Na região dos cerrados, as principais culturas de cobertura utilizadas para a produção de palha no sistema de plantio direto são o milheto (Pennisetum glaucum R. BR.) e as aveias (Avenas spp.). No entanto, a resposta dessas espécies vegetais frente ao nematóide das lesões (Pratylenchus brachyurus) e o das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) são escassas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é de verificar a resposta de genótipos de milhetos, aveias e outras coberturas vegetais a Pratylenchus brachyurus e de aveias a Meloidogyne incognita sob condições controladas. Desenvolveram-se quatro experimentos no total, no experimento 1, os cultivares de milhetos testados foram resistentes ao nematóide (FR<1,0) com exceção da cultivar ADR 500 (população BA). No experimento 2, as aveias pretas contribuíram para a redução populacional (resistentes) de P. brachyurus, fato oposto, pode ser verificado para as aveias branca e amarela (suscetíveis). No terceiro experimento, diferentemente do verificado no experimento 1, os milhetos se mostraram suscetíveis a P. brachyurus, e, o sorgo BRS-800 foi a cobertura que mais incrementou a densidade do nematóide, equiparando-se estatisticamente com a soja BRS 133. No quarto experimento, verificou-se aumento da densidade das três populações de M. incognita nas aveias pretas testadas, em contraposição à redução verificada na aveia branca UFRGS 17 e amarela São Carlos. / In Cerrado region, the main cover crop used in no tillage system are the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and the oats (Avena spp.). However, the response of these vegetable species to lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) and to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is scarce. The aim of the present work was verify the response of the pearl millet genotypes, oats and other cover crops to P. brachyurus and of oats to M. incognita under greenhouse conditions. Four experiments were done; in experiment 1, the pearl millet cultivars tested were resistant to nematode (FR<1.0) with exception of the cultivar ADR 500 (population BA). In experiment 2, the black oats reduced the P. brachyurus population (resistant); contrarily, white and yellow oats were susceptible. In third experiment, the pearl millets showed as susceptible to P. brachyurus, and the sorghum BRS-800 was the cover crop more susceptible to nematode, statistically closed to soybean BRS 133. In experiment 4, black oats increased the three populations of M. incognita tested, instead the reduction verified in white oat UFRGS 17 and yellow São Carlos.

Whole grains are an increasingly popular health food in America. However, shelf life of whole grains is compromised due to the presence of lipoxygenases in the bran and germ, which lead to rancidity and generation of oxidative byproducts. These byproducts reduce sensory quality and may have a degradative effect on vitamins in whole grain products. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of lipid and vitamin degradation during long-term storage of three whole grains: whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats. We also examined vitamin loss after cooking to determine if oxidative byproducts had an effect on vitamins during typical household cooking. Whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats were stored for 12 months and periodically analyzed for conjugated dienes, free fatty acids, tocopherols, thiamin, and riboflavin. Whole wheat bread, steamed brown rice, and oat porridge were made from samples stored for 0 months and 12 months and were analyzed for thiamin and riboflavin. Conjugated dienes increased significantly only in rolled oats, while tocopherols decreased significantly in whole wheat flour and rolled oats and insignificantly in brown rice. Free fatty acids increased significantly in whole wheat flour and brown rice. Thiamin and riboflavin were stable in raw stored grains and cooked products made from stored grains with the exception of brown rice, in which we observed a significant decrease in thiamin after 12-month storage and cooking. These results suggest whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats experience significant lipid and tocopherol degradation, but it does not appear to affect thiamin and riboflavin in raw stored products. Cooking appears to cause degradation of thiamin after storage of brown rice, but thiamin and riboflavin were otherwise stable in these whole grains.

In einer Zeit, in der eine Zunahme von ernährungsbedingten Erkrankungen in steigendem Maße zu beobachten ist, wird dem Getreide als Grundlage der menschlichen Ernährung erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Ein hoher Verzehr von Ballaststoffen ist ein wesentlicher Aspekt in der präventiv-medizinischen Ernährung. Die von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung vorgeschlagene tägliche Ballaststoffzufuhr liegt bei 30 g. Die Aufnahme von Ballaststoffen ist jedoch in Deutschland deutlich unterhalb dieser empfohlenen Menge.<br><br> Getreideprodukte, besonders vom Vollkorntyp, sind die wichtigste Quelle für Ballaststoffe. Deshalb sollten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit direkt verzehrsfähige, Ballaststoff-angereicherte Haferprodukte (vorwiegend Extrudate) mit hohen Gehalten an b-Glucanen und resistenter Stärke hergestellt, analysiert und nachfolgend auf relevante ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen geprüft werden. Als Basis für die Produkte wurden Hafermehl und Haferkleie eingesetzt.<br> Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Analyse der Haferprodukte. Diese wiesen eine hohe Wasserbindungskapazität auf. Bei den Untersuchungen am Tiermodell wurde gezeigt, dass im Dünndarm eine größere Menge an Wasser durch die Haferprodukte gebunden wurde, was zu einem höheren Feuchtigkeitsanteil der gastrointestinalen Inhalte der Tiere führte, die ballaststoffreiches Futter erhielten.<br><br> Trotz der hydrothermischen Behandlung während der Extrusion wurden Produkte gewonnen, deren β-Glucane im hochmolekularen Zustand erhalten blieben und somit eine hohe Viskosität in wässrigen Lösungen beibehielten. In rheologischen Untersuchungen wurde bestätigt, dass die aus Haferprodukten isolierten β-Glucane ein pseudoplastisches Fließverhalten besitzen. Demgegenüber führte ein Autoklavieren der Produkte zu einer starken Depolymerisation der b-Glucane, was sich in einer Änderung der funktionellen Eigenschaften der b-Glucane widerspiegelte.<br><br> Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen standen ernährungsphysiologische In-vitro- und In-vivo-Experimente mit Extrudaten und Proben auf der Basis von Hafer, die einen erhöhten Anteil an Ballaststoffen, speziell an b-Glucan und an resistenter Stärke, besaßen und die direkt verzehrbar sind. Diese Haferprodukte zeigten eine Reihe von ernährungsphysiologisch vorteilhaften und protektiven Wirkungen in In-vitro-Experimenten. So traten sie mit Gallensäuren unter den Bedingungen des Dünndarms in Wechselwirkung und waren gut mit Faecesflora vom Menschen fermentierbar. Die In-vitro-Verdauung von Maisstärke durch Pankreatin, wurde durch die ballaststoffreichen Haferprodukte partiell gehemmt. Dieser Befund lässt eine Abschwächung des postprandialen Glukoseanstieges erwarten.<br><br> In einem sechswöchigen Fütterungsversuch erhielten Ratten Diäten, die zu 50 % aus ballaststoffreichen Haferprodukten bestanden. Diese Haferprodukte bewirkten einen erhöhten Transport von Gallensäuren und neutralen Sterolen in den unteren Intestinaltrakt sowie deren verstärkte Ausscheidung. Durch den Verzehr der ballaststoffreichen Haferprodukte kam es zu Veränderungen in der Mikroflora, wobei sich besonders die coliformen Keime verminderten und die Keimzahlen der Lactobacillen sowie die Bifidobakterien erhöhten. Die Fermentation der Ballaststoffe führte zur erhöhten Bildung von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren einschließlich von Butyrat. Die Bildung der kurzkettigen Fettsäuren geht mit einer pH-Wert-Absenkung im Caecum und Colon einher, die wiederum für eine geringere Bildung von sekundären Gallensäuren verantwortlich ist.<br><br> Die Ergebnisse des Fütterungsversuchs an Ratten wurden prinzipiell durch eine vierwöchige Pilotstudie am Menschen, in der Probanden täglich 100 g Haferextrudat erhielten, bestätigt. Das Extrudat wurde von den Probanden gut akzeptiert. In der 4. Woche wurden eine geringe Abnahme der Cholesterolfraktionen im Serum, höhere Keimzahlen für Lactobacillen, Bifidobacterien und Bacteroides, geringere pH-Werte und Trockenmassegehalte in den Faeces, eine Zunahme der individuellen und Gesamt-SCFA sowie des Butyratanteils in den Faeces, eine erhöhte Ausscheidung an Steroiden, eine Zunahme der primären Gallensäuren und eine Abnahme des prozentualen Anteils an sekundären Gallensäuren sowie der Cholesterol-Metaboliten gefunden. Diese Parameter gingen 2 Wochen nach Beendigung der Intervention mit dem Haferextrudat wieder in Richtung der Ausgangswerte (0. Woche) zurück.<br><br> Die untersuchten Haferprodukte erwiesen sich als gut fermentierbare Substrate für die intestinale Mikroflora und können deshalb als ein Präbiotikum mit Ballaststoffcharakter eingeschätzt werden. Diese Produkte, die mit einem erhöhten Anteil an resistenter Stärke und wertvollen Haferballaststoffen hergestellt wurden, können dazu beitragen, die Ballaststofflücke in unserer Ernährung zu schließen und positive ernährungsphysiologische Effekte zu bewirken. / Cereal products, particularly from whole grains, are the most important source of dietary fibre in the western diet. A high intake of dietary fibre, which is an essential component in nutrition, is positively related to several physiological and metabolic effects. However, the daily intake of dietary fibre is below the recommended levels (30d/day) in most industrials country. Oat (Avena sativa L.) products are well accepted in human nutrition. Oats is an excellent source of different dietary fibre types, such as β-glucan, arabinoxylans and cellulose, and it contains high levels of proteins, lipids, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals.<br> A series of extrudates was prepared from oat meal, oat bran and Novelose 330®, differing in concentrations of individual dietary fibre components, such as β-glucan and resistant starch, as well as total dietary fibre.<br><br> The cereal dietary fibre, β-glucan, has outstanding functional and nutritional properties, because of its viscosity in aqueous systems and in the intestinal tract. The rheological behaviour of β-glucan (concentrations: 2% and 4%) isolated from extruded oat meal and from oat bran was evaluated using oscillatory and rheological measurements. In frequency sweep, the storage and loss moduli G′ and G″ of β-glucan preparations from extruded meal and from bran increased continuously with increasing frequency, showing a dominantly viscous behaviour. With increasing frequency, the elastic properties improved.<br><br> After simulated digestion, the digested dietary fibre-rich oat-based extrudates were used to evaluate their physiological effects in vitro. A strong interaction occurred between the digested extrudates and bile acids. The binding of bile acids increased with increasing proportions of oat bran, total dietary fibre, insoluble dietary fibre and β-glucan in the extrudates. Dihydroxy-bile acid was more strongly bound to the extrudates than trihydroxy- bile acid. Interactions at pH 5.0 were greater than at pH 6.5. During fermentation of digested extrudates with human faecal samples, concentrations of short-chain fatty acid formed and the molar proportion of butyrate increased continuously. Higher short-chain fatty acid concentrations were found when extrudates contained more oat bran, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre and β-glucan. Extrudates, on the basis of oat, have several beneficial nutritional and protective effects in vitro. Therefore, physiological effects occurring in the small and large intestine are also related to the dietary fibre composition of the cereal products.<br><br> The results found in vitro was examined in feeding experiments with animal models and in nutritional studies with human subjects.<br><br> Male Wistar rats were fed either an oat-free diet (control group) or diet containing 50% oat-based products (test groups) for 6 week. In most of the test group, following effects were observed compared with control group: higher water intake; slightly decreased total and LDL cholesterol in serum; higher count of Bifidobacteria as well as lower count numbers of Coliforms; greater mass of cecum walls and cecal contents; lower pH values in intestinal contents; higher concentration of acetate, propionate and butyrate in cecal contents and greater excretion of short-chain fatty acids; significantly more total bile acids in cecal contents; higher excretion of total bile acids and primary bile acids; lower proportion of secondary bile acids as well as higher concentration of neutral sterols in cecal contents, colonic contents and feces.<br><br> In the human study 12 volunteers consumed 100 g fiber-rich oat-based product (to the habitually diet) daily for 4 week. Following results were observed in the week 4 compared with the beginning of the experiment: higher water intake; slightly decreased total cholesterol in serum; lower pH values in feces; higher concentration of acetate, propionate and butyrate in feces; higher excretion of total bile acids and primary bile acids; lower proportion of secondary bile acids as well as higher concentration of neutral sterols in feces.<br><br> In conclusion, application of the dietary fiber-rich oat-based diets had a variety of beneficial physiological and protective effects in rats and human depending on their composition and amount, their technological pre-treatment and their functional properties. The major effects connected whit fermentation of dietary fibre components and their high formation of short-chain fatty acids as well as with higher excretion of steroids.

The focus of this research was to improve the sustainability of various processes by employing tunable solvents, switchable solvents, and catalysis. In Chapter 2, we report applications of tunable solvents to metal and enzyme catalyzed reactions of hydrophobic substrates. Tunable solvents are defined as solvent that change properties rapidly but continuously upon the application of an external physical stimulus and we utilize these solvents to couple homogeneous reactions with heterogeneous separations. We developed organic-aqueous tunable solvents that utilize propane for efficient phase separation at moderate pressures around 1 MPa; for example the water contents in the propane-expanded THF is 3 wt% at 0.8MPa at 30°C. Also, we extended the use of CO2-organic-aqueous tunable solvents to a pharmaceutically-relevant reaction--the hydroformylation of p-methylstyrene. The homogeneous reactions provide fast rates with excellent yields. At 60°C, the reaction reaches completion after 180 minutes with 95% branched aldehyde yield. The CO2-induced heterogeneous separation of the product from the catalyst provides an efficient and simple way to remove 99% of the product, to retain 99.9% of catalyst, and to recycle the Rh-TPPMS catalyst for five consecutive reactions. In chapter 3, we investigated the use of reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) for synthesis of nanoparticles. RevILs are formed by the reversible reaction of compounds with basic nitrogen functionalities (molecular liquid) with CO2 at ambient pressure to form a liquid salt (ionic liquid). We demonstrated that RevILs form microemulsions that can be switched-on by bubbling CO2 and switched-off by heating. These microemulsions solubilize ionic compounds such as chloroauric acid. We utilized these microemulsions as a template for controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles. With 2-component RevILs, [TMBGH]+[O2COCH3]-/N-propyl-octylsulfonamide/hexane were used to form particles in the size range of 6-20 nm with an average particles size of 11.4±3.3. With 1-component RevILs, (3-aminopropyl)-tripropylsilane was used to prepare semi-spherical gold particles with an average size of about 20nm. The 1-component RevILs systems provide a simpler method to form microemulsions when compared to the 2-componenet RevILs systems since they eliminate the need for alcohols and surfactants. In chapter 4, we developed a catalyst that efficiently decomposes hydrazine to selectively produce ammonia. This enables the use of the chemical propulsion hydrazine for electric propulsion as well. We prepared nickel, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium nanoparticles that were supported on silica and we tested these silica-supported metals for the decomposition of hydrazine. To study the catalytic activity, we designed and constructed a continuous flow reactor. The results show that nano-nickel supported on silica is the most active and selective catalyst with 100% conversion of hydrazine and 94±3% yield of ammonia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It was evaluated nutrient consumption, performance and feed efficiency (Chapter I), quantitative and qualitative carcass traits, tissue composition (chapter II), physico-chemical instrumental analyzes the meat (chapter III), fatty acids profile and the sensory the meat (chapter IV) of males and females lambs finished in feedlot diets fed with forage and / or concentrate. The experiment completely randomized design factorial 3 x 2 (three diets x 2 sexes) with five repetições. Foram used 30 weaned lambs, 15 uncastrated male and 15 females. The experimental diets were: 100% 0% forage and concentrate (100:0), 50% forage and 50% concentrate (50:50) 0% 100% forage and concentrate (0:100). The animals were slaughtered when they approached the corporal condition 3.0. The lambs fed diets 100:0 had a greater dry matter intake (DMI), and the AVE diet lower consumption. The slaughter weight was higher than in the diet 100:0, which differed from the 50:50 diet (P <0.05), but these were similar to diet 0:100. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher in lambs subjected 50:50 diet, which did not differ from 100:0 but diet 0:100. The feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency (EE) and bionutritional efficiency (EBN) differ between diets (P <0.05), with lambs fed with 0:100 diet more efficient. With regard to gender, CMS and ADG was superior in males (P<0.05). CA, EA were better in males, however when assessing efficiency through the EBN, females were more efficient (P<0.05). 50:50. The lambs diet showed better yields of carcass (P<0.05) in comparison with the others. The percentage of muscle and the muscle: fat ratio was higher in the diet 0:100, which differed from the diet 50:50, and 100:0 diet was similar between diets. The females had better yields of carcass (P<0.05). In the rectus abdominis the intensity of yellow (b *) was greater in the diet 0:100 to 100:0 diet differed, and 50:50 in the diets did not differ. In assessing the subcutaneous fat was obtained difference between diets for L * and b * (P<0.05), lambs 0:100 diet presented lower L * when compared with the others diets. The b * 100:0 in the diet was superior the others diets. In rectus abdominis males had a greater L * and b *. There was no difference between diets for the sensory profile (P>0.05). Was no difference between diets (P<0.05) for alpha-linolenic acid and omega 3 fatty acids in type, these were higher in meat from lambs 100:0 diet (P<0.05), differing from the others. Lamb meat diet 100:0 had lower percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05), compared with the others. The omega ratio n6: n3 was smaller in longissimus dorsi muscle of lambs fed diets 100:0. There was no difference between sexes (P>0.05) for saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated acids in the omega-3 type and the PUFA / SFA and omega relations n6: n3 (p>0.05). There was no difference in the diets and sex for the cholesterol content (P>0.05). Thus it is concluded that animals fed the 100% concentrate diet were more efficient, and the diet forage: concentrate ratio (50:50) gave highest carcass yields, and 100% forage diet provided meat with higher levels of acid type of omega-3. The males were less efficient and lower yields of carcass than females. / Objetivou-se avaliar consumo de nutrientes, desempenho e eficiência alimentar (capitulo I), características quantitativas e qualitativas de carcaça, composição tecidual (capitulo II), análises instrumentais físico-químicas da carne (capitulo III), perfil de ácidos graxos e sensorial da carne (capitulo IV) de cordeiros machos e fêmeas, terminados em confinamento alimentados com dietas de volumoso e/ou concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (três dietas x 2 sexos) com cinco repetições. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros desmamados, sendo 15 machos não castrados e 15 fêmeas. As dietas experimentais foram: 100% volumoso e 0% concentrado (100:0), 50% volumoso e 50% concentrado (50:50) e 0% volumoso e 100% concentrado (0:100). Os animais foram abatidos quando se aproximavam da condição corporal 3,0. Os cordeiros alimentados com a dieta 100:0 tiveram maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS), e os da dieta 0:100 um menor consumo. O peso ao abate foi superior na dieta 100:0, que diferenciou da dieta 50:50 (P<0,05), mas estes foram semelhantes a dieta 0:100. O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi superior em cordeiros submetidos a dieta 50:50, que se diferenciou da 100:0, mas não da dieta 0:100. A conversão alimentar (CA), eficiência alimentar (EA) e eficiência bionutricional (EBN) diferiram entre as dietas (P<0,05), sendo os cordeiros alimentados com dieta 0:100 mais eficientes. Com relação ao sexo, CMS e GMD foi superior nos machos (P<0,05). A CA, EA foram melhores nos machos, no entanto quando avaliou a eficiência através do EBN, as fêmeas foram mais eficientes (P<0,05). Os cordeiros da dieta 50:50 tiveram os melhores rendimentos de carcaça (P<0,05), quando comparado com as demais. A porcentagem de músculo e a relação músculo:gordura foi maior na dieta 0:100, que se diferenciou da dieta 50:50, e a dieta 100:0 foi semelhante entre as dietas. As fêmeas obtiveram melhores rendimentos de carcaça (P<0,05). No músculo rectus abdominis a intensidade de amarelo (b*) foi maior na dieta 0:100, que se diferenciou da dieta 100:0, sendo que a 50:50 não se diferenciou das dietas. Na avaliação da gordura subcutânea, obteve-se diferença entre as dietas para L* e b*(P<0,05), os cordeiros da dieta 0:100 tiveram menor L* quando comparado com as demais dietas. O b* na dieta 100:0 foi superior as demais dietas. No músculo rectus abdominis os machos tiveram maior L* e b*. Não houve diferença entre as dietas para o perfil sensorial (P>0,05). Houve diferença entre dietas (P<0,05) para o ácido alfa-linolênico e os ácidos graxos do tipo omega 3, estes foram superiores na carne de cordeiros da dieta 100:0 (P<0,05), diferenciando das demais. Carne de cordeiros da dieta 100:0 teve menor porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (P<0,05), com relação as demais. A relação omega n6:n3 foi menor no longissimus dorsi de cordeiros alimentados com a dieta 100:0. Não houve diferença entre sexo (P>0,05) para ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), poliinsaturados (AGPI), monoinsaturados, nos ácidos tipo omega-3 e nas relações AGPI/AGS e omega n6:n3 (P>0,05). Não houve diferença nas dietas e no sexo para o teor de colesterol (P>0,05). Assim conclui-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta 100% concentrado foram mais eficientes, e os da dieta com relação volumoso:concentrado (50:50) proporcionou maiores rendimentos de carcaça, e a dieta 100% volumoso proporcionou carne com maiores teores de ácido do tipo omega-3. Os machos foram menos eficientes e menores rendimentos de carcaça que as fêmeas.

CNPq; CAPES / Este trabalho consistiu em avaliar a composição química e a cinética de degradação ruminal da Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submetida a diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada: 0, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, em dois anos consecutivos, 2013 e 2014. Os dados obtidos das análises bromatológicas e os valores estimados para os parâmetros do modelo de cinética de degradação foram transformados pelo método de Box-Cox. O modelo estatístico foi ajustado por meio do PROC MIXED do SAS (versão 9.4) usando a máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e as variáveis com efeito significativo comparadas através do teste de Tukey-Kramer. Não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada em nenhum dos anos de cultivo. Os valores observados para as variáveis bromatológicas da cultivar no ano de 2013 foram superiores (p<0,001) para Proteína Bruta (PB), Matéria Mineral (MM), Proteína Insolúvel em Detergente Ácido (PIDA), Carboidratos Solúveis (CHOs) e Carboidratos Não Fibrosos (CNF) em comparação com o ano de 2014. A composição da cultivar em 2014 tendeu a maiores teores de Fibra Insolúvel em Detergente Neutro (FDN), Lignina e Carboidratos Totais (CT). Não houve efeito significativo para os teores de Matéria Seca (MS) e Extrato Etéreo (EE) entre os anos de cultivo. Para os parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás in vitro, a cultivar no ano de 2013 apresentou os valores observados para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão (Vf1) e para a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (k2) maiores (p<0,001) que 2014. Em 2014 foram observados valores superiores para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (Vf2) e para a latência (L). O parâmetro k1, referente a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão não foi significativo em nenhum dos períodos experimentais avaliados. A cultivar, especialmente no ano de 2013, apresentou uma elevada qualidade nutricional evidenciada pelos teores de CNF e PB e pelos menores valores de FDN, o que torna o cultivo uma excelente opção para compor pastagens hibernais. / This work consisted in evaluating the chemical composition and kinetics of ruminal degradation of white oats (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submitted to different levels of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, in two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014. The data obtained from the bromatological analyzes and the estimated values for the parameters of the kinetic model of degradation were transformed by the Box-Cox method. The statistical model was adjusted using the PROC MIXED of the SAS (version 9.4) using the maximum restricted likelihood (REML) and the variables with significant effect compared through the Tukey-Kramer test. There was no effect of nitrogen fertilization in any of the growing years. The values observed for the bromatological variables of the cultivar in the year 2013 were higher (P <0.001) for Crude Protein (PB), Mineral Matter (MM), Insoluble Protein Acid Detergent (PIDA), Soluble Carbohydrates (CHOs) Fibrous (CNF) compared to the year 2014. The composition of the cultivar in 2014 tended to higher levels of Insoluble Fiber in Neutral Detergent (NDF), Lignin and Total Carbohydrate (CT). There was no significant effect on the contents of dry matter (DM) and ethereal extract (EE) between the years of cultivation. For the parameters of the in vitro gas production kinetics, the cultivar in the year 2013 presented the values observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion (Vf1) and for the specific rate of gas production by Degradability of the slow degradable fraction of slow digestion (k2) greater than that of 2014. In 2014 higher values were observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the insoluble fraction potentially degradable of slow digestion (Vf2) and for the Latency (L). The parameter k1, referring to the specific rate of gas production by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion was not significant in any of the evaluated experimental periods. The cultivar, especially in the year 2013, presented a high nutritional quality evidenced by the CNF and CP levels and the lower values of NDF, which makes the crop an excellent option to compose winter pastures.

CNPq; CAPES / Este trabalho consistiu em avaliar a composição química e a cinética de degradação ruminal da Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submetida a diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada: 0, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, em dois anos consecutivos, 2013 e 2014. Os dados obtidos das análises bromatológicas e os valores estimados para os parâmetros do modelo de cinética de degradação foram transformados pelo método de Box-Cox. O modelo estatístico foi ajustado por meio do PROC MIXED do SAS (versão 9.4) usando a máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e as variáveis com efeito significativo comparadas através do teste de Tukey-Kramer. Não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada em nenhum dos anos de cultivo. Os valores observados para as variáveis bromatológicas da cultivar no ano de 2013 foram superiores (p<0,001) para Proteína Bruta (PB), Matéria Mineral (MM), Proteína Insolúvel em Detergente Ácido (PIDA), Carboidratos Solúveis (CHOs) e Carboidratos Não Fibrosos (CNF) em comparação com o ano de 2014. A composição da cultivar em 2014 tendeu a maiores teores de Fibra Insolúvel em Detergente Neutro (FDN), Lignina e Carboidratos Totais (CT). Não houve efeito significativo para os teores de Matéria Seca (MS) e Extrato Etéreo (EE) entre os anos de cultivo. Para os parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás in vitro, a cultivar no ano de 2013 apresentou os valores observados para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão (Vf1) e para a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (k2) maiores (p<0,001) que 2014. Em 2014 foram observados valores superiores para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (Vf2) e para a latência (L). O parâmetro k1, referente a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão não foi significativo em nenhum dos períodos experimentais avaliados. A cultivar, especialmente no ano de 2013, apresentou uma elevada qualidade nutricional evidenciada pelos teores de CNF e PB e pelos menores valores de FDN, o que torna o cultivo uma excelente opção para compor pastagens hibernais. / This work consisted in evaluating the chemical composition and kinetics of ruminal degradation of white oats (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submitted to different levels of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, in two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014. The data obtained from the bromatological analyzes and the estimated values for the parameters of the kinetic model of degradation were transformed by the Box-Cox method. The statistical model was adjusted using the PROC MIXED of the SAS (version 9.4) using the maximum restricted likelihood (REML) and the variables with significant effect compared through the Tukey-Kramer test. There was no effect of nitrogen fertilization in any of the growing years. The values observed for the bromatological variables of the cultivar in the year 2013 were higher (P <0.001) for Crude Protein (PB), Mineral Matter (MM), Insoluble Protein Acid Detergent (PIDA), Soluble Carbohydrates (CHOs) Fibrous (CNF) compared to the year 2014. The composition of the cultivar in 2014 tended to higher levels of Insoluble Fiber in Neutral Detergent (NDF), Lignin and Total Carbohydrate (CT). There was no significant effect on the contents of dry matter (DM) and ethereal extract (EE) between the years of cultivation. For the parameters of the in vitro gas production kinetics, the cultivar in the year 2013 presented the values observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion (Vf1) and for the specific rate of gas production by Degradability of the slow degradable fraction of slow digestion (k2) greater than that of 2014. In 2014 higher values were observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the insoluble fraction potentially degradable of slow digestion (Vf2) and for the Latency (L). The parameter k1, referring to the specific rate of gas production by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion was not significant in any of the evaluated experimental periods. The cultivar, especially in the year 2013, presented a high nutritional quality evidenced by the CNF and CP levels and the lower values of NDF, which makes the crop an excellent option to compose winter pastures.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila_Ducati.pdf: 1229241 bytes, checksum: 0880bcc64cf9d89389cf4eef6e2a7e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Were conducted for two years, with two studies to evaluate the use of oat long cycle Iapar 61 single or grown in association with legumes birdsfoot trefoil, with planting of corn in succession as a summer crop. The first study evaluated the structural, production characteristics, nutritional value of oat (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) grown single or associated with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus cv. St. Gabriel). The second experiment was conducted in two years with the aim to evaluate the structural , production characteristics , gas exchange IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser , Li - 6400XT , Licor , Lincoln , Nebraska) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) of maize grown in succession to winter crops mentioned above . In the first experiment, two courts of oats in the first year and grazing periods in the second year, with average intervals of 30 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plot, with the first year: two cropping systems: single or intercropped with birdsfoot trefoil with two periods of four replicates and oats oatmeal. In the second year, four tillage systems: conventional tillage oats, oat stubble tillage on corn, oats overseeded area of birdsfoot trefoil and single, with three cycles of growth and four replications. In the second study with corn, the experimental design used in the first and second year was a randomized split plot with blocks respectively. The following winter crops Corn was studied in succession: oat conventional tillage, no-till oats, oats in combination with birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot single, oats associated with nitrogen fertilization on ryegrass and oats associated with ryegrass nitrogen fertilization, with four replications. After planting corn the second year, we assessed the structural features for 70 days. Before the corn harvest, were picked manually ears of corn in three rows of four meters, which evaluated the number of grain rows, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, ear length, subsequent to these reviews, was made the threshing of grain for measurement of productivity data. The findings of the first study show that oats have reduced their production when combined with birdsfoot dry matter, but the total production (oat + birdsfoot trefoil) equates to the other treatments. In the first year dry matter yield of oats was higher when associated with birdsfoot the second cut (3750 kg ha - 1) compared to that obtained in the tillage of oat (2599 kg ha -1). In the second year, the highest dry matter production of oat occurred before the second grazing under no-tillage (4451.98 kg ha - 1). Oats elevates the apical meristem with the succession of grazing or cutting. The oat presents before the first grazing, high nutritional value, with high average levels of protein (22.25 %) for all treatments. However, at the end of its cycle the association of birdsfoot trefoil with oats, helped to raise the crude protein content of forage as this is in the final stage of its cycle. In vitro digestibility of DM was high for both oat grown under conventional tillage (73.04 %) and direct (77.05 %), and for birdsfoot trefoil (78.37 %), but decreased at the end of the cycle oat. There was no benefit to the cultivation of corn grown after legume and should performed new tests assessing possible causes, including allelopathic effect and competition among plants / Foram conduzidos por dois anos, dois estudos com o objetivo de avaliar o uso da aveia preta de ciclo longo Iapar 61 cultivada solteira ou em associação com a leguminosa cornichão, com plantio do milho em sucessão como cultura de verão. No primeiro estudo avaliaram-se as características estruturais, produtivas, valor nutricional da aveia preta (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) cultivada solteira ou associada ao cornichão (Lotus corniculatus cv. São Gabriel). O segundo experimento foi conduzido em dois anos com o objetivo de avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas, trocas gasosas IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser, Li-6400XT, Licor, Lincoln, Nebrasca) e teor de clorofila (Índice SPAD), do milho cultivado em sucessão aos cultivos de inverno citados anteriormente. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se dois cortes da aveia preta no primeiro ano e períodos de pastejo no segundo ano, com intervalos médios de 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo no primeiro ano: dois sistemas de cultivo: aveia solteira ou aveia consorciada com cornichão com dois períodos de avaliação e quatro repetições. No segundo ano, quatro sistemas de cultivo: aveia plantio convencional, aveia plantio direto sobre palhada do milho, aveia sobressemeada em área de cornichão e cornichão solteiro, com três ciclos de crescimento e quatro repetições. No segundo estudo com milho, o delineamento experimental adotado no primeiro e segundo ano foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo respectivamente. O milho foi estudado em sucessão as seguintes culturas de inverno: aveia preta plantio convencional, aveia preta plantio direto, aveia em associação com cornichão, cornichão solteiro, aveia associada com azevém com adubação nitrogenada e aveia associada com azevém sem adubação nitrogenada, com quatro repetições. Após o plantio do milho do segundo ano, avaliou-se as características estruturais por 70 dias. Antes da colheita do milho, colheram-se manualmente as espigas de três fileiras de milho em quatro metros, onde avaliaram-se o número de fileira de grãos, número de grãos por fileira, diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de espiga, posterior a essas avaliações, foi realizada a trilhagem das espigas para mensuração dos dados de produtividade. Os resultados encontrados no primeiro estudo demonstram que a aveia tem sua produção de matéria seca reduzida quando em associação com o cornichão, mas a produção total (aveia+cornichão) iguala-se aos demais tratamentos. No primeiro ano a produção de matéria seca da aveia preta foi superior quando associada com cornichão no segundo corte (3750 kg ha-1) em comparação ao obtido no sistema de plantio direto da aveia preta (2599 kg ha-1). No segundo ano, a maior produção de matéria seca da aveia preta ocorreu antes do segundo pastejo sob sistema de plantio direto (4451,98 kg ha-1). A aveia eleva o meristema apical com a sucessão de pastejos ou cortes. A aveia preta apresenta antes dos primeiros pastejos, elevado valor nutricional, com altos teores médios de proteína (22,25%) em todos os tratamentos. Entretanto, no final do seu ciclo a associação do cornichão com a aveia, contribuiu para elevar os teores de proteína bruta da forragem visto que esta encontra-se em estágio final do seu ciclo. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS foi elevada tanto para aveia preta cultivada sob sistema de plantio convencional (73,04%) e direto (77,05%), quanto para o cornichão (78,37%), decrescendo com o final do ciclo da aveia. Não foi verificado benefícios para o cultivo do milho em sucessão a leguminosa, devendo realizados novos ensaios avaliando possíveis causas, entre elas efeito alelopático e competição entre plantas

Na região dos cerrados, as principais culturas de cobertura utilizadas para a produção de palha no sistema de plantio direto são o milheto (Pennisetum glaucum R. BR.) e as aveias (Avenas spp.). No entanto, a resposta dessas espécies vegetais frente ao nematóide das lesões (Pratylenchus brachyurus) e o das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) são escassas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é de verificar a resposta de genótipos de milhetos, aveias e outras coberturas vegetais a Pratylenchus brachyurus e de aveias a Meloidogyne incognita sob condições controladas. Desenvolveram-se quatro experimentos no total, no experimento 1, os cultivares de milhetos testados foram resistentes ao nematóide (FR<1,0) com exceção da cultivar ADR 500 (população BA). No experimento 2, as aveias pretas contribuíram para a redução populacional (resistentes) de P. brachyurus, fato oposto, pode ser verificado para as aveias branca e amarela (suscetíveis). No terceiro experimento, diferentemente do verificado no experimento 1, os milhetos se mostraram suscetíveis a P. brachyurus, e, o sorgo BRS-800 foi a cobertura que mais incrementou a densidade do nematóide, equiparando-se estatisticamente com a soja BRS 133. No quarto experimento, verificou-se aumento da densidade das três populações de M. incognita nas aveias pretas testadas, em contraposição à redução verificada na aveia branca UFRGS 17 e amarela São Carlos. / In Cerrado region, the main cover crop used in no tillage system are the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and the oats (Avena spp.). However, the response of these vegetable species to lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) and to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is scarce. The aim of the present work was verify the response of the pearl millet genotypes, oats and other cover crops to P. brachyurus and of oats to M. incognita under greenhouse conditions. Four experiments were done; in experiment 1, the pearl millet cultivars tested were resistant to nematode (FR<1.0) with exception of the cultivar ADR 500 (population BA). In experiment 2, the black oats reduced the P. brachyurus population (resistant); contrarily, white and yellow oats were susceptible. In third experiment, the pearl millets showed as susceptible to P. brachyurus, and the sorghum BRS-800 was the cover crop more susceptible to nematode, statistically closed to soybean BRS 133. In experiment 4, black oats increased the three populations of M. incognita tested, instead the reduction verified in white oat UFRGS 17 and yellow São Carlos.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-03T14:00:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_winicius_assis_muller_morandin.pdf: 1347920 bytes, checksum: f9411aac4f89bd14b9c36aaee64a78f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T17:53:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_winicius_assis_muller_morandin.pdf: 1347920 bytes, checksum: f9411aac4f89bd14b9c36aaee64a78f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T17:54:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_winicius_assis_muller_morandin.pdf: 1347920 bytes, checksum: f9411aac4f89bd14b9c36aaee64a78f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T17:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_winicius_assis_muller_morandin.pdf: 1347920 bytes, checksum: f9411aac4f89bd14b9c36aaee64a78f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-16 / Sem bolsa / A empresa Cooper A1 tem sua matriz localizada na cidade de Palmitos – SC, atua com 16 filiais no Oeste de Santa Catarina e Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Iniciou a atividade na década de 1930, onde conseguiu despertar o interesse dos primeiros 18 agricultores em investir no negócio. A Cooper A1 é a cooperativa de produção mais antiga do Estado de Santa Catarina de funcionamento ininterrupto. Recebe uma média anual superior a 167 mil toneladas de milho, mais de 20 mil toneladas de soja e mais três mil toneladas de trigo. A maior parte da produção recebida é dos associados, sendo que a cooperativa também adquire grãos de outros mercados para suprir a demanda de matéria prima para fabricação e formulação de rações em suas fábricas. Atualmente, a capacidade estática de armazenamento de grãos da Cooper A1 é superior a 1,3 milhões de sacas. Já a capacidade de secagem foi expandida para mais de 60 mil sacas/dia. Esta grande capacidade, permite que o associado decida quanto tempo seu produto fica armazenado, podendo escolher a melhor época para comercializar sua produção. O trabalho objetivou uma avaliação técnica e comercial da empresa Cooper A1 com ênfase na comercialização de sementes de Soja, Aveia, Trigo, Azevém e Capim-Sudão. Coletaram-se dados da comercialização dessas culturas, dos anos de 2007 à 2011, formando um banco de dados que auxilia nas decisões futuras para implantação de uma Unidade de Beneficiamento de Sementes. No decorrer desses anos, a venda de sementes aumentou gradativamente, e a perspectiva de aumento da área de abrangência de atuação da Cooper A1, principalmente no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, verificam-se reais possibilidades de aumento na comercialização de sementes, caracterizando um forte indicador da possibilidade de entrada da empresa no negócio de produção de sementes. / The company Cooper A1 has its matrix located in the city of Palmitos – SC, operates with 16 branches in the West of Santa Catarina and Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul states. Started the activity in the 1930 s, where managed to arouse interest of the first 18 farmers to invest in the business. The Cooper A1 is the oldest cooperative production of the State of Santa Catarina uninterrupted operation. Receive an annual average of more than 167 thousand tons of corn, more than 20 thousand tons of soy and more three thousand tons of wheat. The greater part of the production received is of the Associates, being that the cooperative also acquire grain from other markets to supply the demand of raw material for manufacture and formulation of ration in its factories. Currently, the static capacity of grain storage of Cooper A1 is greater than 1.3 million bags. Already drying capacity was expanded to more than 60 thousand bags/day. This large capacity allows the associated decide how long your product is stored, choosing the best time to market their production. The work aimed to evaluate the technical and commercial company Cooper A1 with emphasis on commercialization of seeds of soy, oats, wheat, ryegrass and Sudão grass. Data were collected on the marketing of these crops the years from 2007 to 2011, forming a database that helps future decisions for implantation of a Unit of Seed Processing. During those years, the sale of seeds increased gradually, and the prospect of increasing area of operation of the Cooper A1, mainly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, real possibilities of increase commercialization of seeds, characterizing a strong indicator of the possibility of entry of the company in the business of producing seeds.