Oats have high production potential, mainly from the southern region of Brazil. They are highlighted due to their nutritional characteristics with various benefits to human health. The use of products containing oat fiber has attracted great interest because of the functionality of these foods in order to alleviate and prevent disease such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and sensory changes in appearance, texture and tastes of oats in different forms of processing. For the chemical composition, the samples were grain oat, de-hulled oats, hulled oats, toasted oats, oat flakes, thin oat flakes, oat bran and oatmeal. For sensory analysis, samples of oat flakes, thin oat flakes, oat bran and oatmeal were used. The different forms of oats processing were analyzed for dry matter, ash, proteins, lipids, total dietary fiber, insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, no fiber carbohydrates and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper). Sensory analysis was performed through affective tests of acceptability with a 7-point scale, preference ranking test and purchase intent, with a 5-point scale. The studied samples showed differences in chemical composition. These differences are related to grain morphology, including the hull. It was observed that the oats grain even being higher in nutrients compared to other cereals, shows differences in nutrient content between its different processes. This difference occurs mainly for the oat bran, which has a higher concentration of fibers, proteins, lipids and minerals. The acceptability averaged 5.11, 5.45 and 5.37, with a maximum of seven grade, for appearance attributes, texture and flavor, respectively. The flakes and thin flakes indicated a greater buying intent and preference, followed by oat bran, among the judges. Thus, the inclusion or addition of oat products in human diet, especially the meal, should be valued due to its higher nutritional value. This requires further studies on the topic, considering the current investment in nutritional quality. / A aveia é um cereal com grande potencial de produção, proveniente principalmente da região sul do Brasil. Apresenta destaque devido as suas características nutricionais com vários benefícios à saúde humana. O uso de produtos contendo fibras de aveia tem despertado grande interesse devido à funcionalidade desses alimentos, no sentido de amenizar e prevenir doença como hipercolesterolemia, diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a composição química, assim como avaliar sensorialmente a aparência, textura e sabor de amostras de grãos de aveia em diferentes formas de processamento. Para a composição química foram utilizadas amostras de grãos de aveia com casca, grãos de aveia descascada, grãos de aveia descascada tostada, aveia em flocos, aveia em flocos finos, farelo de aveia e farinha de aveia. Para a análise sensorial utilizou-se amostras de aveia em flocos, aveia em flocos finos, farelo de aveia e farinha de aveia. As diferentes formas de processamento da aveia foram analisadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, fibra alimentar total, fibra insolúvel, fibra solúvel, carboidratos não-fibrosos e minerais (cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, potássio, zinco, ferro, manganês e cobre). A análise sensorial foi realizada a partir de testes afetivos de aceitabilidade, com escala hedônica de 7 pontos, teste de ordenação (preferência) e intenção de compra, com escala de 5 pontos. As amostras estudadas apresentaram diferenças na composição química. Estas diferenças estão relacionadas com a morfologia do grão, incluindo a casca. Observou-se que o grão de aveia mesmo sendo superior em nutrientes em relação a outros cereais, apresenta diferenças de teores dos nutrientes entre os seus diferentes processos. Essa diferença ocorre principalmente para o farelo de aveia, o qual possui maior concentração de fibras, proteínas, lipídeos e minerais. Os flocos e flocos finos indicaram maior intenção de compra e maior preferência, seguido do farelo de aveia, entre os julgadores. Dessa forma, a inclusão dos produtos de aveia na dieta humana, em especial o farelo por apresentar maior valor nutricional, deve ser valorizada. Para tanto é necessário mais estudos sobre o tema, considerando o atual investimento em qualidade nutricional.

CAPES / A intensificação da produção em sistemas integrados de produção, basifica-se na sustentabilidade do mesmo, buscando os melhores arranjos para sustentação de bons resultados. A adubação é de extrema importância para o sucesso na produtividade, sendo a nitrogenada que requer maior atenção na produção, principalmente, de gramíneas. No cultivo de pastagens muitas vezes há um negligenciamento na adubação, sendo maior quando se trata para cobertura. Com base nesta premissa, o trabalho tem o objetivo de encontrar uma resposta para a adubação nitrogenada aplicada na aveia branca, bem como se esta adubação é mais responsiva em doses únicas ou parceladas, em sistema de cortes e para cobertura vegetal. O experimento foi desenvolvido na UTFPR-DV, em delineamento fatorial 2 x 6 (manejo x níveis de nitrogênio), blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas receberam quatro doses de nitrogênio 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N associados a três formas de parcelamento do fertilizante (aplicação em dose única bem como o parcelamento das doses de 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N em duas e três aplicações de 60 kg N ha-1 respectivamente). A adubação nitrogenada foi realizada a lanço, sendo a ureia (45% N) a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada. As avaliações realizadas na aveia foram determinação de taxa de acúmulo, matéria seca, taxa de recuperação e eficiência de uso do nitrogênio e teor de proteína bruta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando verificado significância pelo teste F as médias foram comparadas pelo Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A taxa de acumulo média variou de 39,36 a 59,42 kg ha-1 de MS para sem cortes e de 41,73 a 62,67 kg ha-1 de MS com cortes. A produção de matéria seca para sem cortes o acumulado variou de 6240 a 10266,67 kg ha-1 de MS nos níveis estudados, com cortes, foi de 4865 a 7593,33 kg ha-1 de MS. A máxima eficiência técnica foi obtida com 149 kg ha-1 de N. A eficiência do uso do nitrogênio decresceu com o aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio. Em geral, a taxa de recuperação também decresceu com o aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio. A proteína bruta variou para as parcelas sem cortes de 12,1 a 16,06% e com cortes de 13,41 a 16,92%. Conclui-se que houve imobilização de nitrogênio aplicado nas maiores doses, sendo mais expressivo nos tratamentos que não receberam cortes. A partir de 120 kg ha-1 de N o parcelamento pode ser interessante quando não se pode ter perda temporal pela imobilização. / The intensification of production in integrated production systems, is based on the sustainability of the same, seeking the best arrangements to sustain good results. Fertilization is of extreme importance for the success in productivity, being nitrogenous that requires more attention in the production, mainly of grasses. In cultivation of pastures there is often negligence in fertilization, being greater when it comes to coverage. Based on this premise, the objective of this work is to find an answer for the nitrogen fertilization applied in white oats, as well as if this fertilization is more responsive in single or split doses, in a system of cuts and for vegetal cover. The experiment was developed in UTFPR-DV, in a 2 x 6 factorial design (management x nitrogen levels), randomized blocks, with three replicates and subdivided plots. The plots received four nitrogen doses 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N associated to three forms of fertilizer application (single dose application as well as the splitting of doses of 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N in two and three applications of 60 kg N ha-1 respectively). Nitrogen fertilization was carried out in the haul, with urea (45% N) being the source of nitrogen used. The evaluations carried out in the oats were determination of accumulation rate, dry matter, recovery rate and efficiency of nitrogen use and crude protein content. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when verified by means of the F test, the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% error probability. The mean accumulation rate ranged from 39.36 to 59.42 kg ha-1 of DM for uncut and 41.73 to 62.67 kg ha-1 of DM with cuts. The dry matter yield for uncrowded accumulated varied from 6240 to 10266.67 kg ha-1 of DM at the studied levels, with cuts, from 4865 to 7593.33 kg ha-1 of MS. The maximum technical efficiency was obtained with 149 kg ha-1 of N. The efficiency of the use of nitrogen decreased with the increase of the nitrogen levels. In general, the recovery rate also decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. The crude protein varied for the plots without cuts of 12.1 to 16.06% and with cuts of 13.41 to 16.92%. It was concluded that there was immobilization of nitrogen applied at higher doses, being more expressive in treatments that did not receive cuts. From 120 kg ha-1 of N, the splitting can be interesting when there is no temporal loss due to immobilization.

CAPES; Fundação Araucária; CNPq / O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a composição bromatológicas e os parâmetros relativos à cinética de produção de gás in vitro da aveia IPR 126, adubada com diferentes níveis de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 240 kg há-1de N), em dois anos de produção (2013-2014).Foi determinada a composição química, sendo analisado: matéria seca (MS) matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), Fibra em Detergente Neutro (aFDNom), Fibra em Detergente Ácido (FDA), proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA), lignina em detergente ácido (LDA),Carboidratos Totais (CT), Carboidratos Não Fibrosos (CNF) e Carboidratos Solúveis (CHOs) da cultivar IPR 126, assim como a estimativa dos parâmetros do modelo bicompartimental para cinética de produção de gases (Vf1, k1, Vf2 e k2 e L). A adubação nitrogenada influenciou apenas os teores de PB e CT em todos os níveis. Em relação às variáveis bromatológicas, LDA, CT, CNF e CHOs foram significativamente superiores em 2013. MM, aFDN e PB foram superiores em 2014. Em 2013, comparando os cortes realizados, a maioria das variáveis bromatológicas não apresentou diferença significativa, com exceção da LDA e CHOs. No ano de 2014, os valores observados das variáveis bromatológicas foram significativamente maiores no 1° corte para EE, CNF e CHOs. Para MM, aFDN, LDA e PIDA foram maiores no 2° corte. Houve efeito significativo em relação aos parâmetros da cinética de degradação produção de gás in vitro, com exceção da L. Na comparação dos anos de cultivo, k1, Vf2 e k2, apresentaram aumento no ano de 2014. No entanto, o Vf1 apresentou redução em 2014. No ano de 2013 comparando os cortes realizados, houve efeito significativo somente para as taxas k1 e k2. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhum parâmetro, analisando os cortes de 2014. A aveia branca IPR 126 tem um bom potencial para ser cultivada na região sudoeste do Paraná, porque responde a adubação nitrogenada e consegue expressar seu potencial forrageiro mesmo com condições climáticas desfavoráveis. Os elevados teores de proteína bruta encontrados neste trabalho indicam um desequilíbrio entre as frações proteicas e energéticas, influenciando os parâmetros da cinética de degradação. / The objective of the present study was to estimate the bromatological composition and the parameters related to the in vitro gas production kinetics of oat IPR 126, fertilized with different nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 240 kg ha-1 of N), in two Years of production (2013- 2014). The chemical composition was determined: dry matter (DM), crude protein (PB), ethereal extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (aFDNom), acid detergent fiber (FAD), insoluble protein (LDA), Total Carbohydrates (CT), Nonfibrous Carbohydrates (CNF) and Soluble Carbohydrates (CHOs) of cultivar IPR 126, as well as the estimation of the parameters of the bicompartmental model for kinetics of Production of gases (Vf1, k1, Vf2 e k2 e L). Nitrogen fertilization influenced only PB and CT contents. In relation to the bromatological variables, LDA, CT, CNF and CHOs were significantly higher in 2013. MM, aFDN and PB were higher in 2014. In 2013, comparing the performed cuts, most of the bromatological variables did not present a significant difference, except for LDA and CHOs. In the year 2014, the observed values of the bromatological variables were significantly higher in the 1st cut for EE, CNF and CHOs. For MM, aFDN, LDA and PIDA were higher in the 2nd cut. There was a significant effect in relation to the degradation kinetic parameters in vitro gas production, with the exception of L. In the comparison of the years of cultivation, k1, Vf2 and k2, increased in 2014. However, Vf1 presented a reduction in 2014. In the year of 2013 comparing the cuts performed, there was a significant effect only for rates k1 and k2. No significant differences were found in any parameter, analyzing the cuts of 2014. The white Oat IPR 126 has a good potential to be cultivated in the southwestern region of Paraná, because it responds to nitrogen fertilization and manages to express its forage potential even with unfavorable climatic conditions. The high levels of crude protein found in this work indicate an imbalance between.

CAPES / A intensificação da produção em sistemas integrados de produção, basifica-se na sustentabilidade do mesmo, buscando os melhores arranjos para sustentação de bons resultados. A adubação é de extrema importância para o sucesso na produtividade, sendo a nitrogenada que requer maior atenção na produção, principalmente, de gramíneas. No cultivo de pastagens muitas vezes há um negligenciamento na adubação, sendo maior quando se trata para cobertura. Com base nesta premissa, o trabalho tem o objetivo de encontrar uma resposta para a adubação nitrogenada aplicada na aveia branca, bem como se esta adubação é mais responsiva em doses únicas ou parceladas, em sistema de cortes e para cobertura vegetal. O experimento foi desenvolvido na UTFPR-DV, em delineamento fatorial 2 x 6 (manejo x níveis de nitrogênio), blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas receberam quatro doses de nitrogênio 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N associados a três formas de parcelamento do fertilizante (aplicação em dose única bem como o parcelamento das doses de 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N em duas e três aplicações de 60 kg N ha-1 respectivamente). A adubação nitrogenada foi realizada a lanço, sendo a ureia (45% N) a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada. As avaliações realizadas na aveia foram determinação de taxa de acúmulo, matéria seca, taxa de recuperação e eficiência de uso do nitrogênio e teor de proteína bruta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando verificado significância pelo teste F as médias foram comparadas pelo Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A taxa de acumulo média variou de 39,36 a 59,42 kg ha-1 de MS para sem cortes e de 41,73 a 62,67 kg ha-1 de MS com cortes. A produção de matéria seca para sem cortes o acumulado variou de 6240 a 10266,67 kg ha-1 de MS nos níveis estudados, com cortes, foi de 4865 a 7593,33 kg ha-1 de MS. A máxima eficiência técnica foi obtida com 149 kg ha-1 de N. A eficiência do uso do nitrogênio decresceu com o aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio. Em geral, a taxa de recuperação também decresceu com o aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio. A proteína bruta variou para as parcelas sem cortes de 12,1 a 16,06% e com cortes de 13,41 a 16,92%. Conclui-se que houve imobilização de nitrogênio aplicado nas maiores doses, sendo mais expressivo nos tratamentos que não receberam cortes. A partir de 120 kg ha-1 de N o parcelamento pode ser interessante quando não se pode ter perda temporal pela imobilização. / The intensification of production in integrated production systems, is based on the sustainability of the same, seeking the best arrangements to sustain good results. Fertilization is of extreme importance for the success in productivity, being nitrogenous that requires more attention in the production, mainly of grasses. In cultivation of pastures there is often negligence in fertilization, being greater when it comes to coverage. Based on this premise, the objective of this work is to find an answer for the nitrogen fertilization applied in white oats, as well as if this fertilization is more responsive in single or split doses, in a system of cuts and for vegetal cover. The experiment was developed in UTFPR-DV, in a 2 x 6 factorial design (management x nitrogen levels), randomized blocks, with three replicates and subdivided plots. The plots received four nitrogen doses 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N associated to three forms of fertilizer application (single dose application as well as the splitting of doses of 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N in two and three applications of 60 kg N ha-1 respectively). Nitrogen fertilization was carried out in the haul, with urea (45% N) being the source of nitrogen used. The evaluations carried out in the oats were determination of accumulation rate, dry matter, recovery rate and efficiency of nitrogen use and crude protein content. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when verified by means of the F test, the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% error probability. The mean accumulation rate ranged from 39.36 to 59.42 kg ha-1 of DM for uncut and 41.73 to 62.67 kg ha-1 of DM with cuts. The dry matter yield for uncrowded accumulated varied from 6240 to 10266.67 kg ha-1 of DM at the studied levels, with cuts, from 4865 to 7593.33 kg ha-1 of MS. The maximum technical efficiency was obtained with 149 kg ha-1 of N. The efficiency of the use of nitrogen decreased with the increase of the nitrogen levels. In general, the recovery rate also decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. The crude protein varied for the plots without cuts of 12.1 to 16.06% and with cuts of 13.41 to 16.92%. It was concluded that there was immobilization of nitrogen applied at higher doses, being more expressive in treatments that did not receive cuts. From 120 kg ha-1 of N, the splitting can be interesting when there is no temporal loss due to immobilization.

CAPES; Fundação Araucária; CNPq / O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a composição bromatológicas e os parâmetros relativos à cinética de produção de gás in vitro da aveia IPR 126, adubada com diferentes níveis de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 240 kg há-1de N), em dois anos de produção (2013-2014).Foi determinada a composição química, sendo analisado: matéria seca (MS) matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), Fibra em Detergente Neutro (aFDNom), Fibra em Detergente Ácido (FDA), proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA), lignina em detergente ácido (LDA),Carboidratos Totais (CT), Carboidratos Não Fibrosos (CNF) e Carboidratos Solúveis (CHOs) da cultivar IPR 126, assim como a estimativa dos parâmetros do modelo bicompartimental para cinética de produção de gases (Vf1, k1, Vf2 e k2 e L). A adubação nitrogenada influenciou apenas os teores de PB e CT em todos os níveis. Em relação às variáveis bromatológicas, LDA, CT, CNF e CHOs foram significativamente superiores em 2013. MM, aFDN e PB foram superiores em 2014. Em 2013, comparando os cortes realizados, a maioria das variáveis bromatológicas não apresentou diferença significativa, com exceção da LDA e CHOs. No ano de 2014, os valores observados das variáveis bromatológicas foram significativamente maiores no 1° corte para EE, CNF e CHOs. Para MM, aFDN, LDA e PIDA foram maiores no 2° corte. Houve efeito significativo em relação aos parâmetros da cinética de degradação produção de gás in vitro, com exceção da L. Na comparação dos anos de cultivo, k1, Vf2 e k2, apresentaram aumento no ano de 2014. No entanto, o Vf1 apresentou redução em 2014. No ano de 2013 comparando os cortes realizados, houve efeito significativo somente para as taxas k1 e k2. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhum parâmetro, analisando os cortes de 2014. A aveia branca IPR 126 tem um bom potencial para ser cultivada na região sudoeste do Paraná, porque responde a adubação nitrogenada e consegue expressar seu potencial forrageiro mesmo com condições climáticas desfavoráveis. Os elevados teores de proteína bruta encontrados neste trabalho indicam um desequilíbrio entre as frações proteicas e energéticas, influenciando os parâmetros da cinética de degradação. / The objective of the present study was to estimate the bromatological composition and the parameters related to the in vitro gas production kinetics of oat IPR 126, fertilized with different nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 240 kg ha-1 of N), in two Years of production (2013- 2014). The chemical composition was determined: dry matter (DM), crude protein (PB), ethereal extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (aFDNom), acid detergent fiber (FAD), insoluble protein (LDA), Total Carbohydrates (CT), Nonfibrous Carbohydrates (CNF) and Soluble Carbohydrates (CHOs) of cultivar IPR 126, as well as the estimation of the parameters of the bicompartmental model for kinetics of Production of gases (Vf1, k1, Vf2 e k2 e L). Nitrogen fertilization influenced only PB and CT contents. In relation to the bromatological variables, LDA, CT, CNF and CHOs were significantly higher in 2013. MM, aFDN and PB were higher in 2014. In 2013, comparing the performed cuts, most of the bromatological variables did not present a significant difference, except for LDA and CHOs. In the year 2014, the observed values of the bromatological variables were significantly higher in the 1st cut for EE, CNF and CHOs. For MM, aFDN, LDA and PIDA were higher in the 2nd cut. There was a significant effect in relation to the degradation kinetic parameters in vitro gas production, with the exception of L. In the comparison of the years of cultivation, k1, Vf2 and k2, increased in 2014. However, Vf1 presented a reduction in 2014. In the year of 2013 comparing the cuts performed, there was a significant effect only for rates k1 and k2. No significant differences were found in any parameter, analyzing the cuts of 2014. The white Oat IPR 126 has a good potential to be cultivated in the southwestern region of Paraná, because it responds to nitrogen fertilization and manages to express its forage potential even with unfavorable climatic conditions. The high levels of crude protein found in this work indicate an imbalance between.

Oats is a crop that contains a high amount of fiber, protein and fat, but like all other crops it contains mostly starch. In this study the focus has been oat flours and brans with different b-glucan content. The health benefits of b-glucan, a soluble fiber are well documented and a correlation between intake of b-glucan with high molecular weight and a low glycemic response has been observed. Food with a low glycemic index can lower the risk for diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Also a connection between intake of b-glucan with high molecular weight and a reduction of LDL-cholesterol has been observed. b-glucans from oat absorb water and build a viscous gel, which make them an interesting component when developing new products, as a fat replacer in for example meat products and pastries. To optimize the use of flours and brans with a modified b-glucan content in new applications, the water absorption was measured with a method called Solvent Retention Capacity and the viscosity with a Rapid Viscosity Analyzer (RVA). The results showed that a higher amount of b-glucan in the flour or bran, a higher water holding capacity (WHC) was observed. The WHC for oat flour with a b-glucan content at 2% was calculated to 73±7%, while the WHC for oat bran with a b-glucan content at 28%, was calculated to a WHC of 880±45%. A comparison of different flours and brans indicates that dietary fiber, where b-glucan have the greatest impact on the WHC. The result from the RVA indicates that a flour with a combination of a high b-glucan content (0.24g) and high starch content (3.72g) leads to a high viscosity 12700 cP, compared to other flours or brans with either a lower b-glucan content (0.12g) or lower starch content (0.12g) gives lower final viscosity, 5390 and 780 cP. The result also indicates that other factors such as a smaller particle size and a higher temperature during the heating step (95°C instead of 64°C) might give a higher viscosity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Performance of beef heifers grazing ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was studied exclusively with animals grazing, receiving grain corn, or whole oat grain at the level of 0.93% of body weight. The supplement was offered daily at 14 hours. The grazing was continuous with a variable number of animals. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures, three feeding systems and nine replicates, each animal being considered an experimental unit. Supplementation with or without use of corn or oat grazing ryegrass reproductive development allows for the heifers are bred at 14 months of age. / Foi estudado o desempenho de novilhas de corte em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), com animais exclusivamente em pastejo ou recebendo grão de milho inteiro ou grão de aveia branca em nível de 0,93% do peso corporal. O suplemento foi ofertado de segunda-feira à sábado às 14 horas. O método de pastejo foi contínuo com número variável de animais. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três sistemas alimentares e nove repetições, sendo cada animal considerado uma unidade experimental. A utilização da pastagem de azevém, com ou sem uso de grão de milho ou aveia como suplemento, possibilita desenvolvimento reprodutivo para que as novilhas sejam acasaladas aos 14 meses de idade.

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de una bebida alta en fibra a base de linaza, ajonjolí, avena y piña sobre los niveles de triglicéridos en pacientes adultos de un Hospital de Lima Perú. Materiales y método. Ensayo clínico controlado no aleatorizado, se enroló a 60 participantes adultos con diagnóstico de hipertrigliceridemia de un Hospital de Lima-Perú, y se asignó a tres grupos: a un grupo de 23 participantes se le administró una bebida alta en fibras en el hospital, 27 participantes consumieron la bebida alta en fibras en sus casas y a 10 participantes se le prescribió sólo dieta, la bebida y la dieta se administró por 05 días seguidos y se midió los niveles de triglicéridos al inicio y al final de la intervención. Resultados. El 60% fueron del sexo femenino y la edad media 51.11 DS= 13.51, el sexo masculino fue el 40% y la edad media fue 55.29, DS=10.0. El efecto de la bebida alta en fibra fue beneficiosa al reducir significativamente los niveles de triglicéridos en el subgrupo de pacientes que recibió el preparado en el hospital reduciendo los niveles de triglicéridos en 109.87 mg/dL p< 0.05) y en el subgrupo que preparó la bebida en sus casa los niveles de triglicéridos redujeron en 118.48 mg/dL, p< 0.05).En el subgrupo de pacientes que solo recibieron dieta los niveles de triglicéridos también disminuyeron en 80.90 mg/dL con un p<0.05. Cuando se comparó el grupo preparado en hospital y el grupo preparado por ellos mismos hubo (diferencia negativa de 8.6119, un error típico de 20.97, un p valor de 0,911 no significativo) pero con un mejor promedio para aquellos que recibieron la bebida en sus hogares. Conclusión. El efecto de la bebida alta en fibra fue beneficiosa al reducir significativamente los niveles de triglicéridos en el subgrupo de pacientes que recibió el preparado en el hospital y en el grupo que recibió la bebida en sus hogares, pero la diferencia entre ambos grupos no fue significativa. / Objective. To evaluate the effect of a high-fiber drink based on linseed, sesame, oats, and pineapple on triglyceride levels in adult patients at a hospital in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. Non-randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 adult participants diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia were enrolled from a hospital in Lima, Peru. They were assigned to three groups: A group of 23 participants was given a high-fiber drink at the hospital, 27 participants consumed the high-fiber drink at home, and 10 participants were prescribed diet only, the drink and diet were administered for 05 consecutive days, and triglyceride levels were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Results. 60% (36) were female and the mean age was 51.11 SD=13.51, and 40% (24) were male and the mean age was 55.29, SD=10.0. The effect of the high-fiber drink (based on linseed, sesame, oats, and pineapple) was beneficial in significantly reducing triglyceride levels by 109.87 mg/dL p<0.05 in the subgroup of patients who received the preparation at the hospital, and by 118.48 mg/dL, p<0.05 in the subgroup of patients who prepared the drink at home. In the subgroup of patients who only received diet, triglyceride levels also decreased by 80.90 mg/dL with a p<0.05. When comparing the group who received the preparation at the hospital and the group who prepared the drink themselves, there was a negative difference of 8.6119, a typical error of 20.97, a non-significant p-value of 0.911, but a better average for those who received the drink at home. Conclusion. The effect of the high-fiber drink was beneficial in significantly reducing triglyceride levels in the subgroup of patients who received the preparation at the hospital and in the group of patients who received the drink at home, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. / Tesis

The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.

Die Samenausbreitung ist eine entscheidende Phase im Lebenszyklus von Pflanzen. Verschiedene Mechanismen haben sich entwickelt, um eine erfolgreiche Keimung zukünftiger Generationen sicherzustellen. Diese schließen die Selbstverbreitung von Samen durch hygroskopische Bewegung von Grannen neben der Verbreitung durch Wind, Wasser oder Tiere ein. Das Verständnis der Struktur-Funktions-Beziehung ist sowohl für das Verstehen, wie sich Pflanzen an spezifische Umweltbedingungen anpassen können, als auch für die potenzielle Entwicklung biomimetischer Anwendungen wichtig. Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Ausbreitung von Taubem Hafer (Avena sterilis) und zielt darauf ab, die komplexe Bewegung der Grannen zu charakterisieren. Dies wird erreicht, indem die Zellwandstruktur und -zusammensetzung, welche die Bewegung antreiben, mit einer Reihe von komplementären mikroskopischen und spektroskopischen Methoden analysiert werden. / Seed dispersal is a crucial stage in the life cycle of plants. Different mechanisms have evolved to ensure successful germination of future generations. This includes the self-dispersal of seeds by hygroscopic movement of awns among dispersal by wind, water, or animals. Understanding the structure-function relationship is important to comprehend how plants can adapt to specific environmental conditions and also for potential development of biomimetic applications. This thesis focuses on the dispersal of wild oats (Avena sterilis) and aims to characterize the complex movement of the awns by analyzing the cell wall structure and composition that drives the motion with a range of complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods.