This thesis challenges the conventional wisdom that tends to conflate Arab foreign fighters with Islamist terrorists, and ‘martyrdom operations' with ‘suicide attacks.' Overlaps notwithstanding, it aims to draw distinctions between Arab foreign fighters engaged in defensive jihad defending co-religionists against a military foe, and Islamist terrorists engaged in terrorism that indiscriminately targets civilians and non-combatants. Critically, while disaggregating the two transnational cohorts, this thesis also illuminates the nexus between them. It draws on a thesis dataset of 3,010 Arab foreign fighters compiled using biographies, martyrdom eulogies, and postings on ‘jihadi' websites, in both English and Arabic. This dataset is then used to support three case studies involving the defensive jihads in 1980s Afghanistan, Iraq (post 2003), and Syria (post 2011). It leverages a theoretical framework based on the concept of radicalisation and the language of political Islam, whilst concurrently drawing on theories from psychology and historical military examples of combat, germane to defensive jihad and Islamist terrorism. The thesis concludes that Arab foreign fighters involved in defensive jihad employ martyrdom operations against military targets, through tactical necessity. Conversely, Islamist terrorists employ suicide attacks against civilians and non-combatants, through ideological necessity. The trajectory between the two transnational mobilisations appears to be broadly underpinned by facets of the Lucifer Effect – the situational factors encountered whilst participating in defensive jihad, including but not limited to, the experience of close combat in a war zone; being subjected to ideological indoctrination; and being exposed to charismatic authority and obedience to it. This suggests that subsequent involvement in Islamist terrorism by some Arab foreign fighters is primarily forged in the crucible of defensive jihad. Such findings should result in the crafting of more individualised de-radicalisation and rehabilitation programmes for returning foreign fighters, in both the West and the Arab world.

The thesis has two parts. Part One surveys the debate on how to define Christian obedience and Milton�s prose contributions to that discourse. In the century leading up to Milton�s prose writings there was much debate in England over how to define spiritual obedience. Civil authorities argued that matters of religion fell within state jurisdiction and that an individual�s spiritual obedience should be subject to outward scrutiny and external control; but these definitions were contested by Protestant reformers. Chapter One traces the issue up to Milton�s contributions. Chapter Two traces Milton�s thinking about obedience, spiritual and secular, through his own prose writings: Milton defines obedience as a responsible freedom which requires continual critical assessment of authority. In reaction to the political and ecclesiastical developments of his own time, Milton places increasing emphasis on the role of the individual in defining and expressing obedience to God by means of scriptural study and open discussion. Milton argues that liberty is a necessary pre-condition for giving true obedience to God, and this idea comes to the fore in the later prose tracts, which respond to political and ecclesiastical developments that Milton interpreted as threatening the individual�s liberty of conscience. Part Two examines Paradise Regained (1671), in which Milton advances his interpretation of obedience through his characterisation of the Son of God. Chapter Three shows how Milton links those forms of Christian obedience which he rejects in his prose writing to either Satan or satanic influence. Through his depiction of the Son�s responses to Satan, Milton indicates that Satan�s versions of obedience are designed to distract the Son, and any other believer, from giving proper obedience to God. Chapter Four traces how Milton�s depiction of the Son of God demonstrates his understanding of the right reasons for, and ways of, giving proper obedience to God. The Son�s firm obedience is a state of mind and comprises knowledge of God through scriptural study, conversation and meditation. This exemplary obedience is motivated by an appreciation for and desire to participate in God�s glory (ie., Creation), and Milton indicates that it is this appreciation of divine glory that enables the Son of God to successfully resist Satan�s temptations. Chapter Five examines Milton�s final episode, the pinnacle temptation, in terms of the obedience which he has approved throughout the poem. This chapter addresses Milton�s handling of the reader�s expectations for this scene, and the symbolic language and setting of the pinnacle episode. Unlike any other writers on the temptations in the wilderness, Milton invests the Son�s victory (and Satan�s defeat) on the pinnacle with symbolic power by depicting the Son standing in firm obedience to God. Thus Milton presents his reader with the definitive expression of humanity�s obedience to God: the Son�s stand is a symbolic return to the "Godlike erect" stance ascribed to prelapsarian humanity in Paradise Lost (PL, IV.289), and with this firm, upright obedience Milton shows the rest of humanity how to regain Paradise.

Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti pacientų ir medikų pasitenkinimą ir paklusnumą naudojantis ir teikiant telekardiologijos paslaugas. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti pacientų paklusnum�� naudojantis telemedicinos paslauga. 2. Palyginti gydytojų ir pacientų pasitenkinimą taikyta telekardiologijos sistema klinikinėje praktikoje. 3. Įvertinti pacientų pasitenkinimą gydymu, teikiant telemedicinos paslaugą. Tyrimo metodai: Tyrime dalyvavo Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Kardiologijos skyriaus pacientai, kuriems pastebėti vainikinės širdies ligos požymiai ir paskirta AKJO operacija. Pacientai buvo suskirstyti į tiriamąją ir kontrolinę grupes. Tiriamosios grupės pacientai naudojosi telemedicinos paslauga, o kontrolinė grupės pacientai – nesinaudojo. Taip pat dalyvavo telemedicinos paslauga besinaudojusius pacientus konsultavę gydytojai-kardiologai. Tyrimo klausimynams naudota Likerto skalė. Duomenys apdoroti ir buvo analizuojami naudojant statsitinį duomenų analizės paketą SPSS 12.0. Hipotezės apie dviejų požymių nepriklausomumą buvo tikrinamos naudojant Mann-Whitney U testo kriterijaus p reikšmę (p<=0,05). Rezultatai: Pilotinis tyrimas atskleidė naujųjų technologijų silpnąsias puses, kurios turėtų būti tobulinamos, norint trečio lygio ligoninėse teikti kokybiškas ir kvalifikuotas sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas. Išvados: Taikant telekardiologijos paslaugas pacientams sergantiems išemine širdies liga buvo lengviau tiksliai įvykdyti visus gydytojo nurodymus, 83% respondentų nekilo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study was to evaluate patients and medics satisfaction and obedience using and rendering facilities of cardiology. The tasks: 1. To evaluate patients obedience using facilities of telemedicine. 2. To compare patients and medics satisfaction rendering cardiological system during clinical practice. 3. To evaluate patients satisfaction of treatment, rendering facilities of telemedicine. Methods of research: In the research were participated patients from Kaunas medicine university clinics Cardiology department, who had symptoms of coronary disease of heart and who was prescribed AKJO surgery. Patients were dispended to exploratory and share majority groups. Patients of exploratory group were using facilities of telemedicine, patients of share majority group weren’t. Cardiologists, who consulted patients, who were using facilities of telemedicine, participated too. Licert’s scale was used to compose questionnaire. Information was processed and analyzed using statistical pack SPSS 12.0 which analyses information. Hypothesis about independence of two features was verified using criterion mean p (p<=0,05) of Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Pilot study uncovered blind sides of newest technologies, which should be improved to render qualified facilities. Conclusion: Rendering facilities of telecardiology for patients with ischemic disease of heart were easy to fulfill all medics’ prescriptions accurate, 83 percent of respondents did not have any problems using gadget... [to full text]

The thesis has two parts. Part One surveys the debate on how to define Christian obedience and Milton�s prose contributions to that discourse. In the century leading up to Milton�s prose writings there was much debate in England over how to define spiritual obedience. Civil authorities argued that matters of religion fell within state jurisdiction and that an individual�s spiritual obedience should be subject to outward scrutiny and external control; but these definitions were contested by Protestant reformers. Chapter One traces the issue up to Milton�s contributions. Chapter Two traces Milton�s thinking about obedience, spiritual and secular, through his own prose writings: Milton defines obedience as a responsible freedom which requires continual critical assessment of authority. In reaction to the political and ecclesiastical developments of his own time, Milton places increasing emphasis on the role of the individual in defining and expressing obedience to God by means of scriptural study and open discussion. Milton argues that liberty is a necessary pre-condition for giving true obedience to God, and this idea comes to the fore in the later prose tracts, which respond to political and ecclesiastical developments that Milton interpreted as threatening the individual�s liberty of conscience. Part Two examines Paradise Regained (1671), in which Milton advances his interpretation of obedience through his characterisation of the Son of God. Chapter Three shows how Milton links those forms of Christian obedience which he rejects in his prose writing to either Satan or satanic influence. Through his depiction of the Son�s responses to Satan, Milton indicates that Satan�s versions of obedience are designed to distract the Son, and any other believer, from giving proper obedience to God. Chapter Four traces how Milton�s depiction of the Son of God demonstrates his understanding of the right reasons for, and ways of, giving proper obedience to God. The Son�s firm obedience is a state of mind and comprises knowledge of God through scriptural study, conversation and meditation. This exemplary obedience is motivated by an appreciation for and desire to participate in God�s glory (ie., Creation), and Milton indicates that it is this appreciation of divine glory that enables the Son of God to successfully resist Satan�s temptations. Chapter Five examines Milton�s final episode, the pinnacle temptation, in terms of the obedience which he has approved throughout the poem. This chapter addresses Milton�s handling of the reader�s expectations for this scene, and the symbolic language and setting of the pinnacle episode. Unlike any other writers on the temptations in the wilderness, Milton invests the Son�s victory (and Satan�s defeat) on the pinnacle with symbolic power by depicting the Son standing in firm obedience to God. Thus Milton presents his reader with the definitive expression of humanity�s obedience to God: the Son�s stand is a symbolic return to the "Godlike erect" stance ascribed to prelapsarian humanity in Paradise Lost (PL, IV.289), and with this firm, upright obedience Milton shows the rest of humanity how to regain Paradise.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-169).

Thesis (Ph. D. in Philosophy)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Deux écrivains : Gide et Mahfouz, deux visages, l’un occidental, français, l’autre oriental, égyptien d’origine, deux univers de littérature de réputation mondiale reliés dans notre étude par un seul thème : le silence. Diverses sont les similitudes qui se présentent à travers ce thème chez les deux écrivains et dans leurs œuvres. Mais nombreuses sont aussi les divergences. Quel que soit le cas, le thème du silence gidien et mahfouzien peut refléter l’autre visage de la parole, l’art qui consiste à faire taire la parole pour laisser parler le silence.Si le silence est semblable, en apparence, chez Gide et Mahfouz, il est différent quand il s’agit de descendre en détails dans le for intérieur de l’être humain aux prises avec ses évolutions dans des environnements socio-familiaux. La divergence, bien que liée à la situation familiale et sociale, provient aussi de l’éducation des romanciers qui expriment des attitudes personnelles à l’égard d’une incompréhension ou d’une injustice qu’ils ressentent, fruits de leurs propres conditions.Dans le cours de la vie, il y a des plaisirs et des tendres engagements. Certains personnages gidiens utilisent le silence comme un jeu pour marquer leur intelligence et leur pondération face à la course vers les désirs sensuels. Le silence auquel ils ont recours n’est pas l’aveu de leur erreur, mais il reflète une protestation intérieure capable de conduire à une situation de révolte à l’encontre de diverses situations familiales ou sociales.Quant à Mahfouz, qui est avant tout un écrivain réaliste, le silence se présente comme une réalité qui s’impose à la plupart de ses personnages, surtout féminins, une réalité volontairement acceptée et amèrement admise. Dans La Trilogie, les personnages obéissent non seulement par connivence aux règles imposées, mais ils s’arrangent aussi entre eux, dans la plupart des cas, pour que le silence réponde aux conditions familiales et sociales afin de régner obligatoirement. / Two writers: Gide and Mahfouz, two faces, one western and French, the other Eastern and Egyptian of origin, two universes of literature of world reputation connected in our study by a single theme: silence. There are various similarities in the two writers and in their works. But there are also many divergences. Whatever the case, the theme of Gidian silence and Mahfouzain can reflect the other face of speech, the art of silencing speech to make the silence speak.If the silence is similar, in appearance, with Gide and Mahfouz, is different when it is a question to going down into details in the inner-self of the human being struggling with his evolutions in socio-familial environments. The divergence, although related to the family and social situation, also comes from the education of novelists, who express personal attitudes towards a misunderstanding or an injustice they feel, fruits of their own conditions.In the course of life, there are pleasures and tender engagements. Some Gidean’s characters use silence as a game to mark their intelligence and their weight in face of the race towards sensual desires. The silence they use is not the admission of their error, but it reflects an inner protest capable of leading to a situation of revolt against various family or social situations.As for Mahfouz, who is above all a realistic writer of Eastern tradition, silence presents itself as a reality which imposes itself on most of his characters, especially feminine, a reality that is deliberately accepted and bitterly admitted. In the Trilogy, the characters not only obey the imposed rules, but they also arrange themselves, in most cases, so that silence responds to family and social conditions in order to rule.

Este trabalho visa à compreensão do poder político e da legitimidade da sujeição civil, no pensamento de John Locke. O ponto chave é a análise dos sustentáculos de sua doutrina: Razão e Lei de Natureza, que delineiam uma teologia natural no seu pensamento, evidenciando a relação entre a ética e a política. Locke articula seu pensamento em função da noção de homem natural, de Deus e da Razão. O homem lockiano é um ser livre e racional, voltado a cumprir os desígnios do Criador: Deus, apresentando uma espécie de virtude natural. Necessário é explicitar o seu conceito de liberdade que é dado através da noção de igualdade, com a conseqüente ausência de subordinação entre os homens. Para isso, é necessário caracterizar o homem no estado de natureza e a sua opção voluntária e racional pela comunidade civil, através de um pacto social, voltado à instituição de um poder comum, do governo de leis e da maioria. As idéias centrais discutidas: lei natural, estado de natureza, pacto/consentimento, direito de resistência, homem virtuoso, legitimidade e fins do governo, podem evidenciar a noção de obediência como uma relação de confiança e forma de participação popular no governo de leis. / This work aims at understanding political power and legitimacy of civil liability in the thought of John Locke. The key point is the analysis of the underpinnings of his doctrine: Reason and Law of Nature, which outline a natural theology in his teaching, showing the relationship between ethics and politics. Locke articulates his thinking on the basis of the concept of natural man, God and Reason. The Lockean man is a racional and free being, dedicated to fulfill the desires of the Creator: God, presenting a kind of natural virtue. It is necessary to clarify the concept of freedom that is given through the notion of equality, with the consequent absence of subordination among men. Therefore, it\'s necessary to characterize the man in the state of nature and its rational and voluntary choice by the civil community, through a social pact, aimed at stablishing a common power, the government of laws and the majority. Central ideas discussed: natural law, the state of nature, consent agreement, right of resistance, virtuous man, legitimacy and purpose of government can demonstrate the notion of obedience as a confidence relationship and a form of popular participation in government of laws.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-12-06T13:19:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Letícia Tavares de Faria - 2017.pdf: 1868981 bytes, checksum: 3ffb8f50f3563ae04225b5b0610b58d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-12-06T13:34:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Letícia Tavares de Faria - 2017.pdf: 1868981 bytes, checksum: 3ffb8f50f3563ae04225b5b0610b58d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-06T13:34:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Letícia Tavares de Faria - 2017.pdf: 1868981 bytes, checksum: 3ffb8f50f3563ae04225b5b0610b58d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / This thesis sought to understand the discourses of Spiritism at the time of its emergence in the nineteenth century. How was this object of knowledge formed, and what knowledge did it mobilize to establish itself resulting in powers, subjecting individuals to a kind of self-care in modernity. Has it been from devices such as palingenesia, or the theory of successive lives, the so-called reincarnation, which was able to establish relationships that would subjectivate the subject for self-care? Spiritism pleads for itself, as a teaching of the Superior Spirits, the status of science and philosophy. It is developed from a methodology used according to nineteenth-century science, such as observation of phenomena and deduction of general laws, publication of results. Establishes knowledge, network of relationships with the individual, indicates the way to modern ascesis. It reflects the discourse of self-care for self-government to be happy in this life and in the next lives, not as proselytism but pleading that its truths are a path of happiness, what must be followed is a project based on natural laws. It proposes relationships and techniques of self to subjectivate the way in which the subject must build his life in the relation with the other. This work investigated this set of values from Foucault, through the primary and secondary reading of his work on ethics and the construction of an aesthetic of himself. Also the work of historians of religions and societies was fundamental to analyze the networks of relations between the discourses on an immortal man, an individual with great responsibility about himself, a subject of self care. The corpus analyzed was the Third Book - Moral Laws, from The Book of Spirits. As a methodology, I investigated the texts written by Allan Kardec and sought their relations with the nineteenth century and their social movements, economic relations and tensions established by capitalism, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie; the departure of the church, the rise of Protestant sects marked by psychic phenomena and the full range of ideas around spiritual manifestations. These relationships led to the understanding of self-care in a rule drawn in modernity. / Esta tese buscou compreender os discursos do Espiritismo ao tempo de seu surgimento, no século XIX. Como se formou esse objeto do saber, e que saberes mobilizou para estabelecer-se resultando em poderes, subjetivando os indivíduos para um tipo de cuidado de si na modernidade. Terá sido a partir de dispositivos como a palingenesia, ou a teoria das vidas sucessivas, a chamada reencarnação, que pôde estabelecer relações que subjetivariam o sujeito para o cuidado de si? O Espiritismo pleiteia para si, como ensinamento dos Espíritos Superiores, o status de ciência e de filosofia. Desenvolve-se a partir de metodologia usada segundo a ciência do século XIX, como a observação dos fenômenos e dedução de leis gerais, publicação dos resultados. Estabelece saberes, rede de relações com o indivíduo, indica o caminho para a ascese moderna. Reflete o discurso do cuidado de si para o governo de si para ser feliz nesta vida e nas próximas vidas, não como proselitismo, mas pleiteando que suas verdades são um caminho de felicidade, o que deve ser seguido é um projeto baseado nas leis naturais. Propõe relações e técnicas de si para subjetivar o modo como o sujeito deve construir sua vida na relação com o outro. Este trabalho investigou esse conjunto de valores a partir de Foucault, por meio da leitura primária e secundária de seu trabalho voltado à ética e à construção de uma estética de si. Também o trabalho de historiadores das religiões e das sociedades foi fundamental para analisar as redes de relações entre os discursos sobre um homem imortal, um indivíduo com grande responsabilidade sobre si mesmo, um sujeito do cuidado de si. O corpus analisado foi o Livro Terceiro - Leis Morais, de O Livro dos Espíritos. Como metodologia, investiguei os textos escritos por Allan Kardec e busquei suas relações com século XIX e seus movimentos sociais, as relações econômicas e as tensões estabelecidas pelo capitalismo, o proletariado e a burguesia; o afastamento da igreja, o surgimento de seitas protestantes marcadas por fenômenos psíquicos e toda a gama de ideias em torno de manifestações espirituais. Essas relações levaram à compreensão do cuidado de si num regramento desenhado na modernidade.

O presente estudo tem por escopo tratar da questão do pensamento (e sua ausência) e da obediência, sob a perspectiva ética em Hannah Arendt, buscando entrelaçar tais conceitos. Assim, ao debruçar-se sob a análise feita por Arendt, especialmente após o julgamento de Eichmann em Jerusalém, destaca-se a importância do pensamento no campo da ética. Identifica-se, nesse sentido, uma responsabilidade do homem de agir e não meramente comportar-se como uma peça de engrenagem, obedecendo cegamente às regras postas, sendo apenas mais um corpo da sociedade de massa. Tais observações são extremamente relevantes no contexto atual, especificamente no que diz respeito ao serviço público no Brasil, que impõe um comportamento padronizado de seus servidores, limitando a atividade espiritual de pensar do homem. / The present study aims to address the question of think (and its absence) and obedience, from the ethical perspective of Hannah Arendt, seeking to interweave such concepts. Thus, under Arendt's analysis, especially after Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem, the importance of thinking in the field of ethics is emphasized. In this sense, man's responsibility to act is identified and not merely to behave as a piece of gear, obeying blindly to the rules, being just another body of mass society. Such observations are extremely relevant in the current context, specifically with regard to the public service in Brazil, which imposes a standardized behavior of its servants, limiting the spiritual activity of man's thinking.