estimada (MCPE), nos NECR e NACR. No período crônico, o grupo NACR apresentou ganhos significativos de massa magra (900 gramas) e MCPE (200 gramas), enquanto o grupo NAPL apresentou reduções significativas nesses parâmetros (1400 gramas e 800 gramas, respectivamente). Tais resultados demonstraram que a suplementação de creatina não promoveu melhora aguda de desempenho em atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade, porém, cronicamente, preveniu perdas de massa magra e MCPE. / Effects of creatine supplementation in swimmers: a comparison of performance between elite and amateur swimmers, and body composition between acute and chronic supplementation protocols. Creatine supplementation has been considered an important ergogenic aid, a time that low muscular concentrations of this composition meet enter the main limitations for the performance in short duration and high intensity exercises. However, it has controversies on the results gotten by this strategy, therefore if it believes that sedentary individuais or amateur athletes would present better results when comparative the elite athlete. The effect of the acute and chronic creatine supplementation on the increase of the lean corporal mass also have become target of constant scientific inquiries, in the intention of determining the component of the lean mass responsible for this increment. Of this form, the objectives of the present study had been to evaluate the effect of the acute creatine supplementation (20,0 grams/day, during 5 days) on the performance in short duration intermittent exercises and on body composition of elite swimmers (ES) and amateur swimmers (AS), as well as investigating the influence of chronic creatine supplementation (5,0 grams/day, during 45 days) on body composition of the AS. For in such a way, 40 swimmers, being 22 of the elite and 18 amateur had been studied, which had been subdivided in creatine (CRES and CRAS) or placebo groups (PLES and PLAS). After the acute supplementation period, had been observed significant rises in urinary creatine (0,026 to 8,40; 0,024 to 12,40 grams/day) and urinary creatinine (0,99 to 1,90; 1,85 to 2,50 grams/day) in groups CRES and CRAS, respectively. Although the acute supplementation has promoted significant reduction of blood lactate at some moments of the intermittent test of performance in group CRAS, as well as decline of blood ammonia in the end of the test in CRES and CRAS groups, the acute supplementation did not have improvement in the speed of swimming in no group. In that it says respect to the body composition, was observed an increase in body water in the acute phase, without increment of estimate corporal protein (EPC), in CRES and CRAS. However, in the chronic period, CRAS group presented significant increase of lean body mass (900 grams) and EPC (200 grams), while group PLAS presented significant reductions in these parameters (1400 grams and 800 grams, respectively). Such results had demonstrated that creatine supplementation did not promote acute improvement of performance in intermittent short duration and high intensity performance, although creatine long-term maintenance prevented muscle wasting.

A suplementação de creatina tem sido considerada importante estratégia ergogênica, uma vez que baixas concentrações musculares desse composto encontram-se entre as principais limitações para o desempenho em atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade. Porém, há controvérsias sobre os resultados obtidos por meio de tal estratégia, pois se acredita que indivíduos sedentários ou atletas amadores apresentariam melhores resultados quando comparados a atletas de elite. Os efeitos das suplementações aguda e crônica de creatina sobre o aumento da massa corporal magra também têm se tornado alvo de constantes investigações científicas, no intuito de se determinar o componente da massa magra responsável por esse incremento. Desta forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da suplementação aguda de creatina (20,0 gramas/dia, durante 5 dias) sobre o desempenho em exercícios intermitentes de curta duração e a composição corporal de nadadores de elite (NE) e amadores (NA), bem como investigar a influência da suplementação crônica de creatina (5,0 gramas/dia, durante 45 dias) sobre a composição corporal dos NA. Para tanto, foram estudados 40 nadadores, sendo 22 de elite e 18 amadores, os quais foram subdivididos em grupos creatina (NECR e NACR) ou placebo (NEPL e NAPL). Após o período agudo de suplementação, foram observadas elevações significativas nas excreções urinárias de creatina (0,026 para 8,40; 0,024 para 12,40 gramas/dia) e creatinina (0,99 para 1,90; 1,85 para 2,50 gramas/dia) nos grupos NECR e NACR, respectivamente. Embora a suplementação aguda tenha promovido redução significativa do lactato sanguíneo em alguns momentos do teste de performance no grupo NACR, bem como declínio da amônia plasmática ao final do exercício nos grupos NECR e NACR, não houve melhora nos tempos de natação em nenhum grupo após a suplementação aguda. No que diz respeito à composição corporal houve aumento de água corporal na fase aguda, sem aumento de massa corporal protéica estimada (MCPE), nos NECR e NACR. No período crônico, o grupo NACR apresentou ganhos significativos de massa magra (900 gramas) e MCPE (200 gramas), enquanto o grupo NAPL apresentou reduções significativas nesses parâmetros (1400 gramas e 800 gramas, respectivamente). Tais resultados demonstraram que a suplementação de creatina não promoveu melhora aguda de desempenho em atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade, porém, cronicamente, preveniu perdas de massa magra e MCPE. / Effects of creatine supplementation in swimmers: a comparison of performance between elite and amateur swimmers, and body composition between acute and chronic supplementation protocols. Creatine supplementation has been considered an important ergogenic aid, a time that low muscular concentrations of this composition meet enter the main limitations for the performance in short duration and high intensity exercises. However, it has controversies on the results gotten by this strategy, therefore if it believes that sedentary individuais or amateur athletes would present better results when comparative the elite athlete. The effect of the acute and chronic creatine supplementation on the increase of the lean corporal mass also have become target of constant scientific inquiries, in the intention of determining the component of the lean mass responsible for this increment. Of this form, the objectives of the present study had been to evaluate the effect of the acute creatine supplementation (20,0 grams/day, during 5 days) on the performance in short duration intermittent exercises and on body composition of elite swimmers (ES) and amateur swimmers (AS), as well as investigating the influence of chronic creatine supplementation (5,0 grams/day, during 45 days) on body composition of the AS. For in such a way, 40 swimmers, being 22 of the elite and 18 amateur had been studied, which had been subdivided in creatine (CRES and CRAS) or placebo groups (PLES and PLAS). After the acute supplementation period, had been observed significant rises in urinary creatine (0,026 to 8,40; 0,024 to 12,40 grams/day) and urinary creatinine (0,99 to 1,90; 1,85 to 2,50 grams/day) in groups CRES and CRAS, respectively. Although the acute supplementation has promoted significant reduction of blood lactate at some moments of the intermittent test of performance in group CRAS, as well as decline of blood ammonia in the end of the test in CRES and CRAS groups, the acute supplementation did not have improvement in the speed of swimming in no group. In that it says respect to the body composition, was observed an increase in body water in the acute phase, without increment of estimate corporal protein (EPC), in CRES and CRAS. However, in the chronic period, CRAS group presented significant increase of lean body mass (900 grams) and EPC (200 grams), while group PLAS presented significant reductions in these parameters (1400 grams and 800 grams, respectively). Such results had demonstrated that creatine supplementation did not promote acute improvement of performance in intermittent short duration and high intensity performance, although creatine long-term maintenance prevented muscle wasting.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: Metionina (Met), cisteína (Cys), homocisteína (Hcy) e taurina (Tau) são os quatro aminoácidos sulfurados (AAS), mas apenas a Met e Cys são incorporadas em proteínas. Os três principais produtos doS AAS, glutationa, (GSH), Hcy e Tau influenciam, principalmente, as respostas inflamatória e imune. A Tau e GSH diminuem a inflamação, enquanto que a Hcy apresenta efeito oposto. Os pacientes HIV+ apresentam baixos níveis de GSH e outros nutrientes antioxidantes, mostrando relação direta entre Cys (e GSH) com células CD4+. Não se conhece o mecanismo pelo qual as mudanças na ingestão dos AAS influenciam este fenômeno. Paralelamente, as relações entre Hcy, doenças inflamatórias e alterações in vitro no comportamento das células imunes levantou ressalvas sobre a suplementação de dietas com AAS. OBJETIVOS : investigar as vias dos AAS em pacientes HIV+ nas condições de jejum e pós-sobrecarga de Met frente à dieta habitual (OH) isolada ou acompanhada da suplementação de Cys (NAC) ou glutamina (Gln). MÉTODOS : 12 pacientes HIV+ (6 M e 6 F, de 25 a 36 anos), sob tratamento anti-retroviral pelo esquema tríplice, sem infecções secundárias e 20 controles saudáveis (10M e 10F, 23-28 anos) foram randomicamente distribuídos para suplementação com NAC (N-acetilcisteína, 1g/d) ou Gln (20 g/d) em estudo cruzado com 7 dias de dieta separados por uma semana de washout (Wo com DH). Amostras de sangue após jejum noturno de 10 a 12 horas foram coletadas antes (MO) e após (M1) cada regime dietético. A seguir, os indivíduos ingeriram metionina (100 mg/kg), com coletas de sangue após 2 e 4 horas para a determinação da área abaixo da curva (AAC). No MO, ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à antropometria (IMC, kg/m2), funções glomerular (uréia, creatinina) e hepatocelular (&#947;-GT), estados nutricional (albumina, cálcio, ácido fólico e vitamina 812) e antioxidante (ácido úrico, GSH, GSSG, Hcy), glicose, lipídios (triacilgliceróis e frações de colesterol) e AAS, serina (Ser), glicina (Gly), glutamato (Glu) e Gln. O grupo HIV também foi caracterizado pela carga viral e contagem de CD4+ e CD8+. As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos e entre as dietas mostraram homogeneidade para IMC, albumina, cálcio, vitamina 812, Hcy, HDL-colesterol, uréia e creatinina. Os pacientes apresentaram valores maiores de glicose, triacilgliceróis, &#947;-GT, LDL-colesterol e GSSG paralelalemente às menores concentrações de ácido úrico, GSH e todos os AAS, exceto Hcy. A sobrecarga de metionina igualou (pelos valores de delta) os grupos para Met, Hcy, Tau e Gln. As suplementações de NAC e Gln levaram o grupo HIV+ a concentrações maiores de GSH (NAC > Gln), atuando diferentemente em seus precursores: G/y (Gln > NAC) e Cys (NAC > Gln) e resultando em consumo similar de Ser e produção de Tau. Ambas as dietas reduziram GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) e apenas NAC aumentou (6 x) a Hcy. Esta última foi piorada pela sobrecarga de Mel. Assim, HIV+ resulta em deficiências múltiplas de vitaminas e aminoácidos levando a menores níveis de GSH e GSSG/GSH mais elevada. Os principais problemas de menor formação de Cys e menor incorporação de Cys em GSH foram resolvidos dando-se Met, NAC e Gln aos pacientes, ainda permanecendo a desvantagem do aumento da Hcy com Met ou suplementação de NAC. / BACKGROUNO: Methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and, taurine (Tau) are the 4 sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), but only Met and Cys are incorporated into proteins. The 3 major products of SAA, glutathione (GSH), Hcy and Tau influence, mainly, inflammatory and of immune responses. Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation whereas Hcy has the opposite effect. HIV+ patients present low levelis of GSH and other antioxidants nutrients, showing a direct relationship between Cys (and GSH) with CD4+/ cells. How changes in SAA intake influence this phenomenon is unknown and the relationships among Hcy, inflammatory diseases, and in vitro alterations in immune cell behavior create a cautionary note about supplementation of diets with SAA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SAA pathways in HIV+ patients on fast and Met-overload (Met-DL) states after taken diet habitual without (HD) or with supplements of Cys (NAC) or glutamine (Gln). METHOOS: 12 HIV+ (6M and 6F, 25-36 yrs old) patients under HAART without secondary infections and 20 healthy (10M and 10F, 23-28 yrs old) controls were randomly assigned to either NAC (N-acetylcysteine, 1g/d) or Gln (20g/d) diets, in a 7-day diet crossover design, separated by a 7-day washout (with HD) period. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fast before (MO) and after each dietary treatments (M1) for the resting measurements. Immediately after blood sampling ali subjects started the Met-DL by ingesting at once 100 mg Met/kg BW and having the blood draw after 2 and 4 hours for the area under the curve (AUC) determination. At MO both groups were assessed for anthropometry (BMI, kg/m2), glomerular (plasma urea and creatinina) and hepatocellular (plasma &#947;GT activity) funetions, nutritional (albumin, calcium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and antioxidant (uric acid, GSH, GSSG, Hey) states, glucose, lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol fractions) and SAA, serine (Ser), glyeine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and Gln. The HIV+ group was characterized also by viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ counts. The statistical comparisons between groups and among diets showed group homogeneity for 8MI, albumin, calcium, vitamin B12, Hey, HDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine. The patients presented higher values of glucose, triglycerides, &#947;-GT, LDL-cholesterol, and GSSG along with lower concentrations of uric acid, GSH and all but Hcy amino acids. The Met-OL equalized (&#916; values) the groups for Met, Hcy, Tau and Gln. NAC and Gln diets led the HIV+ group to a higher concentrations of GSH (NAC > Gln) by acting differently on its precursors: Gly (Gln > NAC) and Cys (NAC > Gln), resulting similar consumption of Ser and production of Tau. Both diets reduced GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) and only NAC increased (6 x) Hey. The later was worsened by Met-OL. Thus HIV+ results in multiple deficiencies of vitamins and amino acids leading to lower levels of GSH and higher GSSG/GSH ration. The main problems of lower formation of Cys and low ineorporation of Cys and Gly into GSH were greatly solved by giving Met, NAC and Gln to the patients, hence remaining the drawback of increasing Hcy with Met or NAC supplements.